०३०

• देवता - विश्वेदेवाः
• ऋषिः - मनुर्वैवस्वतः
• छन्दः - गायत्री

नहि᳓ वो अ᳓स्ति अर्भको᳓
दे᳓वासो न᳓ कुमारकः᳓
वि᳓श्वे सतो᳓महान्त इ᳓त्

Strata
Archaic

Pāda-label
genre M
genre M
genre M

Morph
arbhakáḥ ← arbhaká- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG}

ásti ← √as- 1 (root)
{number:SG, person:3, mood:IND, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

nahí ← nahí (invariable)

vaḥ ← tvám (pronoun)
{case:ACC, number:PL}

dévāsaḥ ← devá- (nominal stem)
{case:VOC, gender:M, number:PL}

kumārakáḥ ← kumāraká- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG}

ná ← ná (invariable)

ít ← ít (invariable)

satómahāntaḥ ← satómahānt- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:PL}

víśve ← víśva- (nominal stem)

न॒हि । वः॒ । अस्ति॑ । अ॒र्भ॒कः । देवा॑सः । न । कु॒मा॒र॒कः ।
विश्वे॑ । स॒तःऽम॑हान्तः । इत् ॥

• nahi
• [adverb]

• vo ← vaḥ ← tvad
• [noun], genitive, plural
• “you.”

• asty ← asti ← as
• [verb], singular, Present indikative
• “be; exist; become; originate; happen; result; be; dwell; be born; stay; be; equal; exist; transform.”

• arbhako ← arbhakaḥ ← arbhaka
• [noun], nominative, singular, masculine
• “humble; weak.”

• devāso ← devāsaḥ ← deva
• [noun], vocative, plural, masculine
• “Deva; Hindu deity; king; deity; Indra; deva [word]; God; Jina; Viśvedevās; mercury; natural phenomenon; gambling.”

• na
• [adverb]
• “not; like; no; na [word].”

• kumārakaḥ ← kumāraka
• [noun], nominative, singular, masculine
• “kumārabandha; child.”

• viśve ← viśva
• [noun], nominative, plural, masculine
• “all(a); whole; complete; each(a); viśva [word]; completely; wholly.”

• satomahānta ← satomahāntaḥ ← satomahat
• [noun], nominative, plural, masculine

• it ← id
• [adverb]
• “indeed; assuredly; entirely.”

हे देवासः देवाः वः युप्माकं मध्ये अर्भकः नहि अस्ति शिशुर्नास्ति खलु । तथा न कुमारकः युष्माकं मध्ये कुमारोऽपि नास्ति । किंतु सर्वे यूयं सवयसो नित्यतरुणा भवथ । एतदेव प्रतिपादयति । विश्वे सर्वे देवा यूयं सतोमहान्त इत् । सर्वस्माद्विद्यमानात् पृथिव्यामपि ये महान्तस्ते सतोमहान्त इत्युच्यन्ते । तस्माद्युष्माकमर्भकोऽपि कुमारोऽपि नास्तीत्यर्थः ॥

English translation:

“There is no one among you, gods, who is an infant or a youth; you verily are all of mature existence.”

Commentary by Sāyaṇa: Ṛgveda-bhāṣya

Allof mature existence: sato mahāntaḥ = sarvasmād vidyamānāt pṛthivyām api ye mahāntas tesatomahānta iti ucyante, liṭ, greather than all that is

“Since there isn’t a little runt among you, gods, nor a little kid,
(you are) all just entirely great.”

The -ka- suffix on arbhaká- and kumāraká- mark these words as belonging to a lower register than normal Rigvedic discourse. See my 2009 “Sociolinguistic Remarks on the Indo-Iranian *-ka-Suffix.”

NOT one of you, ye Gods, is small, none of you is a feeble child:
All of you, verily, are great.

Keiner unter euch ist ja ein Kleiner, ihr Götter, noch ein Kind; alle seid ihr gleich groß.

