११७

• देवता - धनान्नदानप्रशंसा
• ऋषिः - भिक्षुराङ्गिरसः
• छन्दः - जगती

न᳓ वा᳓ उ देवाः᳓ क्षु᳓धम् इ᳓द् वधं᳓ ददुर्
उता᳓शितम् उ᳓प गछन्ति मृत्य᳓वः
उतो᳓ रयिः᳓ पृणतो᳓ नो᳓प दस्यति
उता᳓पृणन् मर्डिता᳓रं न᳓ विन्दते

Strata
Popular for linguistic reasons, and possibly also for non-linguistic reasons

Pāda-label
popular
popular
popular
popular

Morph
daduḥ ← √dā- 1 (root)
{number:PL, person:3, mood:IND, tense:PRF, voice:ACT}

devā́ḥ ← devá- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:PL}

ít ← ít (invariable)

kṣúdham ← kṣúdh- (nominal stem)
{case:ACC, gender:F, number:SG}

ná ← ná (invariable)

u ← u (invariable)

vadhám ← vadhá- (nominal stem)
{case:ACC, gender:M, number:SG}

vaí ← vaí (invariable)

ā́śitam ← √aśⁱ- (root)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG, non-finite:PPP}

gachanti ← √gam- (root)
{number:PL, person:3, mood:IND, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

mr̥tyávaḥ ← mr̥tyú- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:PL}

úpa ← úpa (invariable)

utá ← utá (invariable)

dasyati ← √das- (root)
{number:SG, person:3, mood:IND, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

ná ← ná (invariable)

pr̥ṇatáḥ ← √pr̥̄- 1 (root)
{case:ACC, gender:M, number:SG, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

rayíḥ ← rayí- ~ rāy- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG}

u ← u (invariable)

úpa ← úpa (invariable)

utá ← utá (invariable)

ápr̥ṇan ← ápr̥ṇant- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG}

marḍitā́ram ← marḍitár- (nominal stem)
{case:ACC, gender:M, number:SG}

ná ← ná (invariable)

utá ← utá (invariable)

vindate ← √vid- 1 (root)
{number:SG, person:3, mood:IND, tense:PRS, voice:MED}

न । वै । ऊं॒ इति॑ । दे॒वाः । क्षुध॑म् । इत् । व॒धम् । द॒दुः॒ । उ॒त । आशि॑तम् । उप॑ । ग॒च्छ॒न्ति॒ । मृ॒त्यवः॑ ।
उ॒तो इति॑ । र॒यिः । पृ॒ण॒तः । न । उप॑ । द॒स्य॒ति॒ । उ॒त । अपृ॑णन् । म॒र्डि॒तार॑म् । न । वि॒न्द॒ते॒ ॥

• na
• [adverb]
• “not; like; no; na [word].”

• vā ← vai
• [adverb]
• “surely; on the other hand; vai [word]; indeed.”

• u
• [adverb]
• “ukāra; besides; now; indeed; u.”

• devāḥ ← deva
• [noun], nominative, plural, masculine
• “Deva; Hindu deity; king; deity; Indra; deva [word]; God; Jina; Viśvedevās; mercury; natural phenomenon; gambling.”

• kṣudham ← kṣudh
• [noun], accusative, singular, feminine
• “hunger; kṣudh.”

• id
• [adverb]
• “indeed; assuredly; entirely.”

• vadhaṃ ← vadham ← vadha
• [noun], accusative, singular, masculine
• “killing; weapon; māraṇa; execution; destruction; vadh-; Vadha; dysfunction; punishment; kick.”

• dadur ← daduḥ ← dā
• [verb], plural, Perfect indicative
• “give; add; perform; put; administer; fill into; give; ignite; put on; offer; use; fuel; pour; grant; feed; teach; construct; insert; drip; wrap; pay; hand over; lend; inflict; concentrate; sacrifice; splint; poultice; create.”

• utāśitam ← uta
• [adverb]
• “and; besides; uta [indecl.]; similarly; alike; even.”

• utāśitam ← āśitam ← āśay ← √aś
• [verb noun], accusative, singular
• “feed.”

• upa
• [adverb]
• “towards; on; next.”

• gacchanti ← gam
• [verb], plural, Present indikative
• “go; situate; enter (a state); travel; disappear; [in]; elapse; leave; reach; vanish; love; walk; approach; issue; hop on; gasify; get; come; die; drain; spread; transform; happen; discharge; ride; to be located; run; detect; refer; go; shall; drive.”

• mṛtyavaḥ ← mṛtyu
• [noun], nominative, plural, masculine
• “death; Yama; māraṇa; Mṛtyu.”

• uto ← uta
• [adverb]
• “and; besides; uta [indecl.]; similarly; alike; even.”

• uto ← u
• [adverb]
• “ukāra; besides; now; indeed; u.”

• rayiḥ ← rayi
• [noun], nominative, singular, masculine
• “wealth; property.”

• pṛṇato ← pṛṇataḥ ← pṛ
• [verb noun], genitive, singular
• “fill; elapse; pull back; fill; satisfy; bestow; meet; stuff; load; mix; complete.”

• nopa ← nā ← na
• [adverb]
• “not; like; no; na [word].”

• nopa ← upa
• [adverb]
• “towards; on; next.”

• dasyaty ← dasyati ← das
• [verb], singular, Present indikative

• utāpṛṇan ← uta
• [adverb]
• “and; besides; uta [indecl.]; similarly; alike; even.”

• utāpṛṇan ← a
• [adverb]
• “not; akāra; a [taddhita]; a [word]; a; a.”

• utāpṛṇan ← pṛṇan ← pṛ
• [verb noun], nominative, singular
• “fill; elapse; pull back; fill; satisfy; bestow; meet; stuff; load; mix; complete.”

• marḍitāraṃ ← marḍitāram ← marḍitṛ
• [noun], accusative, singular, masculine
• “sympathizer.”

• na
• [adverb]
• “not; like; no; na [word].”

• vindate ← vid
• [verb], singular, Present indikative
• “find; detect; marry; get; think.”

भिक्षुः प्रथमं व्यतिरेकमुखेनान्नदानं प्रशंसति । देवाः वै देवाः खलु सर्वेषां क्षुधं न ददुः न प्रायच्छन् । किंतु वधम् इत् वधमेव दत्तवन्तः । एतादृशीं वधरूपां क्षुधमन्नदानेन यः शमयति स दाता खलु। उ इति पूरणः । योऽदत्त्वा भुङ्क्ते तम् आशितं भुञ्जानं पुरुषमपि मृत्यवः मरणानि उप गच्छन्ति समीपे यान्ति ॥ ‘ आशितः कर्ता ’ (पा. सू. ६. १. २०७ ) इत्याद्युदात्तत्वम् ॥ क्षुधार्त्तानां भोक्तॄणां च मरणं समानम् । किं दानेन धननाशरूपेण । अत आह । उतो । उतशब्दोऽप्यर्थे। पृणतः प्रयच्छतः पुरुषस्य रयिः धनं नोप दस्यति नोपक्षीयते । ‘ दसु उपक्षये । दैवादिकः । ‘ पृण दाने’। तौदादिकः । तस्य शत्रन्तस्य ‘ शतुरनुमो नद्यजादी इति विभक्तेराद्युदात्तत्वम् ॥ दानप्रसङ्गेनादातारं दूषयति । अपृणन् अप्रयच्छन् पुरुषस्तु मर्डितारम् आत्मनः सुखयितारं न विन्दते । न कुत्रापि लभते । इह बन्धवोऽप्रदानान्न सुखयन्ति देवा अपि हविष्प्रदानाभावात् ॥

English translation:

“The gods have not assigned hunger as (the cause of) death, for deaths approach the man who haseaten; the riches of one who gives do not diminish, he who gives not finds no consoler.”

Truly the gods did not give hunger as the only deadly weapon, and the forms of death do come upon him who is well fed.
Moreover, the wealth of one who gives does not become exhausted, and the non-giver finds no one to show mercy.

THE Gods have not ordained hunger to be our death: even to the well-fed man comes death in varied shape.
The riches of the liberal never waste away, while he who will not give finds none to comfort him.

The gods inflict not hunger as a means to kill: Death frequently befalls even satiated men. The charitable giver’s wealth melts not away; The niggard never finds a man to pity him.

Wahrlich, die Götter haben nicht den Hunger als Todesstrafe verhängt. Auch den Gesättigten kommt irgend eine Todesart an. Und der Reichtum des Freigebigen erschöpft sich nicht, aber der Knauser findet keinen, der sich seiner erbarmt.

Nicht ist der Hunger stets des Todes Quelle nur, den satten auch ereilt des Todes Misgeschick, Und nicht vergeht der Reichthum des Barmherzigen; wer hart ist, findet den nicht, der sich sein erbarmt.

Боги, несомненно, дали голод не как (единственного) убийцу:
(Разные) смерти приходят и к сытому.
У дающего не иссякает богатство,
А не дающий не находит сочувствующего.

