०५८

• देवता - पूषा
• ऋषिः - भरद्वाजो बार्हस्पत्यः
• छन्दः - त्रिष्टुप्

शुक्रं꣡ ते अन्य꣡द् यजतं꣡ ते अन्य꣡द्
वि꣡षुरूपे अ꣡हनी द्यउ꣡र् इवासि
वि꣡श्वा हि꣡ माया꣡ अ꣡वसि स्वधावो
भद्रा꣡ ते पूषन्न् इह꣡ राति꣡र् अस्तु

Strata
Cretic

Pāda-label
genre M
genre M
genre M
genre M

Morph
anyát ← anyá- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:N, number:SG}

anyát ← anyá- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:N, number:SG}

śukrám ← śukrá- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:N, number:SG}

te ← tvám (pronoun)
{case:DAT, number:SG}

te ← tvám (pronoun)
{case:DAT, number:SG}

yajatám ← yajatá- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:N, number:SG}

áhanī ← áhar ~ áhan- (nominal stem)
{case:ACC, gender:N, number:DU}

asi ← √as- 1 (root)
{number:SG, person:2, mood:IND, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

dyaúḥ ← dyú- ~ div- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG}

iva ← iva (invariable)
{}

víṣurūpe ← víṣurūpa- (nominal stem)
{case:ACC, gender:N, number:DU}

ávasi ← √avⁱ- (root)
{number:SG, person:2, mood:IND, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

hí ← hí (invariable)
{}

māyā́ḥ ← māyā́- (nominal stem)
{case:ACC, gender:F, number:PL}

svadhāvaḥ ← svadhā́vant- (nominal stem)
{case:VOC, gender:M, number:SG}

víśvāḥ ← víśva- (nominal stem)
{case:ACC, gender:F, number:PL}

astu ← √as- 1 (root)
{number:SG, person:3, mood:IMP, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

bhadrā́ ← bhadrá- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:F, number:SG}

ihá ← ihá (invariable)
{}

pūṣan ← pūṣán- (nominal stem)
{case:VOC, gender:M, number:SG}

rātíḥ ← rātí- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:F, number:SG}

te ← tvám (pronoun)
{case:DAT, number:SG}

शु॒क्रम् । ते॒ । अ॒न्यत् । य॒ज॒तम् । ते॒ । अ॒न्यत् । विषु॑रूपे॒ इति॒ विषु॑ऽरूपे । अह॑नी॒ इति॑ । द्यौःऽइ॑व । अ॒सि॒ ।
विश्वाः॑ । हि । मा॒याः । अव॑सि । स्व॒धा॒ऽवः॒ । भ॒द्रा । ते॒ । पू॒ष॒न् । इ॒ह । रा॒तिः । अ॒स्तु॒ ॥

• śukraṃ ← śukram ← śukra
• [noun], nominative, singular, neuter
• “bright; clear; white; light; pure.”

• te ← tvad
• [noun], genitive, singular
• “you.”

• anyad ← anyat ← anya
• [noun], nominative, singular, neuter
• “other; another(a); remaining; different; anya [word]; other than; more(a); fresh; any(a).”

• yajataṃ ← yajatam ← yajata
• [noun], nominative, singular, neuter
• “holy; august; sacrificial.”

• te ← tvad
• [noun], genitive, singular
• “you.”

• anyad ← anyat ← anya
• [noun], nominative, singular, neuter
• “other; another(a); remaining; different; anya [word]; other than; more(a); fresh; any(a).”

• viṣurūpe ← viṣurūpa
• [noun], accusative, dual, neuter
• “different; manifold.”

• ahanī ← ahar
• [noun], accusative, dual, neuter
• “day; day; ahar [word]; day; day.”

• dyaur ← dyauḥ ← div
• [noun], nominative, singular, masculine
• “sky; Svarga; day; div [word]; heaven and earth; day; dawn.”

• ivāsi ← iva
• [adverb]
• “like; as it were; somehow; just so.”

• ivāsi ← asi ← as
• [verb], singular, Present indikative
• “be; exist; become; originate; happen; result; be; dwell; be born; stay; be; equal; exist; transform.”

• viśvā ← viśvāḥ ← viśva
• [noun], accusative, plural, feminine
• “all(a); whole; complete; each(a); viśva [word]; completely; wholly.”

• hi
• [adverb]
• “because; indeed; for; therefore; hi [word].”

• māyā ← māyāḥ ← māyā
• [noun], accusative, plural, feminine
• “magic trick; Māyā; deception; illusion; māyā [word]; disguise; trick.”

• avasi ← av
• [verb], singular, Present indikative
• “support; help; prefer; prefer; like.”

• svadhāvo ← svadhāvas ← svadhāvat
• [noun], vocative, singular, masculine
• “autonomous; independent.”

• bhadrā ← bhadra
• [noun], nominative, singular, feminine
• “auspicious; lovely; good; happy; bhadra [word]; lucky; fine-looking; beautiful.”

• te ← tvad
• [noun], genitive, singular
• “you.”

• pūṣann ← pūṣan
• [noun], vocative, singular, masculine
• “Pushan; pūṣan [word]; sun.”

• iha
• [adverb]
• “here; now; in this world; now; below; there; here; just.”

• rātir ← rātiḥ ← rāti
• [noun], nominative, singular, feminine
• “gift; bounty; favor.”

• astu ← as
• [verb], singular, Present imperative
• “be; exist; become; originate; happen; result; be; dwell; be born; stay; be; equal; exist; transform.”