Kein kleiner weilet unter euch, o Götter, und kein zartes Kind, Ihr alle seid an Grösse gleich.

Нет ведь среди вас малого,
О боги, нет подростка:
Все (вы) одинаково великие.

• विश्वेदेवा:
• मनुर्वैवस्वतः
• निचृद्गायत्री
• षड्जः

• देवता - विश्वेदेवाः
• ऋषिः - मनुर्वैवस्वतः
• छन्दः - पुरउष्णिक्

इ᳓ति स्तुता᳓सो असथा रिशादसो
ये᳓ स्थ᳓ त्र᳓यश् च त्रिंश᳓च् च
म᳓नोर् देवा यज्ञियासः

Strata
Archaic

Pāda-label
genre M
genre M
genre M

Morph
asatha ← √as- 1 (root)
{number:PL, person:2, mood:SBJV, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

íti ← íti (invariable)

riśādasaḥ ← riśā́das- (nominal stem)
{case:VOC, gender:M, number:PL}

stutā́saḥ ← √stu- (root)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:PL, non-finite:PPP}

ca ← ca (invariable)

ca ← ca (invariable)

sthá ← √as- 1 (root)
{number:PL, person:2, mood:IND, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

tráyaḥ ← trí- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:PL}

triṁśát ← triṁśát- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:F, number:SG}

yé ← yá- (pronoun)

devāḥ ← devá- (nominal stem)
{case:VOC, gender:M, number:PL}

mánoḥ ← mánu- (nominal stem)
{case:GEN, gender:M, number:SG}

yajñiyāsaḥ ← yajñíya- (nominal stem)
{case:VOC, gender:M, number:PL}

इति॑ । स्तु॒तासः॑ । अ॒स॒थ॒ । रि॒शा॒द॒सः॒ । ये । स्थ । त्रयः॑ । च॒ । त्रिं॒शत् । च॒ ।
मनोः॑ । दे॒वाः॒ । य॒ज्ञि॒या॒सः॒ ॥

• iti
• [adverb]
• “thus; so; iti [word].”

• stutāso ← stutāsaḥ ← stu
• [verb noun], nominative, plural
• “laud; praise; declare; stu.”

• asathā ← asatha ← as
• [verb], plural, Present conjunctive (subjunctive)
• “be; exist; become; originate; happen; result; be; dwell; be born; stay; be; equal; exist; transform.”

• riśādaso ← riśādasaḥ ← riśādas
• [noun], vocative, plural, masculine
• “superior; superior; proud.”

• ye ← yad
• [noun], nominative, plural, masculine
• “who; which; yat [pronoun].”

• stha ← as
• [verb], plural, Present indikative
• “be; exist; become; originate; happen; result; be; dwell; be born; stay; be; equal; exist; transform.”

• trayaś ← trayaḥ ← tri
• [noun], nominative, plural, masculine
• “three; tri/tisṛ [word].”

• ca
• [adverb]
• “and; besides; then; now; even.”

• triṃśac ← triṃśat
• [noun], nominative, singular, feminine
• “thirty; triṃśat [word].”

• ca
• [adverb]
• “and; besides; then; now; even.”

• manor ← manoḥ ← manu
• [noun], genitive, singular, masculine
• “Manu; mantra; Manusmṛti; fourteen; man; manu [word]; Vaivasvata; incantation; sacred text.”

• devā ← devāḥ ← deva
• [noun], nominative, plural, masculine
• “Deva; Hindu deity; king; deity; Indra; deva [word]; God; Jina; Viśvedevās; mercury; natural phenomenon; gambling.”

• yajñiyāsaḥ ← yajñiya
• [noun], nominative, plural, masculine
• “sacrificial; divine; devoted.”