• धनान्नदानप्रशंसा
• भिक्षुः
• निचृज्जगती
• निषादः

इस सूक्त में दान का महत्त्व बताया है, दान लेने के अधिकारी या पात्र तथा दान अवश्य देना चाहिये, दान से धन क्षीण नहीं होता अपितु परमात्मा की प्राप्ति कही है।

पदार्थान्वयभाषाः - (देवाः) विद्वान् जन (क्षुधम्-इत्) केवल भूख-अन्न की अप्राप्ति को ही (वधं न-उ) मृत्यु नहीं (ददुः) धारण करते हैं-मानते हैं (आशितम्-उत)भोजन खाये हुए भरे पेट को भी (मृत्यवः-उपगच्छन्ति)मृत्युवें प्राप्त होती हैं अर्थात् अनेक प्रकार से, भूखे की तो एक ही प्रकार की मृत्यु होती है, अन्न के अभाव से (उतपृणतः)और दूसरे को तृप्त करते हुए का (रयिः-न-उप दस्यति) धन क्षीण नहीं होता है (अपृणन्) अन्य को तृप्त न करता हुआ (मर्डितारम्)सुख देनेवाले परमात्मा को (न-विन्दते) प्राप्त नहीं करता है ॥१॥

भावार्थभाषाः - भूखा ही मरता है अन्न के अभाव से, ऐसी बात नहीं, किन्तु भरे पेट बहुत अन्न धन सम्पत्ति रखते हुए के पास मृत्युवें अनेक प्रकार से जाती हैं अर्थात् मृत्युवें होती हैं, अन्न के अधिक खाने से रोगी होकर, अध्यशन-खाने पर खाना खाने से, विषमिश्रित, अन्न के अधिक खाने से और चोरादि के द्वारा हो जाती हैं, दूसरे को तृप्त करने से अन्नधन क्षीण नहीं होता है, अवसर पर फिर प्राप्त हो जाता है और जो दूसरों को तृप्त नहीं करता है, वह सुख देनेवाले परमात्मा को नहीं प्राप्त कर सकता है ॥१॥

अस्मिन् सूक्ते दानस्य महत्त्वं वर्ण्यते, दानमवश्यं कर्तव्यम्, दानस्याधिकारिणः के सन्तीत्यपि वर्ण्यते। दानेन धनं न क्षीयतेऽपि तु तेन परमात्मप्राप्तिर्भवतीति वर्ण्यते।

पदार्थान्वयभाषाः - (देवाः क्षुधम्-इत् वधं न-उ ददुः) विद्वांसः खलु क्षुधं बुभुक्षामन्नाप्राप्तिमेव वधं मृत्युं न धारयन्ति “अत्र दा धातुर्धारणेऽर्थे दण्डो ददतेर्धारयतिकर्मणः-अक्रूरो ददते मणिम्” [निरु० २।२] (आशितम्-उत मृत्यवः-उप गच्छन्ति) भोजनमाशितवन्तं भुक्तवन्तम् “आशितः कर्त्ता” [अष्टा० ६।१।२०] अपि विविधप्रकारेण बहुविधा मृत्यवः-प्राप्नुवन्ति ‘क्षुधार्तस्य तु मृत्युरेकप्रकारकोऽन्नाभावः’ बहुभक्षकस्य-प्रचुरान्नरक्षकस्य तु बहुविधा मृत्यवो भवन्ति-अधिकभोजनम्, अध्यशनम्, अन्यद्वारापहरणं राजभयम्, इत्येवमादयः (उत-पृणतः-रयिः-न-उप दस्यति) धनेनान्यान् तर्पयतो जनस्य धनं न क्षीयते (अपृणन् मर्डितारं न विन्दते) अपि च-अन्यं न पृणन् सुखयितारं सुखदातारं परमात्मानं न प्राप्नुवन्ति ॥१॥

• देवता - धनान्नदानप्रशंसा
• ऋषिः - भिक्षुराङ्गिरसः
• छन्दः - जगती

य᳓ आध्रा᳓य चकमाना᳓य पित्वो᳓
अ᳓न्नवान् स᳓न् रफिता᳓योपजग्मु᳓षे
स्थिर᳓म् म᳓नः कृणुते᳓ से᳓वते पुरा᳓
उतो᳓ चित् स᳓ मर्डिता᳓रं न᳓ विन्दते

Strata
Popular for linguistic reasons, and possibly also for non-linguistic reasons

Pāda-label
popular
popular
popular
popular

Morph
ādhrā́ya ← ādhrá- (nominal stem)
{case:DAT, gender:M, number:SG}

cakamānā́ya ← √kam- (root)
{case:DAT, gender:M, number:SG, tense:PRF, voice:MED}

pitváḥ ← pitú- (nominal stem)
{case:GEN, gender:M, number:SG}

yáḥ ← yá- (pronoun)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG}

ánnavān ← ánnavant- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG}

raphitā́ya ← √raph- (root)
{case:DAT, gender:M, number:SG, non-finite:PPP}

sán ← √as- 1 (root)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

upajagmúṣe ← √gam- (root)
{case:DAT, gender:M, number:SG, tense:PRF, voice:ACT}

kr̥ṇuté ← √kr̥- (root)
{number:SG, person:3, mood:IND, tense:PRS, voice:MED}

mánaḥ ← mánas- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:N, number:SG}

purā́ ← purā́ (invariable)

sévate ← √sev- (root)
{number:SG, person:3, mood:IND, tense:PRS, voice:MED}

sthirám ← sthirá- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:N, number:SG}

cit ← cit (invariable)

marḍitā́ram ← marḍitár- (nominal stem)
{case:ACC, gender:M, number:SG}

ná ← ná (invariable)

sá ← sá- ~ tá- (pronoun)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG}

u ← u (invariable)

utá ← utá (invariable)

vindate ← √vid- 1 (root)
{number:SG, person:3, mood:IND, tense:PRS, voice:MED}

यः । आ॒ध्राय॑ । च॒क॒मा॒नाय॑ । पि॒त्वः । अन्न॑ऽवान् । सन् । र॒फि॒ताय॑ । उ॒प॒ऽज॒ग्मुषे॑ ।
स्थि॒रम् । मनः॑ । कृ॒णु॒ते । सेव॑ते । पु॒रा । उ॒तो इति॑ । चि॒त् । सः । म॒र्डि॒तार॑म् । न । वि॒न्द॒ते॒ ॥

• ya ← yaḥ ← yad
• [noun], nominative, singular, masculine
• “who; which; yat [pronoun].”

• ādhrāya ← ādhra
• [noun], dative, singular, masculine
• “weak.”

• cakamānāya ← kam
• [verb noun], dative, singular
• “desire.”

• pitvo ← pitvaḥ ← pā
• [verb noun]
• “drink; gulp; soak; drink; suck; inhale.”

• ’nnavān ← annavān ← annavat
• [noun], nominative, singular, masculine

• san ← as
• [verb noun], nominative, singular
• “be; exist; become; originate; happen; result; be; dwell; be born; stay; be; equal; exist; transform.”

• raphitāyopajagmuṣe ← raphitāya ← raphita
• [noun], dative, singular, masculine

• raphitāyopajagmuṣe ← upajagmuṣe ← upagam ← √gam
• [verb noun], dative, singular
• “enter (a state); go; approach; meet; arrive; repair to.”

• sthiram ← sthira
• [noun], accusative, singular, neuter
• “firm; hard; lasting; calm; stable; immovable; firm; strong; sthira [word]; vegetable; potent; steadfast; durable; firm; trustworthy; trustworthy; diligent.”

• manaḥ ← manas
• [noun], accusative, singular, neuter
• “mind; Manas; purpose; idea; attention; heart; decision; manas [word]; manas [indecl.]; spirit; temper; intelligence.”

• kṛṇute ← kṛ
• [verb], singular, Present indikative
• “make; perform; cause; produce; shape; construct; do; put; fill into; use; fuel; transform; bore; act; write; create; prepare; administer; dig; prepare; treat; take effect; add; trace; put on; process; treat; heed; hire; act; produce; assume; eat; ignite; chop; treat; obey; manufacture; appoint; evacuate; choose; understand; insert; happen; envelop; weigh; observe; practice; lend; bring; duplicate; plant; kṛ; concentrate; mix; knot; join; take; provide; utter; compose.”

• sevate ← sev
• [verb], singular, Present indikative
• “consume; frequent; practice; worship; dwell; enjoy; indulge; eat; honor; endeavor; endow; respect; haunt; perform.”

• puroto ← purā
• [adverb]
• “once; earlier; first; purā [indecl.].”

• puroto ← uta
• [adverb]
• “and; besides; uta [indecl.]; similarly; alike; even.”

• puroto ← u
• [adverb]
• “ukāra; besides; now; indeed; u.”

• cit
• [adverb]
• “even; indeed.”

• sa ← tad
• [noun], nominative, singular, masculine
• “this; he,she,it (pers. pron.); respective(a); that; nominative; then; particular(a); genitive; instrumental; accusative; there; tad [word]; dative; once; same.”

• marḍitāraṃ ← marḍitāram ← marḍitṛ
• [noun], accusative, singular, masculine
• “sympathizer.”

• na
• [adverb]
• “not; like; no; na [word].”

• vindate ← vid
• [verb], singular, Present indikative
• “find; detect; marry; get; think.”

यः पुरुषः स्वयम् अन्नवान् सन् अपि आध्राय । अधार्यतेऽसावित्याध्रो दुर्बलः । तस्मै पित्वः पितूनन्नानि चकमानाय कामयमानाय । चकमानः कान्तिकर्मा । रफिताय । रफतिर्हिंसार्थः । दारिद्र्येण हिंसिताय उपजग्मुषे गृहं प्रत्यागताय अतिथये मनः आत्मीयमन्तःकरणम् अदाने स्थिरं कृणुते कुरुते । मनःस्थैर्थकरणेन तं क्लेशयतीत्यर्थः ॥ कृणुते । कृवि हिंसाकरणयोः’। धिन्विकृण्व्योरच्च’ इत्युप्रत्ययः । करोतेर्वा व्यत्ययेन श्नुः । ‘ विकरणस्वरः सतिशिष्टोऽपि लसार्वधातुकस्वरं न बाधते ’ (पा. म. ६. १. १५८, ११ ) इति लसार्वधातुकस्वरः । न केवलं क्लेशकरणम् अपि तु पुरा तस्य पुरस्तादेव सेवते भोगान् । सः अपि मर्डितारम् आत्मनः सुखयितारं न विन्दते । न कुत्रापि लभते ॥

English translation:

“He who, possessed of food, hardens his heart against the feeble man craving nourishment, againstthe sufferer coming to him (for help), and pursues (his won enjoyment even) before him, that man finds noconsoler.”

Whoever—when a man, weak and broken, has approached desiring nourishment—though he has food,
hardens his heart, though he always used to be his friend, he also finds no one to show mercy.

The man with food in store who, when the needy comes in miserable case begging for bread to eat,
Hardens his heart against him-even when of old he did him service-finds not one to comfort him.

Who, of abundant food possessed, makes hard his heart Towards a needy and decrepit suppliant Whom once he courted, come to pray to him for bread: A man like this as well finds none to pity him.

Wer selbst Speise hat, aber gegen den Armen, der Speise begehrend, klappernd kommt, sein Herz verhärtet und doch früher sein Freund war, auch der findet keinen, der sich seiner erbarmet.

