०३०

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सायण-भाष्यम्

’ ऋतं देवाय ’ इत्येकादशर्चमष्टमं सूक्तं गार्त्समदम् । अन्त्या जगती शिष्टास्त्रिष्टुभः । ’ प्र हि क्रतुम् ’ इत्येषा इन्द्रासोमदेवताका । ’ सरस्वति त्वमस्मान् ’ इत्यर्धर्चः सारस्वतः । ’ यो नः सनुत्यः ’ इत्येषा बार्हस्पत्या । अन्त्या मारुती । शिष्टा ऐन्द्र्यः । तथा चानुक्रान्तम्-’ ऋतमेकादश जगत्यन्तं षष्ठ्यैन्द्रासोमी सरस्वति त्वमिति सारस्वतोऽर्धर्चो यो नो बृहस्पतिस्तं वोऽन्त्या मारुती ’ इति । गतो विनियोगः।।

Jamison Brereton

30 (221)
Indra (1–5, 7, 8cd, 10), Indra and Soma (6), Sarasvatı̄ (8ab), Br̥haspati (9), Maruts (11) Gr̥tsamada
11 verses: triṣṭubh, except jagatī 11
Despite the number and variety of divine dedicands in the Anukramaṇī ascrip tion reproduced above, this is essentially an All God hymn, dominated by Indra. It appears between two All God hymns, although in its number of verses (eleven), it is out of order, since both II.29 and II.31 have seven verses. There is no easy way to adjust this discrepancy.
The first part of the hymn (vss. 1–3) presents, however obliquely, the story of the Indra–Vr̥tra battle, but it leads up to the battle with a timeless or contemporary image. It describes the current daily rushing of waters (waters implicitly identified, as commonly, with the dawns), and then asks when the waters first began to surge. The unexpressed answer is—only when they were released after Indra’s defeat of Vr̥tra. Verse 2 has been interpreted in multiple ways, and many difficulties remain. Interestingly, it contains the first and almost the only example of a conditional verb in Vedic, and the isolation of this grammatical form makes the interpretation of the verse more difficult. In the tentative interpretation given here, the verse concerns an unidentified figure (possibly Sūrya, who is sometimes an opponent of Indra), who was planning to give aid to Vr̥tra in the battle (pāda a), but (pāda b) his plan was detected and announced by an unidentified female figure (possibly Earth, possibly Indra’s mother) to yet another unidentified figure (possibly Indra), thus foiling the plan. The verse pivots in pāda c, which can have reference both to the mythological past—the free flowing of the waters after their release on the killing of Vr̥tra and their creation of paths for Indra—and to the timeless daily round—the continual (re-)creation of paths for the sun by the dawns, since the formula in 2c is also some times used exactly of this situation. Thus the second half of verse 2 returns us to the timeless daily realm of verse 1 and the double interpretation of waters and dawns. The third and last verse about the Vr̥tra battle (vs. 3) is much more straightforward, and may have been designed to resolve for the audience what the topic of the first two, obscurely phrased, verses was.
The rest of the hymn begs the gods, particularly Indra but, as the hymn pro gresses, other gods, to use the same powers that led to victory in the Vr̥tra battle to combat the poet’s enemies. The importance of sacrifice in winning the gods’ favor is emphasized in verses 6–7.
The hymn contains some striking expressions, for instance the “night” of the waters in verse 1: the image evoked may be a naturalistic one, that waters in full flow can appear dark, but with the identification waters = dawns the image can also describe the progress from night/darkness to dawn. Note also that the phrase “every day” defines the hymn as a ring composition, though it has different lexical realizations in verse 1 (áhar-ahar) and as the last word of the last verse 11 (divé-dive).

Jamison Brereton Notes

Indra and other divinities This hymn has at least three, possibly four modern ling. features: conditional (ábhariṣyat vs. 2), future impv (kṛṇutāt vs. 5 [though the fut. impv. appears to be inherited, it is fairly rare in the RV and generally seems to belong to a more colloquial speech level]), gerund (abhikhyā́ya, hatvī́vss. 9, 10), and mid. subj. in -ai (naśāmahai vs. 11).