हे पूषन् ते तव शुक्रं शुक्लवर्णम् अन्यत् एकम् अहर्भवति वासरात्मकम् । तथा ते तव संबन्धि यजतम् । यजिरत्र संगतिकरणे वर्तते । यजनीयं प्रकाशेन संगमनीयं स्वतः कृष्णवर्णम् अन्यत् एकम् अहर्भवति रात्र्याख्यम् । इत्थं विषुरूपे शुक्लकृष्णतया नानारूपे अहनी तव महिम्ना निष्पद्यते । यद्वा । हे पूषन् त्वदीयमन्यदेकं रूपं शुक्रं निर्मलं दिवसस्योत्पादकम् । त्वदीयमन्यदेकं रूपं यजतं केवलं यजनीयं न प्रकाशकं रात्रेरुत्पादकम् । अत एव विषुरूपे विषमरूपे अहनी अहश्च रात्रिश्च भवतः । अहोरात्रयोर्निर्माणे सूर्य एव कर्ता कथमस्य प्रसक्तिरिति तत्राह । द्यौरिवासि । यथा द्यौरादित्यः प्रकाशयिता तथा त्वं प्रकाशकोऽसि । कुत इत्यत आह । हे स्वधावः अन्नवन् पूषन् विश्वाः सर्वाः मायाः प्रज्ञा: हि यस्मात् कारणात् अवसि रक्षसि अतः कारणात् त्वं सूर्य इव भवसीत्यर्थः । तादृशस्य ते तव भद्रा कल्याणी रातिः दानम् इह अस्मासु अस्तु भवतु । यास्कस्त्वाह ‘ शुक्रं ते अन्यल्लोहितं ते अन्यद्यज्ञियं ते अन्यदयज्ञियं ते अन्यत् इति वा विषमरूपे अहनी कर्मणा द्यौरिव चासि । सर्वाणि च प्रज्ञानान्यवस्यन्नवन् ’ ( निरु. १२. १७) इति ॥

English translation:

“One of your forms, (Pūṣan), is luminous, one is venerable; so that the day is variously complexioned; for you are like the sun; verily, bestower of food, you protect all intelligence; may your auspicious liberality be manifested on this occasion.”

Commentary by Sāyaṇa: Ṛgveda-bhāṣya

Cf. Nirukta, 12.17; you are like the sun: Pūṣan is identified with both day and night, or is considered as their regulator

The one of yours is gleaming, the other of yours belongs to the
sacrifice: the two day(-halves [=night and day]) of dissimilar form.
You are like heaven,
for you give aid to all magical powers, o autonomous one. Let your
giving be propitious here, Pūṣan.

It is quite unclear what this vs. is conveying, and my interpr. differs radically from the standard. Flg. Sāyaṇa., both Geldner and Renou supply rūpám as the referent for the anyád … anyád construction and further assume that these are two forms of Pūṣan, namely, in Geldner’s words (n. 1ab), “die solare und die gewöhnliche Form des Pūṣan.” I find this unlikely for two reasons: 1) I know of no evidence for two forms of Pūṣan, and none is supplied by those who interpr. it thus; 2) there is a perfectly good neut. referent available for the anyád … anyád construction, namely the two day-halves (áhanī) in b, whose descriptor víṣurūpe ‘of dissimilar form’ seems meant to specify the disjunctive choices given in pāda a. (For a similar disjunctive description of the day-halves, with anyá- … anyá-, see nearby VI.49.3.) Moreover, those who take pāda a as referring to Pūṣan’s two forms are forced to take víṣurūpe áhanī in the simile, as a not very convincing acc. of extent of time (Geldner: “du bist wie der Himmel während der verschiedenen Tageshälften”) or the like (Renou’s rendering [“tu es commes le ciel aux deux portions-du-jour”] leaves the syntactic status of the dual expression quite vague). Further, this interpr. pushes the simile-marking iva almost to the end of a pāda supposedly consisting entirely of a simile. Although, as just noted (ad VI.57.5), simile markers are sometimes positioned later than expected, this would be quite late indeed.

So by my interpr. the two oppositional day-halves belong, in some sense, to Pūṣan. Why I’m not sure, nor do I know why he is “like heaven.” In conjunction with his mission to the sun in vs. 3 and the ships he uses to travel there, I might speculate that this has to do with Pūṣan’s role as psychopomp for the dead, described in the funeral hymn X.17.3-6, esp. vs. 6 prápathe pathā́ m ajaniṣṭa pūṣā́, prápathe diváḥ prápathe prthivy ̥ ā́ ḥ / ubhé abhí priyátame sadhásthe, ā́ca parā́ca carati prajānán “On the forward path of paths was Pūṣan born, on the forward path of heaven, on the forward path of earth. / He wanders back and forth to both the dearest seats, foreknowing.” Perhaps his wanderings back and forth to heaven approximate the regular alternation of day and night, and that pair is therefore “his” in some sense.

(Such an interpr. gets us close to his two “forms,” an interpr. I have just rejected – I still think that is wrong, however.) As for why he is like heaven, this must rest on the hí clause of pāda c, his giving aid to all māyā́. What does this mean? Is his mission to take the dead from earth to heaven conceptualized as a transformation of the dead, which might be achieved by māyā́? A last, smaller but nonetheless nagging, question is why, with day characterized as ‘gleaming’ (śukrám), is night said to be ‘belonging to the sacrifice, worthy of the sacrifice’ (yajatám)? Most Vedic sacrifices take place during the day, save for the Atirātra. Perhaps rites for the dead were associated more with night. Michael Weiss adds that this is true “certainly in Roman rituals like the Lemuria and Feralia.” All of this speculation is tissue-thin, and I do not set much store by it.

However, at least it confronts questions that the other interpr. have not raised.

LIKE heaven art thou: one form is bright, one holy, like Day and Night dissimilar in colour.
All magic powers thou aidest, self-depen. dent! Auspicious be thy bounty here, O Pusan.

Licht ist deine eine, opferwürdig deine andere Form; du bist wie der Himmel während der verschiedenen Tageshälften, denn du liebst alle Blendwerke, du Selbstherrlicher. Glückbringend soll hier deine Freigebigkeit sein, o Pusan.

Hell ist dein eines Aussehn, hehr das andre, ungleich wie Tag und Nacht, dem Himmel gleichst du; Denn alle Wunder förderst du gewalt’ger, hier sei, o Puschan, deine Gab’ uns heilvoll.

Светел один твой (облик), достоин поклонения твой другой.
Ты – как небо в две половины дня с (их) разным обликом.
Ведь ты любишь все чудесные превращения, о самосущий!
Благотворный, о Пушан, пусть будет здесь твоя щедрость!