Wer einem Dürft’gen, der nach Trunk verlangend lechzt, dem Armen, der ihm hungernd naht, nicht Nahrung gibt, Sein Herz verhärtet gegen den, der flehend kommt, der findet nimmer den, der seiner sich erbarmt.

Кто, имея еду для бедного, жаждущего пищи,
Убогого, пришедшего (просить),
Делает душу камнем, хотя был расположен (к нему) раньше,
Тот не находит сочувствующего.

• धनान्नदानप्रशंसा
• भिक्षुः
• पादनिचृज्ज्गती
• निषादः

• देवता - धनान्नदानप्रशंसा
• ऋषिः - भिक्षुराङ्गिरसः
• छन्दः - त्रिष्टुप्

स᳓ इ᳓द् भोजो᳓ यो᳓ गृह᳓वे द᳓दाति
अ᳓न्नकामाय च᳓रते कृशा᳓य
अ᳓रम् अस्मै भवति या᳓महूता
उता᳓परी᳓षु कृणुते स᳓खायम्

Strata
Popular for linguistic reasons, and possibly also for non-linguistic reasons

Pāda-label
popular
popular
popular
popular

Morph
bhojáḥ ← bhojá- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG}

dádāti ← √dā- 1 (root)
{number:SG, person:3, mood:IND, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

gr̥háve ← gr̥hú- (nominal stem)
{case:DAT, gender:M, number:SG}

ít ← ít (invariable)

sáḥ ← sá- ~ tá- (pronoun)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG}

yáḥ ← yá- (pronoun)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG}

ánnakāmāya ← ánnakāma- (nominal stem)
{case:DAT, gender:M, number:SG}

cárate ← √carⁱ- (root)
{case:DAT, gender:M, number:SG, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

kr̥śā́ya ← kr̥śá- (nominal stem)
{case:DAT, gender:M, number:SG}

áram ← áram (invariable)

asmai ← ayám (pronoun)
{case:DAT, gender:M, number:SG}

bhavati ← √bhū- (root)
{number:SG, person:3, mood:IND, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

yā́mahūtau ← yā́mahūti- (nominal stem)
{case:LOC, gender:F, number:SG}

aparī́ṣu ← aparī́- (nominal stem)
{case:LOC, gender:F, number:PL}

kr̥ṇute ← √kr̥- (root)
{number:SG, person:3, mood:IND, tense:PRS, voice:MED}

sákhāyam ← sákhi- (nominal stem)
{case:ACC, gender:M, number:SG}

utá ← utá (invariable)

सः । इत् । भो॒जः । यः । गृ॒हवे॑ । ददा॑ति । अन्न॑ऽकामाय । चर॑ते । कृ॒शाय॑ ।
अर॑म् । अ॒स्मै॒ । भ॒व॒ति॒ । याम॑ऽहूतौ । उ॒त । अ॒प॒रीषु॑ । कृ॒णु॒ते॒ । सखा॑यम् ॥

• sa ← saḥ ← tad
• [noun], nominative, singular, masculine
• “this; he,she,it (pers. pron.); respective(a); that; nominative; then; particular(a); genitive; instrumental; accusative; there; tad [word]; dative; once; same.”

• id
• [adverb]
• “indeed; assuredly; entirely.”

• bhojo ← bhojaḥ ← bhoja
• [noun], nominative, singular, masculine
• “big; hospitable.”

• yo ← yaḥ ← yad
• [noun], nominative, singular, masculine
• “who; which; yat [pronoun].”

• gṛhave ← gṛhu
• [noun], dative, singular, masculine

• dadāty ← dadāti ← dā
• [verb], singular, Present indikative
• “give; add; perform; put; administer; fill into; give; ignite; put on; offer; use; fuel; pour; grant; feed; teach; construct; insert; drip; wrap; pay; hand over; lend; inflict; concentrate; sacrifice; splint; poultice; create.”

• annakāmāya ← anna
• [noun], neuter
• “food; foodstuff; grain; anna [word]; eating; boiled rice; meal.”

• annakāmāya ← kāmāya ← kāma
• [noun], dative, singular, masculine
• “wish; desire; sexual love; sexual desire; desire; Kama; sensuality; love; purpose; sexual arousal; pleasure; enjoyment; licentiousness; kāma [word]; sexual intercourse; thorn apple; wish.”

• carate ← car
• [verb noun], dative, singular
• “car; wander; perform; travel; bore; produce; make; dwell; dig; act; observe; enter (a state); observe; cause; crop; behave; practice; heed; process; administer.”

• kṛśāya ← kṛśa
• [noun], dative, singular, masculine
• “thin; low; bony; kṛśa [word]; insignificant; forceless.”

• aram
• [adverb]

• asmai ← idam
• [noun], dative, singular, masculine
• “this; he,she,it (pers. pron.); here.”

• bhavati ← bhū
• [verb], singular, Present indikative
• “become; be; originate; transform; happen; result; exist; be born; be; be; come to life; grow; elapse; come to mind; thrive; become; impend; show; conceive; understand; stand; constitute; serve; apply; behave.”

• yāmahūtā ← yāmahūtau ← yāmahūti
• [noun], locative, singular, feminine

• utāparīṣu ← _ ← √_
• [?]
• “_”

• kṛṇute ← kṛ
• [verb], singular, Present indikative
• “make; perform; cause; produce; shape; construct; do; put; fill into; use; fuel; transform; bore; act; write; create; prepare; administer; dig; prepare; treat; take effect; add; trace; put on; process; treat; heed; hire; act; produce; assume; eat; ignite; chop; treat; obey; manufacture; appoint; evacuate; choose; understand; insert; happen; envelop; weigh; observe; practice; lend; bring; duplicate; plant; kṛ; concentrate; mix; knot; join; take; provide; utter; compose.”

• sakhāyam ← sakhi
• [noun], accusative, singular
• “friend; companion; sakhi [word].”

अन्वयमुखेन प्रशंसति । स इत् स एव भोजः दाता खलु यो गृहवे ॥ ग्रहेर्मृगय्वादित्वात् कुप्रत्ययः ( उ. सू. १. ३८)॥ प्रतिग्रहीत्रे अन्नकामाय अन्नं याचमानाय चरते गृहमागतवते कृशाय दारिद्र्येण एतादृशायातिथयेऽन्नं ददाति प्रयच्छति ॥ ‘ अभ्यस्तानामादिः’ इत्याद्युदात्तत्वम् ॥ यामहूतौ । यामा गन्तारो देवाः ॥ अत्र थातेः “ अर्तिस्तुसुहुसृ’ ( उ. सू. १. १३९) इत्यादिना मन्प्रत्ययः ॥ त आहूयन्तेऽत्रेति यामहूतिर्यज्ञः । तस्मिन् अस्मै दात्रे फलम् अरम् अलं पर्याप्तं भवति । कामप्रदानं भवतीत्यर्थः । उत अपि च अपरीषु ॥ ‘ केवलमामक° (पा. सू. ४.१.३०) इति ङीप् ॥ अन्यासु शात्रवीषु सेनासु सखायं कृणुते । तद्वदाचरतीत्यर्थः। तस्य सर्वे सखाय एव न शत्रव इत्यर्थः ॥

English translation:

“He is liberal who gives to the suppliant desiring food, wandering about distressed; to him there is anample (recompense), and he contracts friendship with his adversaries.”

Just he is a benefactor who gives to the beggar who, emaciated, goes roaming, desirous of food.
He becomes sufficient for him at his pleading entreaty, and he makes him his companion in the future.

Bounteous is he who gives unto the beggar who comes to him in want of food and feeble.
Success attends him in the shout of battle. He makes a friend of him in future troubles.

He is the liberal man who helps the beggar That, craving food, emaciated wanders, And coming to his aid, when asked to succour, Immediately makes him a friend hereafter.

Der ist ein Gastfreier, der dem Bettler gibt, welcher abgemagert, Speise wünschend kommt. Er steht ihm zu Diensten, wenn er ihn unterwegs anruft, und für die Zukunft erwirbt er sich einen Freund.

Nur der geniesset recht, der Armen mittheilt, die Dürft’gen speiset, die nach Speise lechzen; Er findet Gleiches wenn er Hülfe anspricht, und für die Zukunft schafft er einen Freund sich.

Только тот щедрый, кто подает нищему,
Бродящему в поисках пищи, исхудавшему.
Он пойдет ему навстречу, когда (тот) окликнет (его) на дороге,
И на будущее приобретет друга.

• धनान्नदानप्रशंसा
• भिक्षुः
• निचृत्त्रिष्टुप्
• धैवतः

• देवता - धनान्नदानप्रशंसा
• ऋषिः - भिक्षुराङ्गिरसः
• छन्दः - त्रिष्टुप्

न᳓ स᳓ स᳓खा यो᳓ न᳓ द᳓दाति स᳓ख्ये
सचाभु᳓वे स᳓चमानाय पित्वः᳓
अ᳓पास्मात् प्रे᳓यान् न᳓ त᳓द् ओ᳓को अस्ति
पृण᳓न्तम् अन्य᳓म् अ᳓रणं चिद् इछेत्

Strata
Popular for linguistic reasons, and possibly also for non-linguistic reasons

Pāda-label
popular
popular
popular
popular

Morph
dádāti ← √dā- 1 (root)
{number:SG, person:3, mood:IND, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

ná ← ná (invariable)

ná ← ná (invariable)

sá ← sá- ~ tá- (pronoun)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG}

sákhā ← sákhi- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG}

sákhye ← sákhi- (nominal stem)
{case:DAT, gender:M, number:SG}

yáḥ ← yá- (pronoun)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG}

pitváḥ ← pitú- (nominal stem)
{case:GEN, gender:M, number:SG}

sacābhúve ← sacābhū́- (nominal stem)
{case:DAT, gender:M, number:SG}

sácamānāya ← √sac- 1 (root)
{case:DAT, gender:M, number:SG, tense:PRS, voice:MED}

ápa ← ápa (invariable)

asmāt ← ayám (pronoun)
{case:ABL, gender:M, number:SG}

asti ← √as- 1 (root)
{number:SG, person:3, mood:IND, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

iyāt ← √i- 1 (root)
{number:SG, person:3, mood:OPT, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

ná ← ná (invariable)

ókaḥ ← ókas- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:N, number:SG}

prá ← prá (invariable)

tát ← sá- ~ tá- (pronoun)
{case:NOM, gender:N, number:SG}

anyám ← anyá- (nominal stem)
{case:ACC, gender:M, number:SG}

áraṇam ← áraṇa- (nominal stem)
{case:ACC, gender:M, number:SG}

cit ← cit (invariable)

ichet ← √iṣ- 2 (root)
{number:SG, person:3, mood:OPT, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

pr̥ṇántam ← √pr̥̄- 1 (root)
{case:ACC, gender:M, number:SG, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

न । सः । सखा॑ । यः । न । ददा॑ति । सख्ये॑ । स॒चा॒ऽभुवे॑ । सच॑मानाय । पि॒त्वः ।
अप॑ । अ॒स्मा॒त् । प्र । इ॒या॒त् । न । तत् । ओकः॑ । अ॒स्ति॒ । पृ॒णन्त॑म् । अ॒न्यम् । अर॑णम् । चि॒त् । इ॒च्छे॒त् ॥

• na
• [adverb]
• “not; like; no; na [word].”