हे रिशादसः रिशतां हिंसतामसितारो हे मनोः यज्ञियासः मनुनामकस्य मम यज्ञार्हा हे देवाः ये यूयं त्रयश्च त्रिसंख्याकाः त्रिंशच्च त्रिंशत्संख्याकास्त्रयस्त्रिंशद्देवताः स्थ भवथ अभूत ते यूयम् इति इत्थमनेन प्रकारेण स्तुतासः असथ । मया मनुना स्तुता भवथ । अस्तेर्लेटि छान्दसो लुगभावः । यद्वा । असतिः कान्त्यर्थः । इत्थं स्तुता यूयं हवींषि कामयध्वम् ।

English translation:

“Destroyers of foes, gods, adored by Manu, who are three-and-thirty, and are thus hymned.”

Thus shall you be praised, you who care for the stranger, who are the three and thirty,
you gods who deserve the sacrifice of Manu.

As indicated in the published introduction. I take the introductory íti here as a mark that the preceding vs. is the quoted praise referred to by iti stutā́so asathā “thus shall you be praised.” Renou comments that this is a relatively rare passage with íti not close to direct speech. But my interpr. avoids that.

The 33, the (or a) canonical number of gods, were mentioned in a nearby hymn by the same poet, VIII.28.1.

Thus be ye lauded, ye destroyers of the foe, ye Three-and-Thirty Deities,
The Gods of man, the Holy Ones.

Darum sollt ihr gepriesen sein, ihr Herrenstolze, die ihr die Dreiunddreißig seid, ihr anbetungswürdigen Götter des Manu.

So, Feindverzehrer, sollt von uns gerühmt ihr sein, ihr dreiunddreissig an der Zahl, Des Menschen heil’ge Götter ihr.

Так вы должны быть прославлены, о заботящиеся о чужом (?),
(те,) которых три и тридцать,
О боги Ману, достойные жерв.

• विश्वेदेवा:
• मनुर्वैवस्वतः
• पुरउष्णिक्
• ऋषभः

• देवता - विश्वेदेवाः
• ऋषिः - मनुर्वैवस्वतः
• छन्दः - बृहती

ते᳓ नस् त्राध्वं ते᳓ अवत
त᳓ उ नो अ᳓धि वोचत
मा᳓ नः पथः᳓ पि᳓त्रियान् मानवा᳓द् अ᳓धि
दूरं᳓ नैष्ट पराव᳓तः

Strata
Archaic

Pāda-label
genre M
genre M
genre M
genre M

Morph
avata ← √avⁱ- (root)
{number:PL, person:2, mood:IMP, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

naḥ ← ahám (pronoun)
{case:ACC, number:PL}

té ← sá- ~ tá- (pronoun)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:PL}

té ← sá- ~ tá- (pronoun)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:PL}

trādhvam ← √trā- (root)
{number:PL, person:2, mood:IMP, tense:AOR, voice:MED}

ádhi ← ádhi (invariable)

naḥ ← ahám (pronoun)
{case:ACC, number:PL}

té ← sá- ~ tá- (pronoun)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:PL}

u ← u (invariable)

vocata ← √vac- (root)
{number:PL, person:2, mood:IMP, tense:AOR, voice:ACT}

ádhi ← ádhi (invariable)

mā́ ← mā́ (invariable)

mānavā́t ← mānavá- (nominal stem)
{case:ABL, gender:M, number:SG}

naḥ ← ahám (pronoun)
{case:ACC, number:PL}

patháḥ ← pánthā- ~ path- (nominal stem)
{case:ABL, gender:M, number:SG, tense:PRF, voice:MED}

pítryāt ← pítrya- (nominal stem)
{case:ABL, gender:M, number:SG}

dūrám ← dūrá- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:N, number:SG}

naiṣṭa ← √nī- (root)
{number:PL, person:2, mood:INJ, tense:AOR, voice:ACT}

parāvátaḥ ← parāvát- (nominal stem)
{case:ACC, gender:F, number:PL}

ते । नः॒ । त्रा॒ध्व॒म् । ते॒ । अ॒व॒त॒ । ते । ऊं॒ इति॑ । नः॒ । अधि॑ । वो॒च॒त॒ ।
मा । नः॒ । प॒थः । पित्र्या॑त् । मा॒न॒वात् । अधि॑ । दू॒रम् । नै॒ष्ट॒ । प॒रा॒ऽवतः॑ ॥

• te ← tad
• [noun], nominative, plural, masculine
• “this; he,she,it (pers. pron.); respective(a); that; nominative; then; particular(a); genitive; instrumental; accusative; there; tad [word]; dative; once; same.”