• पूषा
• भरद्वाजो बार्हस्पत्यः
• त्रिष्टुप्
• धैवतः

अब चार ऋचावाले अट्ठावनवें सूक्त का प्रारम्भ है, उसके प्रथम मन्त्र में फिर मनुष्य क्या करके क्या पाते हैं, इस विषय को कहते हैं ॥

पदार्थान्वयभाषाः - हे (स्वधावः) बहुत अन्नवाले और (पूषन्) पुष्टिकर्त्ता जन (ते) आपका (अन्यत्) और (शुक्रम्) शुद्धरूप तथा (ते) आपका (अन्यत्) रूप है सो तुम दोनों (विषुरूपे) व्याप्तरूप (अहनी) रात्रि दिन में (यजतम्) मिलो और (द्यौरिव) सूर्य्य प्रकाश के समान (विश्वाः) सम्पूर्ण (मायाः) बुद्धियों को तुम (अवसि) रक्खो जिन (ते) आपकी (भद्रा) कल्याण करनेवाली (रातिः) दानक्रिया (इह) यहाँ (अस्तु) हो वह (हि) ही आप सत्कार करने योग्य (असि) हैं ॥१॥

भावार्थभाषाः - हे मनुष्यो ! जो पुरुष दिन-रात्रि के समान क्रम से कामों को सिद्ध करते हैं, वे सब सामग्री को पाकर सूर्य्य के प्रकाश के समान उत्तम कीर्तिवाले होते हैं ॥१॥

अन्वय: हे स्वधावः पूषंस्ते तवान्यच्छुक्रं तेऽन्यदस्ति युवां विषुरूपेऽहनी यजतं द्यौरिव विश्वा मायास्त्वमवसि यस्य ते भद्रा रातिरिहास्तु स हि त्वं सत्कर्त्तव्योऽसि ॥१॥

पुनर्मनुष्याः किं कृत्वा किं प्राप्नुवन्तीत्याह ॥

पदार्थान्वयभाषाः - (शुक्रम्) शुद्धम् (ते) तव (अन्यत्) (यजतम्) सङ्गच्छेताम् (ते) तव (अन्यत्) रूपम् (विषुरूपे) व्याप्तस्वरूपे (अहनी) रात्रिदिने (द्यौरिव) सूर्य्यप्रकाश इव (असि) (विश्वाः) संपूर्णाः (हि) खलु (मायाः) प्रज्ञाः (अवसि) (स्वधावः) बह्वन्नयुक्त (भद्रा) कल्याणकारिणी (ते) तव (पूषन्) पोषणकर्त्तः (इह) (रातिः) दानक्रिया (अस्तु) ॥१॥

भावार्थभाषाः - हे मनुष्या ! ये पुरुषा अहोरात्रवत्क्रमेण कार्य्याणि साध्नुवन्ति तेऽखिलां सामग्रीं प्राप्य सूर्य्यप्रकाश इव सत्कीर्त्तयो जायन्ते ॥१॥

या सूक्तात विद्वानाच्या कृत्याचे वर्णन असल्यामुळे या सूक्ताच्या अर्थाची पूर्व सूक्तार्थाबरोबर संगती जाणावी.

भावार्थभाषाः - हे माणसांनो ! जी माणसे दिवस रात्रीप्रमाणे क्रमबद्ध कार्य करतात ती संपूर्ण पदार्थ प्राप्त करून सूर्यप्रकाशाप्रमाणे उत्तम कीर्ती प्राप्त करतात. ॥ १ ॥

• देवता - पूषा
• ऋषिः - भरद्वाजो बार्हस्पत्यः
• छन्दः - जगती

अजा꣡शुवः पशुपा꣡ वा꣡जपस्तियो
धियंजिन्वो꣡ भु꣡वने वि꣡श्वे अ꣡र्पितः
अ꣡ष्ट्राम् पूषा꣡ शिथिरा꣡म् उद्व꣡रीवृजत्
संच꣡क्षाणो भु꣡वना देव꣡ ईयते

Strata
Cretic

Pāda-label
genre M
genre M
genre M
genre M

Morph
ajā́śvaḥ ← ajā́śva- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG}

paśupā́ḥ ← paśupā́- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG}

vā́japastyaḥ ← vā́japastya- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG}

árpitaḥ ← √r̥- 1 (root)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG, non-finite:PPP}

bhúvane ← bhúvana- (nominal stem)
{case:LOC, gender:N, number:SG}

dhiyaṁjinváḥ ← dhiyaṁjinvá- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG}

víśve ← víśva- (nominal stem)
{case:LOC, gender:N, number:SG}

áṣṭrām ← áṣṭrā- (nominal stem)
{case:ACC, gender:F, number:SG}

pūṣā́ ← pūṣán- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG}

śithirā́m ← śithirá- (nominal stem)
{case:ACC, gender:F, number:SG}

udvárīvr̥jat ← √vr̥j- 1 (root)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

bhúvanā ← bhúvana- (nominal stem)
{case:ACC, gender:N, number:PL}

deváḥ ← devá- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG}

īyate ← √i- 2 (root)
{number:SG, person:3, mood:IND, tense:PRS, voice:MED}

saṁcákṣāṇaḥ ← √cakṣ- (root)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG, tense:PRS, voice:MED}

अ॒जऽअ॑श्वः । प॒शु॒ऽपाः । वाज॑ऽपस्त्यः । धि॒य॒म्ऽजि॒न्वः । भुव॑ने । विश्वे॑ । अर्पि॑तः ।
अष्ट्रा॑म् । पू॒षा । शि॒थि॒राम् । उ॒त्ऽवरी॑वृजत् । स॒म्ऽचक्षा॑णः । भुव॑ना । दे॒वः । ई॒य॒ते॒ ॥

• ajāśvaḥ ← aja
• [noun], masculine
• “goat; Vishnu; Brahma; Shiva; Aja; aja [word]; Aja; aj; Ocimum gratissimum; Puruṣa.”