• sa ← tad
• [noun], nominative, singular, masculine
• “this; he,she,it (pers. pron.); respective(a); that; nominative; then; particular(a); genitive; instrumental; accusative; there; tad [word]; dative; once; same.”

• sakhā ← sakhi
• [noun], nominative, singular
• “friend; companion; sakhi [word].”

• yo ← yaḥ ← yad
• [noun], nominative, singular, masculine
• “who; which; yat [pronoun].”

• na
• [adverb]
• “not; like; no; na [word].”

• dadāti ← dā
• [verb], singular, Present indikative
• “give; add; perform; put; administer; fill into; give; ignite; put on; offer; use; fuel; pour; grant; feed; teach; construct; insert; drip; wrap; pay; hand over; lend; inflict; concentrate; sacrifice; splint; poultice; create.”

• sakhye ← sakhi
• [noun], dative, singular
• “friend; companion; sakhi [word].”

• sacābhuve ← sacābhū
• [noun], dative, singular, masculine
• “ally.”

• sacamānāya ← sac
• [verb noun], dative, singular
• “accompany; follow; company; obey; participate; enter.”

• pitvaḥ ← pā
• [verb noun]
• “drink; gulp; soak; drink; suck; inhale.”

• apāsmāt ← apa
• [adverb]
• “away.”

• apāsmāt ← asmāt ← idam
• [noun], ablative, singular, masculine
• “this; he,she,it (pers. pron.); here.”

• preyān ← preyāt ← pre ← √i
• [verb], singular, Present optative
• “die; proceed; advance; continue; begin; depart.”

• na
• [adverb]
• “not; like; no; na [word].”

• tad ← tat ← tad
• [noun], nominative, singular, neuter
• “this; he,she,it (pers. pron.); respective(a); that; nominative; then; particular(a); genitive; instrumental; accusative; there; tad [word]; dative; once; same.”

• oko ← okaḥ ← oka
• [noun], nominative, singular, neuter
• “home; house; oka [word].”

• asti ← as
• [verb], singular, Present indikative
• “be; exist; become; originate; happen; result; be; dwell; be born; stay; be; equal; exist; transform.”

• pṛṇantam ← pṛ
• [verb noun], accusative, singular
• “fill; elapse; pull back; fill; satisfy; bestow; meet; stuff; load; mix; complete.”

• anyam ← anya
• [noun], accusative, singular, masculine
• “other; another(a); remaining; different; anya [word]; other than; more(a); fresh; any(a).”

• araṇaṃ ← araṇam ← araṇa
• [noun], accusative, singular, masculine
• “foreign; unrelated.”

• cid ← cit
• [adverb]
• “even; indeed.”

• icchet ← iṣ
• [verb], singular, Present optative
• “desire; recommend; approve; seek; call; search; try; prefer; love; commend; assent; permit; choose.”

व्यतिरेकेण निन्दामाह । सः पुरुषः सखा न भवति यः पुरुषः सचाभुवे सर्वदा सहभवनशीलाय सचमानाय सेवमानायोपसर्जनीभूताय सख्ये सखिजनाय पित्वः पितूनन्नानि न ददाति न प्रयच्छति । स सुहृन्न भवतीत्यर्थः । अस्मात् अदातुः सख्युः सः अप प्रेयात् अपगच्छेत् । यद्येनं परित्यज्य गच्छेत् ॥ ‘ इण् गतौ । लिङि यासुट् ॥ तर्हि तदोकः निवासः सदनं न अस्ति न भवति । सदनं हि बन्धुभिः परिवृतम् । स गतः पुरुषः पृणन्तम् अन्नादिकं प्रयच्छन्तम् अन्यमरणं चित् अर्यं स्वामिनमेव इच्छेत् कामयेत ॥

English translation:

“He is not a friend who gives not food to a friend, to an associate, to a companion; let him turn awayfrom him, that is not a (fitting) dwelling; let him seek another more liberal lord.”

He is no companion who does not give of his food to a companion, who, being in his company, accompanies him.
He should turn away from him; this is not a home. He should seek
another who gives, even a stranger.

No friend is he who to his friend and comrade who comes imploring food, will offer nothing.
Let him depart-no home is that to rest in-, and rather seek a stranger to support him.

He is no friend who gives not of his substance To his devoted, intimate companion: This friend should turn from him — here is no haven — And seek a stranger elsewhere as a helper.

Der ist kein Freund, der dem Freunde von seiner Speise nichts gibt, dem treuen Kameraden. Er soll sich von ihm abwenden, hier ist seines Bleibens nicht; er suche einen anderen Geber, auch wenn der ein Fremder ist.

Das ist kein Freund, wer nicht dem Freunde mittheilt, der zu ihm kommt und ihn um Nahrung anspricht; Er muss hinweggehn, hier ist nicht sein Bleiben, er sucht sich andern Geber, sei er fremd auch.

Тот не друг, кто не дает (своей) пищи
Другу, неразлучному товарищу.
Пусть (товарищ) уйдет прочь от него: это не место (для него)!
Пусть он ищет другого дарителя, даже если это чужой!

• धनान्नदानप्रशंसा
• भिक्षुः
• त्रिष्टुप्
• धैवतः

• देवता - धनान्नदानप्रशंसा
• ऋषिः - भिक्षुराङ्गिरसः
• छन्दः - त्रिष्टुप्

पृणीया᳓द् इ᳓न् ना᳓धमानाय त᳓व्यान्
द्रा᳓घीयांसम् अ᳓नु पश्येत प᳓न्थाम्
ओ᳓ हि᳓ व᳓र्तन्ते र᳓थियेव चक्रा᳓
अन्य᳓म्-अन्यम् उ᳓प तिष्ठन्त रा᳓यः

Strata
Popular for linguistic reasons, and possibly also for non-linguistic reasons

Pāda-label
popular
popular
popular
popular

Morph
ít ← ít (invariable)

nā́dhamānāya ← √nādh- (root)
{case:DAT, gender:M, number:SG, tense:PRS, voice:MED}

pr̥ṇīyā́t ← √pr̥̄- 1 (root)
{number:SG, person:3, mood:OPT, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

távyān ← távyaṁs- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG}

ánu ← ánu (invariable)

drā́ghīyāṁsam ← drā́ghīyaṁs- (nominal stem)
{case:ACC, gender:M, number:SG}

pánthām ← pánthā- ~ path- (nominal stem)
{case:ACC, gender:M, number:SG}

paśyeta ← √paś- (root)
{number:SG, person:3, mood:OPT, tense:PRS, voice:MED}

ā́ ← ā́ (invariable)

cakrā́ ← cakrá- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:N, number:PL}

hí ← hí (invariable)

iva ← iva (invariable)

ráthyā ← ráthya- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:N, number:PL}

u ← u (invariable)

vártante ← √vr̥t- (root)
{number:PL, person:3, mood:IND, tense:PRS, voice:MED}

anyám-anyam ← anyá- (nominal stem)
{case:ACC, gender:M, number:SG}

rā́yaḥ ← rayí- ~ rāy- (nominal stem)
{gender:M}

tiṣṭhanta ← √sthā- (root)
{number:PL, person:3, mood:IND, tense:IPRF, voice:MED}

úpa ← úpa (invariable)

पृ॒णी॒यात् । इत् । नाध॑मानाय । तव्या॑न् । द्राघी॑यांसम् । अनु॑ । प॒श्ये॒त॒ । पन्था॑म् ।
ओ इति॑ । हि । वर्त॑न्ते । रथ्या॑ऽइव । च॒क्रा । अ॒न्यम्ऽअ॑न्यम् । उप॑ । ति॒ष्ठ॒न्त॒ । रायः॑ ॥

• pṛṇīyād ← pṛṇīyāt ← pṛ
• [verb], singular, Present optative
• “fill; elapse; pull back; fill; satisfy; bestow; meet; stuff; load; mix; complete.”

• in ← id
• [adverb]
• “indeed; assuredly; entirely.”

• nādhamānāya ← nādh
• [verb noun], dative, singular
• “suffer.”

• tavyān ← tavyas
• [noun], nominative, singular, masculine
• “stronger; rich.”

• drāghīyāṃsam ← drāghīyas
• [noun], accusative, singular, masculine
• “long; longer.”

• anu
• [adverb]
• “subsequently; behind; along; towards; because.”

• paśyeta ← paś
• [verb], singular, Present optative
• “see; view; watch; meet; observe; think of; look; examine; behold; visit; understand.”

• panthām ← pathin
• [noun], accusative, singular
• “way; road; path [word]; journey; method.”

• o ← ā
• [adverb]
• “towards; ākāra; until; ā; since; according to; ā [suffix].”

• o ← u
• [adverb]
• “ukāra; besides; now; indeed; u.”

• hi
• [adverb]
• “because; indeed; for; therefore; hi [word].”

• vartante ← vṛt
• [verb], plural, Present indikative
• “behave; happen; exist; return; dwell; die; roll; continue; act; exist; feed on; issue; move; travel; proceed; turn; situate; drive; account for; begin; do; inhere; revolve.”

• rathyeva ← rathyā ← rathya
• [noun], nominative, plural, neuter

• rathyeva ← iva
• [adverb]
• “like; as it were; somehow; just so.”

