CHAPTER VII.
PRONOUNS.
490. The pronouns differ from the great mass of nouns and adjectives chiefly in that they come by derivation from another and a very limited set of roots, the so-called pronominal or demonstrative roots. But they have also many and marked peculiarities of inflection — some of which, however, find analogies in a few adjectives; and such adjectives will accordingly be described at the end of this chapter.
Personal Pronouns.
491. The pronouns of the first and second persons are the most irregular and peculiar of all, being made up of fragments coming from various roots and combinations of roots. They have no distinction of gender.
a. Their inflection in the later language is as follows:
Singular:
1st pers.
2d pers.
N.
अहम्
ahám
त्वम्
tvám
A.
माम्, मा
mā́m
, mā
त्वाम्, त्वा
tvā́m
, tvā
I.
मया
máyā
त्वया
tváyā
D.
मह्यम्, मे
máhyam
, me
तुभ्यम्, ते
túbhyam
, te
Ab.
मत्
mát
त्वत्
tvát
G.
मम, मे
máma
, me
तव, ते
táva
, te
L.
मयि
máyi
त्वयि
tváyi
Dual:
N. A. V.
आवाम्
āvā́m
युवाम्
yuvā́m
I. D. Ab.
आवाभ्याम्
āvā́bhyām
युवाभ्याम्
yuvā́bhyām
G. L.
आवयोस्
āváyos
युवयोस्
yuváyos
and A. D. G.
नौ
nāu
वाम्
vām
Plural:
N.
वयम्
vayám
यूयम्
yūyám
A.
अस्मान्, नस्
asmā́n
, nas
युष्मान्, वस्
yuṣmā́n
, vas
I.
अस्माभिस्
asmā́bhis
युष्माभिस्
yuṣmā́bhis
D.
अस्मभ्यम्, नस्
asmábhyam
, nas
युष्मभ्यम्, वस्
yuṣmábhyam
, vas
Ab.
अस्मत्
asmát
युष्मत्
yuṣmát
G.
अस्माकम्, नस्
asmā́kam
, nas
युष्माकम्, वस्
yuṣmā́kam
, vas
L.
अस्मासु
asmāsu
युष्मासु
yuṣmāsu
b. The briefer second forms for accus., dat., and gen., in all numbers, are accentless; and hence they are not allowed to stand at the beginning of a sentence, or elsewhere where any emphasis is laid.
c. But they may be qualified by accented adjuncts, as adjectives: e. g.
te jáyataḥ
of thee when a conqueror, vo vṛtā́bhyaḥ
for you that
were confined, nas tribhyáḥ
to us three (all RV.).
d. The ablative mat
is accentless in one or two AV. passages.
492. Forms of the older language. All the forms given above are found also in the older language; which, however, has also others that afterward disappear from use.
a. Thus, we find a few times the instr. sing. tvā́
(only RV.: like
manīṣā́
for manīṣáyā
); further, the loc. or dat. sing. mé
(only
VS.) and tvé
, and the dat. or loc. pl. asmé
(which is by far the
commonest of these e
-forms) and yuṣmé
: their final e
is
uncombinable (or pragṛhya
: 138 b). The VS. makes twice the acc. pl.
fem. yuṣmā́s
(as if yuṣmā́n
were too distinctively a masculine form).
The datives in bhyam
are in a number of cases written, and in yet
others to be read as if written, with bhya
, with loss of the final
nasal; and in a rare instance or two we have in like manner asmā́ka
and
yuṣmā́ka
in the gen. plural. The usual resolutions of semivowel to
vowel are made, and are especially frequent in the forms of the second
person (tuám
for tvám
etc.).
b. But the duals, above all, wear a very different aspect earlier. In
Veda and Brāhmaṇa
and Sūtra
the nominatives are (with occasional
exceptions) āvám and yuvám, and only the accusatives āvā́m
and yuvā́m
(but in RV. the dual forms of 1st pers. chance not to occur, unless in
vā́m
[?], once, for āvám
); the instr. in RV. is either yuvábhyām
(occurs also once in AśS.) or yuvā́bhyām
; an abl. yuvát
appears once
in RV., and āvát
twice in TS.; the gen.-loc. is in RV. (only) yuvós
instead of yuváyos
. Thus we have here a distinction (elsewhere
unknown) of five different dual cases, by endings in part accordant with
those of the other two numbers.