• ajāśvaḥ ← aśvaḥ ← aśva
• [noun], nominative, singular, masculine
• “horse; aśva [word]; Aśva; stallion.”

• paśupā ← paśu
• [noun], masculine
• “domestic animal; sacrificial animal; animal; cattle; Paśu; stupid; Paśu; herd; goat.”

• paśupā ← pāḥ ← pā
• [noun], nominative, singular, masculine
• “protecting.”

• vājapastyo ← vāja
• [noun], masculine
• “prize; Vāja; reward; reward; Ribhus; vigor; strength; contest.”

• vājapastyo ← pastyaḥ ← pastyā
• [noun], nominative, singular, masculine
• “river; dwelling.”

• dhiyañjinvo ← dhiyañjinvaḥ ← dhiyaṃjinva
• [noun], nominative, singular, masculine

• bhuvane ← bhuvana
• [noun], accusative, dual, neuter
• “Earth; being; world; bhuvana [word].”

• viśve ← viśva
• [noun], accusative, dual, neuter
• “all(a); whole; complete; each(a); viśva [word]; completely; wholly.”

• arpitaḥ ← arpay
• [verb noun], nominative, singular
• “shoot; give; direct; hide; put; insert.”

• aṣṭrām ← aṣṭrā
• [noun], accusative, singular, feminine
• “prod.”

• pūṣā ← pūṣan
• [noun], nominative, singular, masculine
• “Pushan; pūṣan [word]; sun.”

• śithirām ← śithira
• [noun], accusative, singular, feminine
• “flexible; flexible.”

• udvarīvṛjat ← udvarīvṛj ← √vṛj
• [verb], singular, Present injunctive

• saṃcakṣāṇo ← saṃcakṣāṇaḥ ← saṃcakṣ ← √cakṣ
• [verb noun], nominative, singular

• bhuvanā ← bhuvana
• [noun], accusative, plural, neuter
• “Earth; being; world; bhuvana [word].”

• deva ← devaḥ ← deva
• [noun], nominative, singular, masculine
• “Deva; Hindu deity; king; deity; Indra; deva [word]; God; Jina; Viśvedevās; mercury; natural phenomenon; gambling.”

• īyate ← i
• [verb], singular, Indikativ Pr￤s. Passiv
• “go; travel; enter (a state); return; walk; continue; reach; ask.”

अजाश्वः छागवाहनः पशुपाः पशूनां पालयिता वाजपस्त्यः । वाजा अन्नानि पस्त्ये गृहे यस्य तादृशः । धियंजिन्वः। धियः स्तोतारः कर्माणि वा । तेषां प्रीणयिता विश्वे विश्वस्मिन् सर्वस्मिन् भुवने लोके अर्पितः प्रजापतिना पोषकत्वेन स्थापितः। अत एवंभूतः पूषा पोषको देवः अष्ट्राम् आरां स्वहस्तगतां शिथिरां शिथिलां सतीम् उद्वरीवृजत् उद्यच्छन् भुवना भुवनानि सर्वान् लोकान् भूतजातानि वा संचक्षाणः संपश्यन् सूर्यात्मना प्रकाशयन् ईयते नभसि गच्छति ॥

English translation:

“The rider of the goat, the protector of animals, in whose dwelling good is abundant, the propitiated by sacred rites, who has been plural ced over the whole (world), the divine Pūṣan, brandishing his loosened goad, proceeds (in the sky), contemplating all beings.”

Commentary by Sāyaṇa: Ṛgveda-bhāṣya

Plural ced over the whole world: plural ced so by Prajāpati, in his capacity of nourishing all things, poṣakatvena; proceeds in the sky: as identical with the sun

Having goats as his horses, protecting livestock, granting a house full of prizes, quickening poetic vision, fitted into all creation,
Pūṣan the god, always brandishing his pliant goad, goes speeding, as he surveys the creatures.

Most of the contents of this vs. conform to the characteristics of Pūṣan elsewhere in this cycle, even dhiyaṃjinvá- ‘quickening poetic vision’ (see esp.

VI.53), but “fitted into all creation” (bhúvane víśve arpitaḥ) and “surveying the creatures” (saṃcákṣāṇo bhúvanā) attribute to him a more cosmic role than usual. His speeding (īyate) may be a reference to his travels between earth and heaven referred to above, ad vs. 1.

víśve is one of two loc. sg. to this stem with the noun ending -e (the other being IV.16.9), but the pronomina víśvasmin is also only found twice, both times in X.

Goat-borne, the guard of cattle, he whose home is strength, inspirer of the hymn, set over all the world;
Brandishing here and there his lightly. moving goad, beholding every creature, Pusan, God, goes forth.

Mit Ziegenböcken fahrend, das Vieh behütend, das Haus voll von Schätzen, fromme Gedanken weckend, über die ganze Welt eingesetzt, die biegsame Gerte schwingend fährt Gott Pusan, die Welten überschauend.

Der Schatz ins Haus bringt, Heerden schirmt, mit Ziegen fährt, der Andachtwecker, jedem Wesen eingefügt, Den Treibestachel strecket Puschan weit hinaus; die Wesen alle rings beschauend eilt der Gott.

Кто ездит на козлах вместо коней, охраняет скот, у кого дом полон наград,
Кто возбуждает мысль, поставлен надо всем миром, –
Бог Пушан, размахивающий гибким стрекалом,
Движется, озирая все существа.