• cakrānyam ← cakrā ← cakra
• [noun], nominative, plural, neuter
• “wheel; Cakra; discus; army; cakra; oil mill; cakrikā; cakra; group.”

• cakrānyam ← anyam ← anya
• [noun], accusative, singular, masculine
• “other; another(a); remaining; different; anya [word]; other than; more(a); fresh; any(a).”

• anyam ← anya
• [noun], accusative, singular, masculine
• “other; another(a); remaining; different; anya [word]; other than; more(a); fresh; any(a).”

• upa
• [adverb]
• “towards; on; next.”

• tiṣṭhanta ← sthā
• [verb], plural, Present injunctive
• “stay; stand; situate; exist; [in]; resist; endure; put; soak; be; stop; adhere; get stale; concentrate; grow; trust; wake; consociate; last; dwell; lie; stand; stop.”

• rāyaḥ ← rai
• [noun], nominative, plural
• “wealth; possession; rai [word]; gold.”

धनवन्तं पुरुषं दाने प्रेरयति । तव्यान् तवीयान् धनैरतिशयेन प्रवृद्धः पुरुषः नाधमानाय याचमानायातिथये पृणीयादित् धनानि दद्यादेव ॥ ‘ पॄ पालनपूरणयोः ’ । क्र्यादिः । प्वादीनां ह्रस्वः ॥ यदि दद्यात् द्राघीयांसम् । दीर्घशब्दादीयसुनि ’ प्रियस्थिर ’ इत्यादिना द्राघीत्यादेशः॥ दीर्घतमं पन्थां पन्थानं सुकृतमार्गम् अनु पश्येत अनुपश्येत् । व्यत्ययेनात्मनेपदम्। तत्र कारणमाह। रायः धनानि ओ हि। आ उ। आ वर्तन्ते एव खलु। एकत्र न तिष्ठन्तीत्यर्थः । तत्र दृष्टान्तः । रथ्येव यथा रथ्यानि ॥ ‘ रथाद्यत् ’ ( पा. सू. ४. ३. १२१ ) इति तस्येदम्’ इत्यर्थे यत् ॥ रथसंबन्धीनि चक्रा चक्राण्युपर्यधोभावेनावर्तन्ते तद्वदावृत्तिमेव दर्शयति । अन्यमन्यं पुरुषं धनानि उप तिष्ठन्त उपतिष्ठन्ते । समवेतानि भवन्ति । उपाद्देवपूजासंगतिकरण ’ (का. १. ३. २५. १) इत्यात्मनेपदम् ॥ तस्माद्धनानि देयानीति भावः ॥ ॥ २२ ॥

The endowed should give to the indigent supplicant, and should look along the longer path,
as like the wheels of a chariot turn on riches approach one and then another.

The “A~ngirasa ethics” are a rare fossil of early Aryan “dharma-subhAShita-s” preserved in the shruti. This may be taken as an early expression of the game theory foundation for altruism due the inherent instability of circumstance.

English translation:

“Let the very rich man satisfy his suitor, let him look forward to a more protracted route, for richesrevolve from one man to another, as the wheels of a chariot turn round.”

Commentary by Sāyaṇa: Ṛgveda-bhāṣya

A more protracted route: i.e., the road ofvirtue; let him look further along the path of life, and he will see riches deserting the rich and going to otherṣFortune is fickle

The stronger man should give to one in need. He should look along the longer path,
for riches turn like chariot-wheels: they come up to one man after
another.

Let the rich satisfy the poor implorer, and bend his eye upon a longer pathway.
Riches come now to one, now to another, and like the wheels of cars are ever rolling.

The wealthier man should give unto the needy, Considering the course of life hereafter; For riches are like chariot wheels revolving: Now to one man they come, now to another.

Der Vermögendere soll dem Notleidenden schenken; er bedenke den gar langen Weg des Lebens, denn die Reichtümer rollen wie Wagenräder: sie kommen zu einem nach dem anderen.

Mittheilen soll der Reichere dem flehnden; er schaue hin auf seinen weitern Wandel; Denn Güter drehn sich wie des Wagens Räder, und fallen zu dem einen um den andern.

Пусть более сильный дарит нуждающемуся,
Пусть следит он (взором) за все удаляющимся путем (жизни).
Ведь богатства – как колеса колесницы:
Они катятся и едут от одного к другому.

• धनान्नदानप्रशंसा
• भिक्षुः
• विराट्त्रिष्टुप्
• धैवतः

• देवता - धनान्नदानप्रशंसा
• ऋषिः - भिक्षुराङ्गिरसः
• छन्दः - त्रिष्टुप्

मो᳓घम् अ᳓न्नं विन्दते अ᳓प्रचेताः
सत्य᳓म् ब्रवीमि वध᳓ इ᳓त् स᳓ त᳓स्य
ना᳓र्यम᳓णम् पु᳓ष्यति नो᳓ स᳓खायं
के᳓वलाघो भवति केवलादी᳓

Strata
Popular for linguistic reasons, and possibly also for non-linguistic reasons

Pāda-label
popular
popular
popular
popular

Morph
ánnam ← ánna- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:N, number:SG}

ápracetāḥ ← ápracetas- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG}

mógham ← mógha- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:N, number:SG}

vindate ← √vid- 1 (root)
{number:SG, person:3, mood:IND, tense:PRS, voice:MED}

bravīmi ← √brū- (root)
{number:SG, person:1, mood:IND, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

ít ← ít (invariable)

sá ← sá- ~ tá- (pronoun)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG}

satyám ← satyá- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:N, number:SG}

tásya ← sá- ~ tá- (pronoun)
{case:GEN, gender:M, number:SG}

vadháḥ ← vadhá- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG}

aryamáṇam ← áryaman- (nominal stem)
{case:ACC, gender:M, number:SG}

ná ← ná (invariable)

ná ← ná (invariable)

púṣyati ← √puṣ- (root)
{number:SG, person:3, mood:IND, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

sákhāyam ← sákhi- (nominal stem)
{case:ACC, gender:M, number:SG}

u ← u (invariable)

bhavati ← √bhū- (root)
{number:SG, person:3, mood:IND, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

kevalādī́ ← kevalādín- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG}

kévalāghaḥ ← kévalāgha- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG}

मोघ॑म् । अन्न॑म् । वि॒न्द॒ते॒ । अप्र॑ऽचेताः । स॒त्यम् । ब्र॒वी॒मि॒ । व॒धः । इत् । सः । तस्य॑ ।
न । अ॒र्य॒मण॑म् । पुष्य॑ति । नो इति॑ । सखा॑यम् । केव॑लऽअघः । भ॒व॒ति॒ । के॒व॒ल॒ऽआ॒दी ॥

• mogham ← mogha
• [noun], accusative, singular, neuter
• “bootless; untrue; causeless.”

• annaṃ ← annam ← anna
• [noun], accusative, singular, neuter
• “food; foodstuff; grain; anna [word]; eating; boiled rice; meal.”

• vindate ← vid
• [verb], singular, Present indikative
• “find; detect; marry; get; think.”

• apracetāḥ ← apracetas
• [noun], nominative, singular, masculine
• “anserine.”

• satyam ← satya
• [noun], accusative, singular, neuter
• “truth; oath; satya [word]; promise.”

• bravīmi ← brū
• [verb], singular, Present indikative
• “say; tell; describe; speak; state; answer; call; explain; address; proclaim; talk; talk; choose.”

• vadha ← vadhaḥ ← vadha
• [noun], nominative, singular, masculine
• “killing; weapon; māraṇa; execution; destruction; vadh-; Vadha; dysfunction; punishment; kick.”

• it ← id
• [adverb]
• “indeed; assuredly; entirely.”

• sa ← tad
• [noun], nominative, singular, masculine
• “this; he,she,it (pers. pron.); respective(a); that; nominative; then; particular(a); genitive; instrumental; accusative; there; tad [word]; dative; once; same.”

• tasya ← tad
• [noun], genitive, singular, masculine
• “this; he,she,it (pers. pron.); respective(a); that; nominative; then; particular(a); genitive; instrumental; accusative; there; tad [word]; dative; once; same.”

• nāryamaṇam ← na
• [adverb]
• “not; like; no; na [word].”

• nāryamaṇam ← aryamaṇam ← aryaman
• [noun], accusative, singular, masculine
• “Aryaman; aryaman [word]; sun.”

• puṣyati ← puṣ
• [verb], singular, Present indikative
• “boom; grow; promote; foster.”

• no
• [adverb]
• “not.”

• sakhāyaṃ ← sakhāyam ← sakhi
• [noun], accusative, singular
• “friend; companion; sakhi [word].”

• kevalāgho ← kevala
• [noun]
• “pure; alone(p); whole; all(a); pure; entire; kevala [word]; alone(p); single(a); white; absolute.”

• kevalāgho ← aghaḥ ← agha
• [noun], nominative, singular, masculine
• “bad; dangerous; ill; iniquitous; bad.”

• bhavati ← bhū
• [verb], singular, Present indikative
• “become; be; originate; transform; happen; result; exist; be born; be; be; come to life; grow; elapse; come to mind; thrive; become; impend; show; conceive; understand; stand; constitute; serve; apply; behave.”

• kevalādī ← kevala
• [noun]
• “pure; alone(p); whole; all(a); pure; entire; kevala [word]; alone(p); single(a); white; absolute.”

• kevalādī ← ādī ← ādin
• [noun], nominative, singular, masculine
• “ādin [word]; eating.”