• nas ← naḥ ← mad
• [noun], accusative, plural
• “I; mine.”

• trādhvaṃ ← trādhvam ← trā
• [verb], plural, Present imperative
• “protect; help.”

• te ← tad
• [noun], nominative, plural, masculine
• “this; he,she,it (pers. pron.); respective(a); that; nominative; then; particular(a); genitive; instrumental; accusative; there; tad [word]; dative; once; same.”

• ‘vata ← avata ← av
• [verb], plural, Present imperative
• “support; help; prefer; prefer; like.”

• ta ← te ← tad
• [noun], nominative, plural, masculine
• “this; he,she,it (pers. pron.); respective(a); that; nominative; then; particular(a); genitive; instrumental; accusative; there; tad [word]; dative; once; same.”

• u ← _ ← √_
• [?]
• “_”

• no ← naḥ ← mad
• [noun], dative, plural
• “I; mine.”

• adhi
• [adverb]
• “on; from; accordingly.”

• vocata ← vac
• [verb], plural, Aorist imperative
• “say; describe; name; tell; address; enumerate; call; state; teach; explain; say; declare; speak; define; declare; order; address; recommend; answer; deem; recite; approve; proclaim; indicate; determine; mention; designate.”

• mā
• [adverb]
• “not.”

• naḥ ← mad
• [noun], accusative, plural
• “I; mine.”

• pathaḥ ← pathin
• [noun], ablative, singular, masculine
• “way; road; path [word]; journey; method.”

• pitryān ← pitryāt ← pitrya
• [noun], ablative, singular, masculine
• “ancestral; paternal.”

• mānavād ← mānavāt ← mānava
• [noun], ablative, singular, masculine
• “human.”

• adhi
• [adverb]
• “on; from; accordingly.”

• dūraṃ ← dūram ← dūra
• [noun], accusative, singular, neuter
• “distance; distance; farness.”

• naiṣṭa ← nī
• [verb], plural, Aorist inj. (proh.)
• “bring; lead; spend; decant; enter (a state); remove; take out; take away; enforce; marry; carry; fill into; bring; learn; go out; add.”

• parāvataḥ ← parāvat
• [noun], accusative, plural, feminine
• “distance; distance; distance.”

हे देवाः ते यूयं नः अस्मान् त्राध्वं बाधकेभ्यो रक्षोभ्यस्त्रायध्वम् । ते यूयम् अवत धनादिप्रदानैरस्मान् रक्षत । ते एव देवाः नः अस्मान् अधि वोचत अधिकं भवन्तः कर्मकारिणो धनादिमन्तश्च भवन्त्विति यूयं ब्रूत । किंच हे देवाः मानवात् । मनुः सर्वेषां पिता । तत आगतात् पित्र्यात्’ पिता मनुर्यं मार्गं चक्रे तस्मात् पथः मार्गात् नः अस्मान् मा नैष्ट मा नयत । अपनयनं मा कुरुतेत्यर्थः । सर्वदा ब्रह्मचर्याग्निहोत्रादिकर्माणि येन मार्गेण भवन्ति तमेवास्मान्नयत । किंतु दूरं य एतद्व्यतिरिक्तो विप्रकृष्टमार्गोऽस्ति तस्मात् अधि । अधिकमित्यर्थः । अस्मानपनयत ॥

English translation:

“Do you preserve us, do you protect us, do you direct us (to our good); lead us not afar from the paternalpaths of Manu, nor from those still more distant.”