• पूषा
• भरद्वाजो बार्हस्पत्यः
• विराट्त्रिष्टुप्
• निषादः

फिर विद्वान् जन क्या करे, इस विषय को कहते हैं ॥

पदार्थान्वयभाषाः - हे मनुष्यो ! जो (अजाश्वः) भेड़ बकरी और घोड़ों को रखनेवाला (पशुपाः) जो पशुओं की रक्षा करनेवाला तथा (वाजपस्त्यः) घर में अन्नों को रखनेवाला (धियंजिन्वः) बुद्धि को तृप्त करता है वह (विश्वे) समग्र (भुवने) संसार में (अर्पितः) स्थापन किया हुआ (पूषा) पुष्टि करनेवाला (शिथिराम्) शिथिल और (अष्ट्राम्) पदार्थों में व्याप्त बुद्धि और (भुवना) गृहों की (सञ्चक्षाणः) अच्छे प्रकार कामना वा उनका उपदेश करता हुआ (देवः) विद्वान् (ईयते) प्राप्त होता वा जाता है तथा (उद्वरीवृजत्) उत्तमता से वर्जता है, उसका तुम लोग सेवन करो ॥२॥

भावार्थभाषाः - जो मनुष्य भुवनस्थ सब पदार्थों को मिले वा मिले जान कर कार्य्यों को करते हैं, वे बुद्धिमान् होते हैं ॥२॥

अन्वय: हे मनुष्या ! योऽजाश्वः पशुपा वाजपस्त्यो धियंजिन्वो विश्वे भुवनेऽर्पितः पूषा शिथिरामष्ट्रां भुवना च सञ्चक्षाणो देव ईयत उद्वरीवृजत्तं यूयं सेवध्वम् ॥२॥

पुनर्विद्वान् किं कुर्य्यादित्याह ॥

पदार्थान्वयभाषाः - (अजाश्वः) अजा अश्वाश्च यस्य सः। (पशुपाः) यः पशून् पाति रक्षति (वाजपस्त्यः) वाजान्यन्नानि पस्त्ये गृहे यस्य सः (धियंजिन्वः) यो धियं जिन्वति प्रीणाति सः (भुवने) संसारे (विश्वे) समग्रे (अर्पितः) स्थापितः (अष्ट्राम्) व्याप्ताम् (पूषा) पोषकः (शिथिराम्) शिथिलाम् (उद्वरीवृजत्) भृशं वर्जयति (सञ्चक्षाणः) सम्यक् कामयन्नुपदिशन् वा (भुवना) गृहाणि (देवः) विद्वान् (ईयते) प्राप्नोति गच्छति वा ॥२॥

भावार्थभाषाः - ये मनुष्या भुवनस्थान् सर्वान् पदार्थान् संयुक्तान् वियुक्तांश्च विज्ञाय कार्य्याणि कुर्वन्ति ते धीमन्तो भवन्ति ॥२॥

भावार्थभाषाः - जी माणसे जगातील पदार्थ मिळो वा न मिळो, याची अपेक्षा न करता कार्य करतात ती बुद्धिमान असतात. ॥ २ ॥

• देवता - पूषा
• ऋषिः - भरद्वाजो बार्हस्पत्यः
• छन्दः - त्रिष्टुप्

या꣡स् ते पूषन् ना꣡वो अन्तः꣡ समुद्रे꣡
हिरण्य꣡यीर् अन्त꣡रिक्षे च꣡रन्ति
ता꣡भिर् यासि दूतियां꣡ सू꣡रियस्य
का꣡मेन कृत श्र꣡व इछ꣡मानः

Strata
Cretic

Pāda-label
genre M
genre M
genre M
genre M

Morph
antár ← antár (invariable)
{}

nā́vaḥ ← naú- ~ nā́v- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:F, number:PL}

pūṣan ← pūṣán- (nominal stem)
{case:VOC, gender:M, number:SG}

samudré ← samudrá- (nominal stem)
{case:LOC, gender:M, number:SG}

te ← tvám (pronoun)
{case:DAT, number:SG}

yā́ḥ ← yá- (pronoun)
{case:NOM, gender:F, number:PL}

antárikṣe ← antárikṣa- (nominal stem)
{case:LOC, gender:N, number:SG}

cáranti ← √carⁱ- (root)
{number:PL, person:3, mood:IND, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

hiraṇyáyīḥ ← hiraṇyáya- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:F, number:PL}

dūtyā́m ← dūtī́- (nominal stem)
{case:ACC, gender:F, number:SG}

sū́ryasya ← sū́rya- (nominal stem)
{case:GEN, gender:M, number:SG}

tā́bhiḥ ← sá- ~ tá- (pronoun)
{case:INS, gender:F, number:PL}

yāsi ← √yā- 1 (root)
{number:SG, person:2, mood:IND, tense:PRS, voice:ACT}

ichámānaḥ ← √iṣ- 2 (root)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG, tense:PRS, voice:MED}

kā́mena ← kā́ma- (nominal stem)
{case:INS, gender:M, number:SG}

kr̥ta ← √kr̥- (root)
{case:VOC, gender:M, number:SG, non-finite:PPP}

śrávaḥ ← śrávas- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:N, number:SG}

याः । ते॒ । पू॒ष॒न् । नावः॑ । अ॒न्तरिति॑ । स॒मु॒द्रे । हि॒र॒ण्ययीः॑ । अ॒न्तरि॑क्षे । चर॑न्ति ।
ताभिः॑ । या॒सि॒ । दू॒त्याम् । सूर्य॑स्य । कामे॑न । कृ॒त॒ । श्रवः॑ । इ॒च्छमा॑नः ॥

• yās ← yāḥ ← yad
• [noun], nominative, plural, feminine
• “who; which; yat [pronoun].”

• te ← tvad
• [noun], genitive, singular
• “you.”

• pūṣan
• [noun], vocative, singular, masculine
• “Pushan; pūṣan [word]; sun.”

• nāvo ← nāvaḥ ← nau
• [noun], nominative, plural, feminine
• “ship; boat; nau [word].”

• antaḥ ← antar
• [adverb]
• “inside; in; antar [word]; midmost; between; among.”

• samudre ← samudra
• [noun], locative, singular, masculine
• “ocean; Samudra; sea; samudra [word]; four.”

• hiraṇyayīr ← hiraṇyayīḥ ← hiraṇyaya
• [noun], nominative, plural, feminine
• “gold; aureate; hiraṇyaya [word].”

• antarikṣe ← antarikṣa
• [noun], locative, singular, neuter
• “sky; atmosphere; air; abhra.”