अदातारं दूषयति । अप्रचेताः अप्रकृष्टज्ञानः दाने चेतो मनो यस्य न भवति सः मोघं व्यर्थमेव अन्नं विन्दते लभते ॥ ‘ विद्लृ लाभे’ । तौदादिकः । ‘शे मुचादीनाम्’ इति नुमागमः ॥ इदं सत्यं यथार्थमेवेति ब्रवीमि । ऋषिरहं वदामि । न केवलं व्यर्थं किंतु तस्य पुरुषस्य सः वध इत् वध एवान्नं परामृशतः ॥ तच्छब्दस्य वधसामानाधिकरण्यात् पुल्ँलिङ्गता । यथा “ णेरणौ° ( पा. सू. १. ३. ६७ ) इत्यत्र यत् कर्म स एव कर्तेति ॥ अथवा स निरर्थको वध एव यः पुरुषः अर्यमणम् । उपलक्षणमिदम् । सर्वान् देवानर्यमादीन् न पुष्यति हविष्प्रदानेन न पोषयति नो नापि सखायं समानख्यानमभ्यागतमतिथिं मित्रवर्गं च न पोषयति ॥ ‘ पुष पुष्टौ ’ । दैवादिकः । यच्छब्दाध्याहारादनिघातः ॥ अत एव केवलादी ॥ अदेः सुप्यजातौ’ (पा. सू. ३. २. ७८) इति णिनिः । अत उपधालक्षणा वृद्धिः ॥ केवलमसाक्षिकमन्नं भुञ्जानः सः केवलाघो भवति । केवलपापवान् भवति । अघमेव केवलं तस्य शिष्यते । नैहिकं नामुष्मिकमिति । तस्माद्यथाकथंचिद्दातव्यमित्यभिप्रायः ॥

English translation:

“The inhospitable man acquires food in vain. I speak the truth– it verily is his death. He cherishes notAryaman nor a friend; he who eats alone is nothing but a sinner.”

The undiscerning man finds food in vain. I speak the truth: it is just a deadly weapon for him.
He does not prosper in compatriot, nor in companion. Who eats alone has only evil.

The foolish man wins food with fruitless labour: that food -I speak the truth- shall be his ruin.
He feeds no trusty friend, no man to love him. All guilt is he who eats with no partaker.

The foolish man from food has no advantage; In truth I say: it is but his undoing; No friend he ever fosters, no companion: He eats alone, and he alone is guilty.

Nutzlos bekommt der Tor die Speise. Ich sage die Wahrheit: sie wird sein Tod sein. Nicht zieht er sich einen Gönner, noch einen Freund heran. Wer allein ißt, hat auch den Schaden allein.

Vergeblich nur erwirbt der Thor sich Speise, ich spreche Wahrheit, sie wird nur sein Tod sein, Kein Freund wird ihm zu Theil und kein Genosse; allein trifft Noth den, der allein geniesset.

Понапрасну получает еду неразумный –
Истину глаголю я: это же смерть его!
Ни благодетеля не пестует он себе, ни друга.
Кто ест один, один бывает и в беде.

• धनान्नदानप्रशंसा
• भिक्षुः
• त्रिष्टुप्
• धैवतः

• देवता - धनान्नदानप्रशंसा
• ऋषिः - भिक्षुराङ्गिरसः
• छन्दः - त्रिष्टुप्

कृष᳓न्न् इ᳓त् फा᳓ल आ᳓शितं कृणोति
य᳓न्न् अ᳓ध्वानम् अ᳓प वृङ्क्ते चरि᳓त्रैः
व᳓दन् ब्रह्मा᳓ अ᳓वदतो व᳓नीयान्
पृण᳓न्न् आपि᳓र् अ᳓पृणन्तम् अभि᳓ ष्यात्

Strata
Popular for linguistic reasons, and possibly also for non-linguistic reasons

Pāda-label
popular
popular
popular
popular

Morph
ā́śitam ← √aśⁱ- (root)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG, non-finite:PPP}

ít ← ít (invariable)

kr̥ṇoti ← √kr̥- (root)
{number:SG, person:3, mood:IND, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

kr̥ṣán ← √kr̥ṣ- (root)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

phā́laḥ ← phā́la- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG}

ádhvānam ← ádhvan- (nominal stem)
{case:ACC, gender:M, number:SG}

ápa ← ápa (invariable)

carítraiḥ ← carítra- (nominal stem)
{case:INS, gender:N, number:PL}

vr̥ṅkte ← √vr̥j- 1 (root)
{number:SG, person:3, mood:IND, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

yán ← √i- 1 (root)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

ávadataḥ ← ávadant- (nominal stem)
{case:ABL, gender:M, number:SG}

brahmā́ ← brahmán- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG}

vádan ← √vadⁱ- (root)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

vánīyān ← vánīyaṁs- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG}

abhí ← abhí (invariable)

āpíḥ ← āpí- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG}

ápr̥ṇantam ← ápr̥ṇant- (nominal stem)
{case:ACC, gender:M, number:SG}

pr̥ṇán ← √pr̥̄- 1 (root)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

syāt ← √as- 1 (root)
{number:SG, person:3, mood:OPT, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

कृ॒षन् । इत् । फालः॑ । आशि॑तम् । कृ॒णो॒ति॒ । यन् । अध्वा॑नम् । अप॑ । वृ॒ङ्क्ते॒ । च॒रित्रैः॑ ।
वद॑न् । ब्र॒ह्मा । अव॑दतः । वनी॑यान् । पृ॒णन् । आ॒पिः । अपृ॑णन्तम् । अ॒भि । स्या॒त् ॥

• kṛṣann ← kṛṣan ← kṛṣ
• [verb noun], nominative, singular
• “plow; drag; pull; dry; irritate.”

• it ← id
• [adverb]
• “indeed; assuredly; entirely.”

• phāla ← phālaḥ ← phāla
• [noun], nominative, singular, masculine
• “plowshare.”

• āśitaṃ ← āśitam ← āśay ← √aś
• [verb noun], accusative, singular
• “feed.”

• kṛṇoti ← kṛ
• [verb], singular, Present indikative
• “make; perform; cause; produce; shape; construct; do; put; fill into; use; fuel; transform; bore; act; write; create; prepare; administer; dig; prepare; treat; take effect; add; trace; put on; process; treat; heed; hire; act; produce; assume; eat; ignite; chop; treat; obey; manufacture; appoint; evacuate; choose; understand; insert; happen; envelop; weigh; observe; practice; lend; bring; duplicate; plant; kṛ; concentrate; mix; knot; join; take; provide; utter; compose.”

• yann ← yan ← i
• [verb noun], nominative, singular
• “go; travel; enter (a state); return; walk; continue; reach; ask.”

• adhvānam ← adhvan
• [noun], accusative, singular, masculine
• “way; journey; adhvan [word]; time; path; method; road; time; distance.”

• apa
• [adverb]
• “away.”

• vṛṅkte ← vṛj
• [verb], singular, Present indikative

• caritraiḥ ← caritra
• [noun], instrumental, plural, neuter
• “foot; behavior.”

• vadan ← vad
• [verb noun], nominative, singular
• “describe; teach; speak; tell; say; call; name; enumerate; declare; diagnose; address; say; pronounce; express; instruct; order.”

• brahmāvadato ← brahmā ← brahman
• [noun], nominative, singular, masculine
• “Brahma; Brahmin; dhak; Brahman; brahman [word]; Brahman; Brahmin; Brahmapurāṇa; Vishnu; Brihaspati.”

• brahmāvadato ← a
• [adverb]
• “not; akāra; a [taddhita]; a [word]; a; a.”

• brahmāvadato ← vadataḥ ← vad
• [verb noun], ablative, singular
• “describe; teach; speak; tell; say; call; name; enumerate; declare; diagnose; address; say; pronounce; express; instruct; order.”

• vanīyān ← vanīyas
• [noun], nominative, singular, masculine

• pṛṇann ← pṛṇan ← pṛ
• [verb noun], nominative, singular
• “fill; elapse; pull back; fill; satisfy; bestow; meet; stuff; load; mix; complete.”

• āpir ← āpiḥ ← āpi
• [noun], nominative, singular, masculine

• apṛṇantam ← a
• [adverb]
• “not; akāra; a [taddhita]; a [word]; a; a.”

• apṛṇantam ← pṛṇantam ← pṛ
• [verb noun], accusative, singular
• “fill; elapse; pull back; fill; satisfy; bestow; meet; stuff; load; mix; complete.”

• abhi
• [adverb]
• “towards; on.”

• ṣyāt ← syāt ← as
• [verb], singular, Present optative
• “be; exist; become; originate; happen; result; be; dwell; be born; stay; be; equal; exist; transform.”

कृषन् कृर्षि कुर्वन् फालः आशितं कर्षकं भोक्तारं कृणोति करोति । तथा अध्वानं मार्गं यन् ॥ इणः शतरि नुमागमः । गच्छन् पुरुषः चरित्रैः आत्मीयैर्गमनैः अप वृङ्क्ते । स्वामिनो धनमावर्जयति ॥ वृजी वर्जने’ । आदादिकः । अनुदात्तेत् ॥ वदन् शास्त्रार्थं ब्रुवाणः ब्रह्मा ब्राह्मणः अवदतः शास्त्रार्थमब्रुवाणाज्जनात् वनीयान् संभक्तृतमः प्रियकरो भवति ॥ वनतेस्तृजन्तस्येयसुनि “ तुरिष्ठेमेयःसु ’ इति तृचो लोपः । ते यथा स्वकर्मणि प्रवर्तमानाः परेषामुपकारकाः तथा पृणन् दाता पुरुषः अपृणन्तम् अदातारं जनम् अभि अभिलक्ष्य आपिः स्यात् बन्धुर्भवेत् ॥

English translation:

“The plural ughshare furrowing (the field) provides food (for the plural ughman); a man travelling along a roadacquires (wealth for his master) by his movements; a Brāhmaṇa expounding (the Veda) is better than one notexpounding it; (so) let the man who gives become a kinsman to the man who gives not.”

Commentary by Sāyaṇa: Ṛgveda-bhāṣya

Let the man who gives:liṭ, the loving kinsman will prevail over him who loves not

It’s just when it plows that a plowshare makes a man well fed. It’s just when he goes that a man “wraps up” the road with his feet.
The formulator who speaks is more a winner than the one who doesn’t; a friend who gives would be superior to one who doesn’t.

The ploughshare ploughing makes the food that feeds us, and with its feet cuts through the path it follows.
Better the speaking than the silent Brahman: the liberal friend outyalues him who gives not.

The plough that cleaves the soil produces nurture; He that bestirs his feet completes his journey. The speaking Brahmin earns more than the silent; A friend who gives is better than the niggard.

Nur die pflügende Pflugschar macht satt; wer mit den Beinen ausschreitet, beendet seinen Weg. Der redende Hohepriester gewinnt mehr als der schweigende, der schenkende Freund soll mehr gelten als der Karge.