01 ऋतं देवाय - त्रिष्टुप्

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ऋ॒तं दे॒वाय॑ कृण्व॒ते, स॑वि॒त्र,
इन्द्रा॑याहि॒घ्ने (च) न र॑मन्त॒(→तिष्ठन्त्य् आनुकूल्येन) आपः॑ ।
अह॑र् अहर् यात्य् अ॒क्तुर् अ॒पां
किया॒त्य् आ प्र॑थ॒मः सर्ग॑ आसाम् ॥

02 यो वृत्राय - त्रिष्टुप्

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यो वृ॒त्राय॒ सिन॒म् अत्राभ॑रिष्य॒त्
प्र तं जनि॑त्री वि॒दुष॑ उवाच ।
प॒थो रद॑न्ती॒र् अनु॒ जोष॑म् अस्मै
दि॒वेदि॑वे॒ धुन॑यो य॒न्त्य् अर्थ॑म् ॥

03 ऊर्ध्वो ह्यस्थादध्यन्तरिक्षेऽधा - त्रिष्टुप्

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ऊ॒र्ध्वो ह्यस्था॒दध्य॒न्तरि॒क्षेऽधा॑ वृ॒त्राय॒ प्र व॒धं ज॑भार ।
मिहं॒ वसा॑न॒ उप॒ हीमदु॑द्रोत्ति॒ग्मायु॑धो अजय॒च्छत्रु॒मिन्द्रः॑ ॥

04 बृहस्पते तपुषाश्नेव - त्रिष्टुप्

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बृह॑स्पते॒ तपु॒षाश्ने॑व विध्य॒ वृक॑द्वरसो॒ असु॑रस्य वी॒रान् ।
यथा॑ ज॒घन्थ॑ धृष॒ता पु॒रा चि॑दे॒वा ज॑हि॒ शत्रु॑म॒स्माक॑मिन्द्र ॥

05 अव क्षिप - त्रिष्टुप्

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अव॑ क्षिप दि॒वो अश्मा॑नमु॒च्चा येन॒ शत्रुं॑ मन्दसा॒नो नि॒जूर्वाः॑ ।
तो॒कस्य॑ सा॒तौ तन॑यस्य॒ भूरे॑र॒स्माँ अ॒र्धं कृ॑णुतादिन्द्र॒ गोना॑म् ॥

06 प्र हि - त्रिष्टुप्

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प्र हि क्रतुं॑ वृ॒हथो॒ यं व॑नु॒थो र॒ध्रस्य॑ स्थो॒ यज॑मानस्य चो॒दौ ।
इन्द्रा॑सोमा यु॒वम॒स्माँ अ॑विष्टम॒स्मिन्भ॒यस्थे॑ कृणुतमु लो॒कम् ॥

07 न मा - त्रिष्टुप्

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न मा॑ तम॒न्न श्र॑म॒न्नोत त॑न्द्र॒न्न वो॑चाम॒ मा सु॑नो॒तेति॒ सोम॑म् ।
यो मे॑ पृ॒णाद्यो दद॒द्यो नि॒बोधा॒द्यो मा॑ सु॒न्वन्त॒मुप॒ गोभि॒राय॑त् ॥

08 सरस्वति त्वमस्माँ - त्रिष्टुप्

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सर॑स्वति॒ त्वम॒स्माँ अ॑विड्ढि म॒रुत्व॑ती धृष॒ती जे॑षि॒ शत्रू॑न् ।
त्यं चि॒च्छर्ध॑न्तं तविषी॒यमा॑ण॒मिन्द्रो॑ हन्ति वृष॒भं शण्डि॑कानाम् ॥

09 यो नः - त्रिष्टुप्

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यो नः॒ सनु॑त्य उ॒त वा॑ जिघ॒त्नुर॑भि॒ख्याय॒ तं ति॑गि॒तेन॑ विध्य ।
बृह॑स्पत॒ आयु॑धैर्जेषि॒ शत्रू॑न्द्रु॒हे रीष॑न्तं॒ परि॑ धेहि राजन् ॥

10 अस्माकेभिः सत्वभिः - त्रिष्टुप्

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अ॒स्माके॑भिः॒ सत्व॑भिः शूर॒ शूरै॑र्वी॒र्या॑ कृधि॒ यानि॑ ते॒ कर्त्वा॑नि ।
ज्योग॑भूव॒न्ननु॑धूपितासो ह॒त्वी तेषा॒मा भ॑रा नो॒ वसू॑नि ॥

11 तं वः - जगती

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तं वः॒ शर्धं॒ मारु॑तं सुम्न॒युर्गि॒रोप॑ ब्रुवे॒ नम॑सा॒ दैव्यं॒ जन॑म् ।
यथा॑ र॒यिं सर्व॑वीरं॒ नशा॑महा अपत्य॒साचं॒ श्रुत्यं॑ दि॒वेदि॑वे ॥