• caranti ← car
• [verb], plural, Present indikative
• “car; wander; perform; travel; bore; produce; make; dwell; dig; act; observe; enter (a state); observe; cause; crop; behave; practice; heed; process; administer.”

• tābhir ← tābhiḥ ← tad
• [noun], instrumental, plural, feminine
• “this; he,she,it (pers. pron.); respective(a); that; nominative; then; particular(a); genitive; instrumental; accusative; there; tad [word]; dative; once; same.”

• yāsi ← yā
• [verb], singular, Present indikative
• “go; enter (a state); travel; disappear; reach; come; campaign; elapse; arrive; drive; reach; leave; run; depart; ride.”

• dūtyāṃ ← dūtyām ← dūtī
• [noun], locative, singular, feminine
• “daśadūtī.”

• sūryasya ← sūrya
• [noun], genitive, singular, masculine
• “sun; Surya; sūrya [word]; right nostril; twelve; Calotropis gigantea Beng.; sūryakānta; sunlight; best.”

• kāmena ← kāma
• [noun], instrumental, singular, masculine
• “wish; desire; sexual love; sexual desire; desire; Kama; sensuality; love; purpose; sexual arousal; pleasure; enjoyment; licentiousness; kāma [word]; sexual intercourse; thorn apple; wish.”

• kṛta ← kṛ
• [verb noun], vocative, singular
• “make; perform; cause; produce; shape; construct; do; put; fill into; use; fuel; transform; bore; act; write; create; prepare; administer; dig; prepare; treat; take effect; add; trace; put on; process; treat; heed; hire; act; produce; assume; eat; ignite; chop; treat; obey; manufacture; appoint; evacuate; choose; understand; insert; happen; envelop; weigh; observe; practice; lend; bring; duplicate; plant; kṛ; concentrate; mix; knot; join; take; provide; utter; compose.”

• śrava ← śravaḥ ← śravas
• [noun], accusative, singular, neuter
• “fame; glory; ear.”

• icchamānaḥ ← iṣ
• [verb noun], nominative, singular
• “desire; recommend; approve; seek; call; search; try; prefer; love; commend; assent; permit; choose.”

हे पूषन् ते त्वदीयाः याः हिरण्ययीः हिरण्मय्यो हितरमणीयाः नावः समुद्रे उदधौ अन्तः मध्ये अन्तरिक्षे नभसि चरन्ति संचरन्ति ताभिः नौभिः सूर्यस्य दूत्यां यासि गच्छसि । कदाचित् देवैः सार्धं सूर्येऽसुरवधार्थं प्रस्थिते सति तस्य भार्या स्वभर्तरि संजातौत्सुक्या बभूव तां प्रति सूर्यः पूषणं प्राहैषीत् तेन चात्र पूषा स्तूयते । अपि च त्वं श्रवः हविर्लक्षणमन्नम् इच्छमानः इच्छन् कामेन पश्वादिविषयेण स्तोतृभिः कृतः वशीकृतोऽसि ॥

English translation:

“With thos your golden vessels, which navigate within the ocean-firmament, you discharge the office of messenger of the sun; desirous of the sacrificial food, you are propitiated by (that which is) willingly offered.”

Commentary by Sāyaṇa: Ṛgveda-bhāṣya

Messenger of the sun: yāsi dūtyām sūryasya: a legend is related; on one occasion, when Sūrya, with the gods, had set out to fight the asuras, he sent Pūṣan to his abode to console his wife, who was greatly afflicted by his going to the wars; for which office Pūṣan is here commended

The ships of yours that are in the sea, the golden ones that wander in the midspace,
with these you travel on a mission of the Sun, o you prompted by desire, as you seek fame.

Pūṣan’s ships (nā́vaḥ) are, to my knowledge, not encountered elsewhere.

But, as noted above vs. 1, I would tentatively connect them and the mission of the Sun (dūtyā́m sūryasya) with his role as psychopomp of the dead. One question is whether there are two sets of ships – those in the sea and those in the midspace – or one, with the midspace being configured here as the sea (Geldner’s Luftmeer). I subscribe to the latter view.

O Pusan, with thy golden ships that travel across the ocean, in the air’s mid-region,
Thou goest on an embassy to Surya, subdued by love, desirous of the glory.

Deine goldenen Schiffe, Pusan, die im Luftmeer fahren, mit denen tust du Botendienst bei Surya, als Verliebter den Ehrenpreis wünschend.

O Puschan, welche goldbeladnen Schiffe im Meere dir und in dem Luftraum fahren, Mit denen führst du zu der Sonne Botin, von Lust getrieben, hohes Glück begehrend.

Те твои золотые челны, о Пушан,
Которые странствуют в океане, в воздушном пространстве,
На них ты ездишь с посольством Сурьи,
Ища славы, о (бог,) сотворенный любовью.

• पूषा
• भरद्वाजो बार्हस्पत्यः
• विराट्त्रिष्टुप्
• धैवतः

फिर विद्वान् किसको बना कहाँ जाकर क्या पावे, इस विषय को कहते हैं ॥

पदार्थान्वयभाषाः - हे (कृत) किये हुए विद्वन् ! (पूषन्) भूमि के समान पुष्टियुक्त ! (याः) जो (ते) आपकी (हिरण्यययीः) तेजोमयी सुवर्णादिकों से सुभूषित (नावः) प्रशंसनीय नौकायें (समुद्रे) समुद्र वा (अन्तरिक्षे) अन्तरिक्ष में (अन्तः) भीतर (चरन्ति) जाती हैं (ताभिः) उनसे (कामेन) कामना करके (श्रवः) अन्नादिक की (इच्छमानः) इच्छा करते हुए (सूर्यस्य) सूर्य्य के (दूत्याम्) दूत की क्रिया के समान कामना को (यासि) प्राप्त होते हो, इससे धन्य हो ॥३॥

भावार्थभाषाः - जो मनुष्य सुदृढ़ नावें और भूविमानों को भूमि और अन्तरिक्ष में चलनेवाले यानों को अन्तरिक्ष में चलने को रचते और उनसे देश-देशान्तरों को जाय आकर अपनी इच्छा को पूरी करते हैं, वे ही सूर्य्य के समान प्रकाशित कीर्तिवाले होते हैं ॥३॥