Der Pflug schafft Nahrung nur, wenn er das Land pflügt; geht auf den Weg er, stösst man ihn mit Füssen; Und mehr erlangt der Beter, als wer nicht fleht, Der Freund, der gibt, kommt über den, der nicht gibt.

Только пашущий лемех насыщает,
Идущий пешком проделывает (весь) путь.
Говорящий жрец добивается большего, чем не говорящий.
Дарящий друг превосходит не дарящего.

• धनान्नदानप्रशंसा
• भिक्षुः
• निचृत्त्रिष्टुप्
• धैवतः

• देवता - धनान्नदानप्रशंसा
• ऋषिः - भिक्षुराङ्गिरसः
• छन्दः - त्रिष्टुप्

ए᳓कपाद् भू᳓यो द्विप᳓दो वि᳓ चक्रमे
द्विपा᳓त् त्रिपा᳓दम् अभि᳓ एति पश्चा᳓त्
च᳓तुष्पाद् एति द्विप᳓दाम् अभिस्वरे᳓
सम्प᳓श्यन् पङ्क्ती᳓र् उपति᳓ष्ठमानः

Strata
Popular for linguistic reasons, and possibly also for non-linguistic reasons

Pāda-label
popular
popular
popular
popular

Morph
bhū́yaḥ ← bhū́yaṁs- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:N, number:SG}

cakrame ← √kramⁱ- (root)
{number:SG, person:3, mood:IND, tense:PRF, voice:MED}

dvipádaḥ ← dvipád- (nominal stem)
{case:ABL, number:SG}

ékapāt ← ékapad- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG}

ví ← ví (invariable)

abhí ← abhí (invariable)

dvipā́t ← dvipád- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG}

eti ← √i- 1 (root)
{number:SG, person:3, mood:IND, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

paścā́t ← paścā́t (invariable)

tripā́dam ← tripád- (nominal stem)
{case:ACC, gender:M, number:SG}

abhisvaré ← abhisvaré (invariable)

cátuṣpāt ← cátuṣpad- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG}

dvipádām ← dvipád- (nominal stem)
{case:GEN, gender:M, number:PL}

eti ← √i- 1 (root)
{number:SG, person:3, mood:IND, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

paṅktī́ḥ ← paṅktí- (nominal stem)
{case:ACC, gender:F, number:PL}

sampáśyan ← √paś- (root)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

upatíṣṭhamānaḥ ← √sthā- (root)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG, tense:PRS, voice:MED}

एक॑ऽपात् । भूयः॑ । द्वि॒ऽपदः॑ । वि । च॒क्र॒मे॒ । द्वि॒ऽपात् । त्रि॒ऽपाद॑म् । अ॒भि । ए॒ति॒ । प॒श्चात् ।
चतुः॑ऽपात् । ए॒ति॒ । द्वि॒ऽपदा॑म् । अ॒भि॒ऽस्व॒रे । स॒म्ऽपश्य॑न् । प॒ङ्क्तीः । उ॒प॒ऽतिष्ठ॑मानः ॥

• ekapād
• [noun], nominative, singular, masculine
• “Shiva.”

• bhūyo ← bhūyas
• [adverb]
• “again; further; further; repeatedly.”

• dvipado ← dvipadaḥ ← dvipad
• [noun], ablative, singular, masculine
• “biped.”

• vi
• [adverb]
• “apart; away; away.”

• cakrame ← kram
• [verb], singular, Perfect indicative
• “kram; step; go; continue; proceed; traverse; heat.”

• dvipāt ← dvipād
• [noun], nominative, singular, masculine
• “biped; Vishnu.”

• tripādam ← tripād
• [noun], accusative, singular, masculine

• abhy ← abhī ← abhi
• [adverb]
• “towards; on.”

• eti ← i
• [verb], singular, Present indikative
• “go; travel; enter (a state); return; walk; continue; reach; ask.”

• paścāt
• [adverb]
• “subsequently; westward; paścāt [word]; after; back.”

• catuṣpād
• [noun], nominative, singular, masculine
• “quadruped.”

• eti ← i
• [verb], singular, Present indikative
• “go; travel; enter (a state); return; walk; continue; reach; ask.”

• dvipadām ← dvipad
• [noun], genitive, plural, masculine
• “biped.”

• abhisvare ← abhisvara
• [noun], locative, singular, masculine

• sampaśyan ← saṃdṛś ← √dṛś
• [verb noun], nominative, singular
• “see; look; consider.”

• paṅktīr ← paṅktīḥ ← paṅkti
• [noun], accusative, plural, feminine
• “Paṅkti; group; paṅkti [word]; assembly.”

• upatiṣṭhamānaḥ ← upasthā ← √sthā
• [verb noun], nominative, singular
• “approach; approach; worship; serve; originate; enter (a state); entertain; arise; stand; happen; become.”

अत्र पादशब्दो भागवचनः । एकपात् एकभागधनः पुरुषः द्विपदः द्विगुणधनस्य मार्गं भूयः । तृतीयायाः सुः । भूयसा कालेन वि चक्रमे विविधं गच्छति ॥ वेः पादविहरणे’ (पा. सू. १. ३. ४१ ) इत्यात्मनेपदम् ॥ तथा द्विपात् पुरुषः त्रिपादं त्रिभागधनं पुरुषं पश्चात् अभ्येति अभिगच्छति । चतुष्पात् चतुर्भागधनस्तु द्विपदाम् । बहुवचनादेकपादादय उपलक्ष्यन्ते । एकपादधनादीनां पङ्क्तीः अभिस्वरे अभिगमने संपश्यन् सम्यगीक्षमाणः सन् उपतिष्ठमानः एति गच्छमानो भवति । अन्योन्यापेक्षया सर्वं उत्तमाधमाः । तस्मात्त्वम् अहमेव धनवानिति न मन्येः किंत्वतिथिभ्यो धनानि ददस्वेत्यर्थः ॥

English translation:

“He who has but one foot takes a longer time on a journey than he who has two; he who has two feetcomes after him who has three; he who has four feet comes up overtaking the two-footed (and three-footed),beholding their traces as he passes by.”

Commentary by Sāyaṇa: Ṛgveda-bhāṣya

Foot: a metaphor, for portion or wealth. The man who has four times theriches of another should be four times as liberal

The one-footed [=sun?] has stridden farther than the two-footed
[=man?]; the two-footed overtakes the three-footed [=old man?] from behind.
The four-footed [=dog?] comes at the call of the two-footed ones as it watches over the fivefold ones [=herds?], staying by them.

He with one foot hath far outrun the biped, and the two-footed catches the three-footed.
Four-footed creatures come when bipeds call them, and stand and look where five are met together.

The one-foot strides more swiftly than the biped; The biped goes beyond him who has three feet. The quadruped comes at the call of bipeds, And watches near where groups of five are gathered.

Der Einfuß ist weiter geschritten als der Zweifuß; der Zweifuß holt von hinten den Dreifuß ein. Auf den Zuruf der Zweifüßler kommt der Vierfuß, der bei den Herden steht und sie überwacht.

Oft schon ist der einfüssige [hinkende, humpelnde] weiter vorwärts gekommen als der zweifüssige; der zweifüssige holt den dreifüssigen [Greis] ein; der vierfüssige [das Thier] kommt auf den Ruf der zweifüssigen, und sieht, wenn er hingelangt, Scharen von Fünfen stehen.

Одноногий шагнул дальше, чем двуногий.
Двуногий настигает сзади трехногого.
Четвероногий приходит по зову двуногих,
Находясь при стаде (и) следя (за ним).

• धनान्नदानप्रशंसा
• भिक्षुः
• भुरिक्त्रिष्टुप्
• धैवतः

पदार्थान्वयभाषाः - (एकपात्) एकभाग धनादि साधनवाला मनुष्य उपयोग करता हुआ (द्विपदः) द्विगुण साधनवाले मनुष्य से (भूयः-वि चक्रमे) अधिक विक्रम करता है (द्विपात्) दो भाग साधनवाला उसका उपयोग करता हुआ (त्रिपादम्) तीन भाग साधनवाले जन को-मनुष्य को (पश्चात्) पीछे (अभि एति) धकेल देता है-कर देता है (चतुष्पात्) चार धनादिभाग रखनेवाला (उपतिष्ठमानः) बैठा हुआ-उपयोग न करता हुआ (द्विपदाम्) दो भाग साधनवालों की (पङ्क्तीः) पादरेखाओं पगडण्डियों या पदचिह्नों को (सम्पश्यन्) देखता हुआ (अभिस्वरे) उनके आदेश पर (एति) चलता है ॥८॥

भावार्थभाषाः - धनादि साधन का एक भाग रखनेवाला मनुष्य उसका सदुपयोग करता हुआ द्विगुण साधनवाले से अधिक विक्रम और सफलता प्राप्त करता है, दो भाग साधनवाला उसका उपयोग करता हुआ तीन भाग साधनवाले को पीछे ढकेल देता है। चार भाग साधनवाला केवल बैठा हुआ कुछ न करता हुआ दो भाग साधनवाले उपयोग करते हुए मनुष्यों की पादरेखाओं को देखता हुआ उनके आदेश पर चलता है-चला करता है ॥८॥

पदार्थान्वयभाषाः - (एकपात्-द्विपदः-भूयः-वि चक्रमे) एकधनादिसाधनवान् पुरुषो द्विगुणसाधनवतो पुरुषात्खल्वधिकं विक्रमं करोति तदुपयोगं कुर्वन् (द्विपात्-त्रिपादं पश्चात्-अभि एति) द्विपात्-द्विसाधनवान् तदुपयोगं कुर्वन् त्रिपादं-त्रिपादवन्तं पश्चात् प्रेरयति (चतुष्पात्-उपतिष्ठमानः) चतुर्गुण-साधनवान्केवलमुपतिष्ठमानस्तदुपयोगं न कुर्वाणः (द्विपदां-पङ्क्तीः सम्पश्यन्-अभिस्वरे-एति) द्विसाधनभागवतां तदुपयोगं कुर्वतां पङ्क्तीः पादरेखाः पश्यन् तेषामादेशे “स्वृ शब्दे” [भ्वादि०] चलति ॥८॥