Commentary by Sāyaṇa: Ṛgveda-bhāṣya

From the paternal paths of Manu: Manu is said to be theuniversal father, and the paths he enjoins are those of austerity and ceremonial. brahmacarya agnihotrādikarmāṇi yena mārgeṇa bhavanti tam evam asmānnayata; lead us not away from the far-reaching paternalpath of Manu, but away from any which is distant therefrom

Protect us; help us; speak on our behalf.
Do not lead us far away from the path of the fathers, of the sons of
Manu, into the distance.

As such defend and succour us, with benedictions speak to us:
Lead us not from our fathers’ and from Manu’s path into the distance far away.

Beschützet uns, steht uns bei und seid uns Fürsprecher; führet uns nicht vom väterlichen Wege des Manu weit ab in die Fernen!

So rettet uns, so helfet uns, so sprechet doch uns freundlich zu, Nicht führt uns von dem Menschenpfad der Väter ab, in weite Fernen nicht hinweg.

Спасайте вы нас, помогайте вы (нам),
А также вступайтесь вы за нас!
Не уводите нас с отчего пути, (унаследованного) от Ману,
Далеко в далекие края!

• विश्वेदेवा:
• मनुर्वैवस्वतः
• विराड्बृहती
• मध्यमः

• देवता - विश्वेदेवाः
• ऋषिः - मनुर्वैवस्वतः
• छन्दः - अनुष्टुप्

ये᳓ देवास इह᳓ स्थ᳓न
वि᳓श्वे वैश्वानरा᳓ उत᳓
अस्म᳓भ्यं श᳓र्म सप्र᳓थो
ग᳓वे अ᳓श्वाय यछत

Strata
Archaic

Pāda-label
genre M
genre M
genre M
genre M

Morph
devāsaḥ ← devá- (nominal stem)
{case:VOC, gender:M, number:PL}

ihá ← ihá (invariable)

sthána ← √as- 1 (root)
{number:PL, person:2, mood:IND, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

yé ← yá- (pronoun)

utá ← utá (invariable)

vaiśvānarā́ḥ ← vaiśvānará- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:PL}

víśve ← víśva- (nominal stem)

asmábhyam ← ahám (pronoun)
{case:DAT, number:PL}

sapráthaḥ ← sapráthas- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:N, number:SG}

śárma ← śárman- (nominal stem)
{case:ACC, gender:N, number:SG}

áśvāya ← áśva- (nominal stem)
{case:DAT, gender:M, number:SG}

gáve ← gáv- ~ gó- (nominal stem)
{case:DAT, gender:M, number:SG}

yachata ← √yam- (root)
{number:PL, person:2, mood:IMP, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

ये । दे॒वा॒सः॒ । इ॒ह । स्थन॑ । विश्वे॑ । वै॒श्वा॒न॒राः । उ॒त ।
अ॒स्मभ्य॑म् । शर्म॑ । स॒ऽप्रथः॑ । गवे॑ । अश्वा॑य । य॒च्छ॒त॒ ॥

• ye ← yad
• [noun], nominative, plural, masculine
• “who; which; yat [pronoun].”

• devāsa ← devāsaḥ ← deva
• [noun], nominative, plural, masculine
• “Deva; Hindu deity; king; deity; Indra; deva [word]; God; Jina; Viśvedevās; mercury; natural phenomenon; gambling.”

• iha
• [adverb]
• “here; now; in this world; now; below; there; here; just.”

• sthana ← as
• [verb], plural, Present indikative
• “be; exist; become; originate; happen; result; be; dwell; be born; stay; be; equal; exist; transform.”

• viśve ← viśva
• [noun], nominative, plural, masculine
• “all(a); whole; complete; each(a); viśva [word]; completely; wholly.”