अन्वय: हे कृत पूषन् ! यास्ते हिरण्ययीर्नावः समुद्रेऽन्तरिक्षेऽन्तश्चरन्ति ताभिः कामेन श्रव इच्छमानस्सूर्यस्य दूत्यामिव कामनां यासि तस्माद्धन्योऽसि ॥३॥

पुनर्विद्वान् किं निर्माय क्व गत्वा किं प्राप्नुयादित्याह ॥

पदार्थान्वयभाषाः - (याः) (ते) तव (पूषन्) भूमिरिव पुष्टियुक्त (नावः) प्रशंसनीया नौकाः (अन्तः) मध्ये (समुद्रे) सागरे (हिरण्ययीः) तेजोमय्यः सुवर्णादिसुभूषिताः (अन्तरिक्षे) आकाशे (चरन्ति) गच्छन्ति (ताभिः) (यासि) (दूत्याम्) दूतस्य क्रियामिव (सूर्यस्य) (कामेन) (कृत) यो विद्वान् कृतस्तत्सम्बुद्धौ (श्रवः) अन्नादिकम् (इच्छमानः) ॥३॥

भावार्थभाषाः - ये मनुष्या सुदृढा नावो भूविमानानि भुव्यन्तरिक्षविमानान्यन्तरिक्षे च गमनाय रचयन्ति तैश्च देशदेशान्तरं गत्वाऽऽगत्य कामनामलं कुर्वन्ति त एव सूर्य्यवत् प्रकाशितकीर्त्तयो भवन्ति ॥३॥

भावार्थभाषाः - जी माणसे समुद्रात दृढ नावा व अंतरिक्षात जाण्यासाठी विमाने तयार करतात, त्याद्वारे देशदेशांतरी जातात-येतात व आपली इच्छा पूर्ण करतात तीच सूर्याप्रमाणे प्रकाशित होऊन कीर्तिमान बनतात. ॥ ३ ॥

• देवता - पूषा
• ऋषिः - भरद्वाजो बार्हस्पत्यः
• छन्दः - त्रिष्टुप्

पूषा꣡ सुब꣡न्धुर् दिव꣡ आ꣡ पृथिव्या꣡
इळ꣡स् प꣡तिर् मघ꣡वा दस्म꣡वर्चाः
यं꣡ देवा꣡सो अ꣡ददुः सूरिया꣡यै
का꣡मेन कृतं꣡ तव꣡सं सुअ꣡ञ्चम्

Strata
Cretic

Pāda-label
genre M
genre M
genre M
genre M

Morph
ā́ ← ā́ (invariable)
{}

diváḥ ← dyú- ~ div- (nominal stem)
{case:GEN, gender:M, number:SG}

pr̥thivyā́ḥ ← pr̥thivī́- (nominal stem)
{case:GEN, gender:F, number:SG}

pūṣā́ ← pūṣán- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG}

subándhuḥ ← subándhu- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG}

dasmávarcāḥ ← dasmávarcas- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG}

iḷáḥ ← íḍ- (nominal stem)
{case:GEN, gender:F, number:SG}

maghávā ← maghávan- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG}

pátiḥ ← páti- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG}

ádaduḥ ← √dā- 1 (root)
{number:PL, person:3, mood:IND, tense:IPRF, voice:ACT}

devā́saḥ ← devá- (nominal stem)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:PL}

sūryā́yai ← sūryā́- (nominal stem)
{case:DAT, gender:F, number:SG}

yám ← yá- (pronoun)
{case:ACC, gender:M, number:SG}

kā́mena ← kā́ma- (nominal stem)
{case:INS, gender:M, number:SG}

kr̥tám ← √kr̥- (root)
{case:NOM, gender:M, number:SG, non-finite:PPP}

sváñcam ← sváñc- (nominal stem)
{case:ACC, gender:M, number:SG}

tavásam ← tavás- (nominal stem)
{case:ACC, gender:M, number:SG}

पू॒षा । सु॒ऽबन्धुः॑ । दि॒वः । आ । पृ॒थि॒व्याः । इ॒ळः । पतिः॑ । म॒घऽवा॑ । द॒स्मऽव॑र्चाः ।
यम् । दे॒वासः॑ । अद॑दुः । सू॒र्यायै॑ । कामे॑न । कृ॒तम् । त॒वस॑म् । सु॒ऽअञ्च॑म् ॥

• pūṣā ← pūṣan
• [noun], nominative, singular, masculine
• “Pushan; pūṣan [word]; sun.”

• subandhur ← su
• [adverb]
• “very; well; good; nicely; beautiful; su; early; quite.”

• subandhur ← bandhuḥ ← bandhu
• [noun], nominative, singular, masculine
• “relative; bandhu [word]; association; friend; kin.”

• diva ← divaḥ ← div
• [noun], genitive, singular, masculine
• “sky; Svarga; day; div [word]; heaven and earth; day; dawn.”

• ā
• [adverb]
• “towards; ākāra; until; ā; since; according to; ā [suffix].”

• pṛthivyā ← pṛthivyāḥ ← pṛthivī
• [noun], genitive, singular, feminine
• “Earth; pṛthivī; floor; Earth; earth; pṛthivī [word]; land.”

• iﾱas ← iḍ
• [noun], genitive, singular, feminine
• “refreshment; libation.”

• patir ← patiḥ ← pati
• [noun], nominative, singular, masculine
• “husband; overlord; king; deity; īśvara; ruler; pati [word]; commanding officer; leader; owner; mayor; lord.”

• maghavā ← maghavan
• [noun], nominative, singular, masculine
• “big.”

• dasmavarcāḥ ← dasma
• [noun], masculine
• “overlord.”

• dasmavarcāḥ ← varcāḥ ← varcas
• [noun], nominative, singular, masculine
• “shininess; vigor; fecal matter; glare; magnificence; energy; prestige; energy; glory; luster; light; varcas [word]; glory; body waste; droppings; color.”