• देवता - धनान्नदानप्रशंसा
• ऋषिः - भिक्षुराङ्गिरसः
• छन्दः - त्रिष्टुप्

समउ᳓ चिद् ध᳓स्तौ न᳓ समं᳓ विविष्टः
सम्मात᳓रा चिन् न᳓ समं᳓ दुहाते
यम᳓योश् चिन् न᳓ समा᳓ वीरि᳓याणि
ज्ञाती᳓ चित् स᳓न्तौ न᳓ सम᳓म् पृणीतः

Strata
Popular for linguistic reasons, and possibly also for non-linguistic reasons

Pāda-label
popular
popular
popular
popular

Morph
cit ← cit (invariable)

hástau ← hásta- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:DU}

ná ← ná (invariable)

samám ← samá- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:N, number:SG}

samaú ← samá- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:DU}

viviṣṭaḥ ← √viṣ- 2 (root)
{number:DU, person:3, mood:IND, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

cit ← cit (invariable)

duhāte ← √duh- (root)
{number:DU, person:3, mood:IND, tense:PRS, voice:MED}

ná ← ná (invariable)

samám ← samá- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:N, number:SG}

sammātárā ← sammātár- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:F, number:DU}

cit ← cit (invariable)

ná ← ná (invariable)

samā́ ← samá- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:N, number:PL}

vīryā̀ṇi ← vīryà- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:N, number:PL}

yamáyoḥ ← yamá- (nominal stem)
{case:GEN, gender:M, number:DU}

cit ← cit (invariable)

jñātī́ ← jñātí- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:DU}

ná ← ná (invariable)

pr̥ṇītaḥ ← √pr̥̄- 1 (root)
{number:DU, person:3, mood:IND, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

samám ← samá- (nominal stem)
{case:ACC, gender:N, number:SG}

sántau ← √as- 1 (root)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:DU, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

स॒मौ । चि॒त् । हस्तौ॑ । न । स॒मम् । वि॒वि॒ष्टः॒ । स॒म्ऽमा॒तरा॑ । चि॒त् । न । स॒मम् । दु॒हा॒ते॒ इति॑ ।
य॒मयोः॑ । चि॒त् । न । स॒मा । वी॒र्या॑णि । ज्ञा॒ती इति॑ । चि॒त् । सन्तौ॑ । न । स॒मम् । पृ॒णी॒तः॒ ॥

• samau ← sama
• [noun], nominative, dual, masculine
• “like; like; alike(p); level; symmetrical; balanced; average; same; regular; impartial; imperturbable; even; sama [word]; every(a); accurate; identical; fair; equal; synonymous; changeless; whole; exact; calm; straight; even; wide.”

• ciddhastau ← cit
• [adverb]
• “even; indeed.”

• ciddhastau ← hastau ← hasta
• [noun], nominative, dual, masculine
• “hand; hand; proboscis; hasta [word]; autograph.”

• na
• [adverb]
• “not; like; no; na [word].”

• samaṃ ← samam ← sama
• [noun], accusative, singular, neuter
• “like; like; alike(p); level; symmetrical; balanced; average; same; regular; impartial; imperturbable; even; sama [word]; every(a); accurate; identical; fair; equal; synonymous; changeless; whole; exact; calm; straight; even; wide.”

• viviṣṭaḥ ← viṣ
• [verb], dual, Present indikative
• “labor; act; perform.”

• sammātarā ← saṃmātarṛ
• [noun], nominative, dual, masculine

• cin ← cit
• [adverb]
• “even; indeed.”

• na
• [adverb]
• “not; like; no; na [word].”

• samaṃ ← samam ← sama
• [noun], accusative, singular, neuter
• “like; like; alike(p); level; symmetrical; balanced; average; same; regular; impartial; imperturbable; even; sama [word]; every(a); accurate; identical; fair; equal; synonymous; changeless; whole; exact; calm; straight; even; wide.”

• duhāte ← duh
• [verb], dual, Present indikative
• “milk.”

• yamayoś ← yamayoḥ ← yama
• [noun], genitive, dual, masculine
• “Yama; yama; twin; yam; Yama; two; bridle; yama [word]; Asvins.”

• cin ← cit
• [adverb]
• “even; indeed.”

• na
• [adverb]
• “not; like; no; na [word].”

• samā ← sama
• [noun], nominative, plural, neuter
• “like; like; alike(p); level; symmetrical; balanced; average; same; regular; impartial; imperturbable; even; sama [word]; every(a); accurate; identical; fair; equal; synonymous; changeless; whole; exact; calm; straight; even; wide.”

• vīryāṇi ← vīrya
• [noun], nominative, plural, neuter
• “potency; vīrya; heroism; potency; strength; semen; power; deed; active agent; efficacy; vīryapāramitā; gold; vigor; vīrya [word]; virility; manfulness; jewel; force.”

• jñātī ← jñāti
• [noun], nominative, dual, masculine
• “relative; jñāti [word]; kinsman.”

• cit
• [adverb]
• “even; indeed.”

• santau ← as
• [verb noun], nominative, dual
• “be; exist; become; originate; happen; result; be; dwell; be born; stay; be; equal; exist; transform.”

• na
• [adverb]
• “not; like; no; na [word].”

• samam ← sama
• [noun], accusative, singular, neuter
• “like; like; alike(p); level; symmetrical; balanced; average; same; regular; impartial; imperturbable; even; sama [word]; every(a); accurate; identical; fair; equal; synonymous; changeless; whole; exact; calm; straight; even; wide.”

• pṛṇītaḥ ← pṛ
• [verb], dual, Present indikative
• “fill; elapse; pull back; fill; satisfy; bestow; meet; stuff; load; mix; complete.”

अतिथिभ्यो धनमप्रयच्छन्नपि मम भ्राता दास्यतीति चेत् तत्र हेतुमाह। समौ चिद्धस्तौ समावपि समं समानं न विविष्टः कार्यं न व्याप्नुतः ॥ ‘ विष्लृ व्याप्तौ ’ । जौहोत्यादिकः । संज्ञापूर्वकस्य विधेरनित्यत्वादभ्यासस्य गुणाभावः ॥ तथा संमातरा वत्सस्य मातरौ धेनू समे अपि समं समानं पयः न दुहाते । ‘यमयोश्चित् सहजातयोः पुत्रयोरपि समा समानि वीयाँणि न सन्ति । तस्मात् ज्ञाती चित् एकस्मिन् कुले सन्तौ जातावपि समं न पृणीतः न प्रयच्छतः। तस्माद्यस्य धनमस्ति स एव दद्यादित्यर्थः ॥॥ २३ ॥

English translation:

“The two hands are alike, but they do not perform the same work; two cows calving at the same timedo not yield the same milk; two twins have not the same strength; two person ns of the same family do not displayequal liberality.”

Two hands, even though the same, do not accomplish the same. Even two (cows) with the same mother do not yield the same milk.
The heroic deeds even of twins are not the same. Two men, even though they are kin, do not give the same.

The hands are both alike: their labour differs. The yield of sister milch-kine is unequal.
Twins even diffier in their strength and vigour: two, even kinsmen, differ in their bounty.

Two hands though equal make not what is equal; No sister cows yield milk in equal measure; Unequal is the strength even of twin children; The gifts of even kinsmen are unequal.

Zwei Hände, obwohl sie gleich sind, schaffen nicht das Gleiche, zwei Kühe, auch wenn sie von der gleichen Mutter sind, geben nicht gleichviel Milch. Auch Zwillinge haben nicht die gleichen Kräfte, und auch zwei, die Blutsverwandte sind, schenken nicht gleichviel.

Die gleichen Hände wirken doch nicht gleiches; nicht gleiches saugen Kinder gleicher Mutter, Auch Zwillingsbrüdern ist nicht gleiche Stärke; auch zwei Verwandte sind nicht gleich im Geben.

Две руки, хоть и одинаковы, не делают одинаковой работы,
(Две коровы,) хоть и от одной матери, неодинаково доятся.
Даже у близнецов силы не одинаковы.
Неодинаково дарят двое даже кровных родных.

• धनान्नदानप्रशंसा
• भिक्षुः
• निचृत्त्रिष्टुप्
• धैवतः

पदार्थान्वयभाषाः - (समौ चित्)समान भी (हस्तौ) दोनों हाथ (समं न) किसी कार्य में समान नहीं (विविष्टः)प्रवेश करते हैं (सम्मातरा चित्) बच्चे का निर्माण करनेवाली पालन करनेवाली धायें भी (समं न) समान नहीं (दुहाते) दूध पिलाती हैं (यमयोः-चित्) सहजात दोनों मनुष्यों को भी (वीर्याणि) बल-पराक्रम (समा न) समान नहीं होते (ज्ञाती चित्) एक वंशवाले भी (सन्तौ)होते हुए (समं न) समान नहीं (पृणीतः)अपने अन्न धनादि से दूसरे को तृप्त करते हैं, दान में स्पर्धा या तुलना नहीं करना चाहिये, यह श्रद्धा से देना होता है-देना चाहिये ॥९॥

भावार्थभाषाः - मनुष्य के हाथ समान हैं, पर किसी कार्य में समान प्रवेश नहीं करते। बालक को पालनेवाली दो धाइयाँ बालक को समान दूध नहीं पिलाती, माता से उत्पन्न हुए जुडवाँ दो मनुष्यों के समान बल नहीं होते। वंशवाले दो बड़े मनुष्य अपने अन्न धनादि से किसी अधिकारी को समानरूप से तृप्त नहीं करते हैं, इसलिये दान को स्पर्धा या तुलना पर न छोड़ना चाहिये, किन्तु श्रद्धा से देना ही चाहिये ॥९॥

पदार्थान्वयभाषाः - (समौ चित्-हस्तौ समं न विविष्टः) समानावपि हस्तौ कार्ये न समानं प्रवेश कुरुतः (सं मातरा चित्-न समं दुहाते) शिशोर्निर्माणकर्त्र्यो द्वौ धात्र्यौसमानं दुग्धं न पाययतः (यमयोः-चित्-न समा वीर्याणि) सहजातयोर्मनुष्ययोर्न समानि बलानि भवन्ति (ज्ञाती चित् सन्तौ न समं पृणीतः) एकवंशकौ पुरुषावपि धनादिना समानं न तर्पयतः दाने न स्पर्धा तुलना वा कार्या दानं तु स्वश्रद्धया देयम्-दातव्यमेव ॥९॥