• vaiśvānarā ← vaiśvānarāḥ ← vaiśvānara
• [noun], nominative, plural, masculine
• “Agni; fire; Vaiśvānara; Vaiśvānara; sacrificial fire; sun.”

• uta
• [adverb]
• “and; besides; uta [indecl.]; similarly; alike; even.”

• asmabhyaṃ ← asmabhyam ← mad
• [noun], dative, plural
• “I; mine.”

• śarma ← śarman
• [noun], accusative, singular, neuter
• “protection; protective covering; refuge; joy.”

• sapratho ← saprathaḥ ← saprathas
• [noun], accusative, singular, neuter
• “extensive; wide; extended.”

• gave ← go
• [noun], dative, singular, masculine
• “cow; cattle; go [word]; Earth; bull; floor; milk; beam; sunbeam; leather; hide; horn; language; bowstring; earth; ox; Svarga.”

• ‘śvāya ← aśvāya ← aśva
• [noun], dative, singular, masculine
• “horse; aśva [word]; Aśva; stallion.”

• yacchata ← yam
• [verb], plural, Present imperative
• “concentrate; grant; restrain; cause; control; offer; cover; raise.”

हे देवासः देवाः उत अपि च वैश्वानराः । विश्व सर्वे नरः कर्मनेतारोऽध्वर्य्वादयो यस्य स विश्वानरो यज्ञः । तस्मिन् सोमादिहवींषि स्वीकर्तुं भवाः प्रादुर्भूताः । भवार्थेऽण्प्रत्ययः । यद्वा । विश्वानरोऽग्निः । देवानां तन्मुखत्वात् तस्य संबन्धिनः । विश्वे सर्वे ये देवा यूयम् इह अस्मिन्नस्मदीये यज्ञे स्थन हवींष्यादातुं भवथ ततः सप्रथः । प्रथ प्रख्याने ‘। सर्वतः प्रसिद्धं सर्वत्र पृथुतमं वा शर्म । सर्वं शृणाति हिनस्ति दुःखमिति शर्म सुखम् । तत् अस्मभ्यं प्रयच्छत । तथा गवे अस्मदीयेभ्यो यज्ञसाधनभूतेभ्यो गोभ्यः अश्वाय शर्म सुखं प्रदत्त ॥ ॥ ३७॥ ॥ ४ ॥

English translation:

“Gods, who are here present, all to whom this full sacrifice is offered, bestow upon us, upon our cattleand horses, happiness far renowned.”

O gods, all of you who are here and belonging to all men—
to us hold out extensive shelter, and to our cattle and horse.

Geldner takes víśve vaiśvānarā́utá as “and all the Vaiśvānaras” (so also Klein, DGRV), but it is the gods who are vaiśvānará-, as Geldner clearly states in his n. 4b.

(Interestingly, this is the only pl. form of this stem, which otherwise, save for one passage [IX.61.16, referring to light], is used only of Agni.) The terms that are being conjoined are ihá ‘here’ and ‘belonging to all men’, not gods and Vaiśvānaras; the point is that they are here and available to us because they belong to all of us. There is also complementary contrast between “all gods” and “(belonging) to all men,” and the víśve of the former phrase has been postponed so that it can adjoin the latter: devāsaḥ …, víśve vaiśvānarā́ḥ.

Ye Deities who stay with us, and all ye Gods of all mankind,
Give us your wide protection, give shelter for cattle and for steed.

Ihr Götter, die ihr hier seid, und alle die Vaisvanara´s haltet über uns, über Rind und Roß euren Schirm in ganzer Breite!

Ihr Götter, die bei uns ihr seid, und alle in der ganzen Welt, Erstrecket ausgedehnten Schirm zum Schutz für uns, für Ross und Rind.

О боги, (те,) что находитесь здесь,
А также все, принадлежащие всем людям,
Держите широкий щит
Над нами, над коровой, над конем!

• विश्वेदेवा:
• मनुर्वैवस्वतः
• निचृदनुष्टुप्
• गान्धारः