• yaṃ ← yam ← yad
• [noun], accusative, singular, masculine
• “who; which; yat [pronoun].”

• devāso ← devāsaḥ ← deva
• [noun], nominative, plural, masculine
• “Deva; Hindu deity; king; deity; Indra; deva [word]; God; Jina; Viśvedevās; mercury; natural phenomenon; gambling.”

• adaduḥ ← dā
• [verb], plural, Imperfect
• “give; add; perform; put; administer; fill into; give; ignite; put on; offer; use; fuel; pour; grant; feed; teach; construct; insert; drip; wrap; pay; hand over; lend; inflict; concentrate; sacrifice; splint; poultice; create.”

• sūryāyai ← sūryā
• [noun], dative, singular, feminine
• “Citrullus colocynthis Schrad..”

• kāmena ← kāma
• [noun], instrumental, singular, masculine
• “wish; desire; sexual love; sexual desire; desire; Kama; sensuality; love; purpose; sexual arousal; pleasure; enjoyment; licentiousness; kāma [word]; sexual intercourse; thorn apple; wish.”

• kṛtaṃ ← kṛtam ← kṛ
• [verb noun], accusative, singular
• “make; perform; cause; produce; shape; construct; do; put; fill into; use; fuel; transform; bore; act; write; create; prepare; administer; dig; prepare; treat; take effect; add; trace; put on; process; treat; heed; hire; act; produce; assume; eat; ignite; chop; treat; obey; manufacture; appoint; evacuate; choose; understand; insert; happen; envelop; weigh; observe; practice; lend; bring; duplicate; plant; kṛ; concentrate; mix; knot; join; take; provide; utter; compose.”

• tavasaṃ ← tavasam ← tavas
• [noun], accusative, singular, masculine
• “strong; energetic.”

• svañcam ← svañc
• [noun], accusative, singular, masculine

पूषा पोषको देवः दिव आ द्युलोकस्य च पृथिव्याः च सुबन्धुः शोभनो बन्धुर्भवति । तथा इळस्पतिः इळाया अन्नस्य पतिः मघवा । मघमिति धननाम् । तद्वान् । यद्वा । मंहतेर्दानकर्मणो भावसाधनो मघशब्दः । दानवान् दस्मवर्चाः । वर्च इति रूपनाम । दस्मं दर्शनीयं वर्चो यस्य तादृशः । यं पूषणं देवासः सर्वे देवाः सूर्यायै सूर्यस्य पत्न्यै यद्वा सावित्र्यै सूर्याख्यायै अश्विनोर्वरणाय अददुः दत्तवन्तः । पुत्रः पितराववृणीत पूषा’ ( ऋ. सं. १०. ८५. १४ ) इति हि श्रूयते । कीदृशं पूषणम् । कामेन पश्वादिविषयेण कृतं स्तोतृभिर्वशीकृतं तवसं बलवन्तं प्रवृद्धं वा स्वञ्चं स्वञ्चनं सुष्ठु गच्छन्तम् । एवंविधं यं पूषणमददुः स पूषा सुबन्धुरित्यन्वयः ॥ ॥ २४ ॥

English translation:

“Pūṣan is the kind kinsman of heaven and earth, the lord of food, the possessor of opulence, of goodly form; whom the gods gave to Sūrya, vigorous, well-moving, propitiated by (that which is) willingly offered.”

Commentary by Sāyaṇa: Ṛgveda-bhāṣya

Propitiated: kāmena kṛtaḥ: paśvādiṣayena stotṛbhir vaśīkṛtaḥ, you are subjected or propitiated by worshippers by means of the paśu and other offerings

Pūṣan has good lineage from Heaven and from Earth, lord of
refreshment, bounteous, of wondrous luster,
whom the gods gave to Sūryā, him prompted by desire, powerful, of lovely outlook.

Pūṣan’s “good lineage (subándhuḥ) from Heaven and from Earth” directly recalls X.71.6 cited above ad vs. 1 prápathe pathā́ m ajaniṣṭa pūṣā́, prápathe diváḥ prápathe prthivy ̥ ā́ ḥ “On the forward path of paths was Pūṣan born, on the forward path of heaven, on the forward path of earth.” On the Sūryā story, see, inter alia, my 2001 “The Rigvedic svayaṃvara? Formulaic evidence” (Fs. Asko Parpola) and 2003 “Vedic vrā́: Evidence for the svayaṃvara in the Rig Veda?” (Fs. H.-P. Schmidt). It is very telling that Puṣan is given to Sūryā here (yáṃ devā́so ádadhuḥ sūryā́yai) rather than the reverse: the ordinary description of marriage, at least later, is kanyā-dāna- ‘the gift of a maiden’, but here she receives rather than being given, presumably a nod to her active role in the Svayaṃvara. Note the much more conventional depiction of Sūryā’s wedding (to a different bridegroom) in the wedding hymn, X.85.9 sūryā́ṃ yát pátye … savitā́dadāt “when Savitar gave Sūryā to her husband.”

Near kinsman of the heaven and earth is Pusan, liberal, Lord of food, of wondrous iustre,
Whom strong and vigorous and swiftlymoving, subdued by love, the Deities gave to Surya.

Pusan ist der gute Freund von Himmel und Erde, der Herr des Segens, der Freigebige, mit dem Ansehen eines Meisters, er, den die Götter der Surya gegeben haben, den Verliebten, Starken von schönem Gange.

Verwandt dem Himmel und der Erd’ ist Puschan, der Labung Herr, gewaltig, herrlich glänzend, Den Götter zum Gemahl der Surja gaben, den starken, hellen, von Begier getriebnen.

Пушан – близкая родня неба и земли,
Господин жертвенного напитка, щедрый, с удивительным блеском,
Тот, кого боги отдали Сурье,
Сотворенного любовью, сильного, легко устремляющегося вперед.

• पूषा
• भरद्वाजो बार्हस्पत्यः
• विराट्त्रिष्टुप्
• धैवतः