493. Peculiar endings. The ending am
, appearing in the nom. sing. and
pl. (and Vedic du.) of these pronouns, will be found often, though only
in sing., among the other pronouns. The bhyam
(or hyam
) of dat.
sing. and pl. is met with only here; its relationship with the
bhyām, bhyas, bhis
of the ordinary declension is palpable. The t
(or
d) of the abl., though here preceded by a short vowel, is doubtless the
same with that of the a
-declension of nouns and adjectives. That the
nom., dat., and abl. endings should be the same in sing. and pl. (and in
part in the earlier du. also), only the stem to which they are added
being different, is unparalleled elsewhere in the language. The element
sma
appearing in the plural forms will be found frequent in the
inflection of the singular in other pronominal words: in fact, the
compound stem asma
which underlies the plural of aham
seems to be
the same that furnishes part of the singular forms of ayam
(501), and
its value of we to be a specialisation of the meaning these persons.
The genitives singular, máma
and táva
, have no analogies elsewhere;
the derivation from them of the adjectives māmaka
and tāvaka
(below,
516 a) suggests the possibility of their being themselves stereotyped
stems. The gen. pl., asmā́kam
and yuṣmā́kam
, are certainly of this
character: namely, neuter sing. case-forms of the adjective stems
asmāka
and yuṣmāka
, other cases of which are found in the Veda.
494. Stem-forms. To the Hindu grammarians, the stems of the personal
pronouns are mad
and asmad
, and tvad
and yuṣmad
, because these
are forms used to a certain extent, and allowed to be indefinitely used,
in derivation and composition (like tad
, kad
, etc.: see below, under
the other pronouns). Words are thus formed from them even in the older
language — namely, mátkṛta
and mátsakhi
and asmátsakhi
(RV.),
tvádyoni
and mattás
(AV.), tvátpitṛ
and tvádvivācana
(TS.),
tvátprasūta
and tvaddevatyà
and yuvaddevatyà
and yuṣmaddevatyà
(śB.), asmaddevatya
(PB.); but much more numerous are those that show
the proper stem in a
, or with the a
lengthened to ā
: thus,
mā́vant
; asmatrā́
, asmadrúh
, etc.; tváyata
, tvā́vant
, tvā́datta
,
tvāníd
, tvā́vasu
, tvā́hata
, etc.; yuṣmā́datta
, yuṣméṣita
, etc.;
yuvā́vant
, yuvā́ku
, yuvádhita
, yuvā́datta
, yuvā́nīta
, etc. And the
later language also has a few words made in the same way, as mādṛś
.
a. The Vedas have certain more irregular combinations, with complete
forms: thus, tvā́ṁkāma
, tvāmāhuti
, māmpaśyá
, mamasatyá
,
asméhiti
, ahampūrvá
, ahamuttará
, ahaṁyú
, ahaṁsana
.
b. From the stems of the grammarians come also the derivative
adjectives madī́ya
, tvadī́ya
, asmadī́ya
yuṣmadī́ya
, having a
possessive value: see below, 516.
c. For sva
and svayám
, see below, 513.
Demonstrative Pronouns.
495. The simplest demonstrative, त ta
, which answers also the purpose
of a personal pronoun of the third person, may be taken as model of a
mode of declension usual in so many pronouns and pronominal adjectives
that it is fairly to be called the general pronominal declension.
a. But this root has also the special irregularity that in the nom.
sing. masc. and fem. it has sás
(for whose peculiar euphonic treatment
see 176 a,b) and sā
, instead of tás
and tā́
(compare Gr. ὁ, ἡ,
το, and Goth. sa, so, thata). Thus:
Singular:
m.
n.
f.
N.
सस्
sás
तत्
tát
सा
sa
̄́
A.
तम्
tám
तत्
tát
ताम्
tā́m
I.
तेन
téna
तया
táyā
D.
तस्मै
tásmāi
तस्यै
tásyāi
Ab.
तस्मात्
tásmāt
तस्यास्
tásyās
G.
तस्य
tásya
तस्यास्
tásyās
L.
तस्मिन्
tásmin
तस्याम्
tásyām
Dual:
N.A.V.
तौ
tāú
ते
té
ते
té
I.D.Ab.
ताभ्याम्
tā́bhyām
ताभ्याम्
tā́bhyām
G.L.
तयोस्
táyos
तयोस्
táyos
Plural:
N.
ते
té
तानि
tā́ni
तास्
tā́s
A.
तान्
tā́n
तानि
tā́ni
तास्
tā́s
I.
तैस्
tāís
ताभिस्
tā́bhis
D. Ab.
तेभ्यस्
tébhyas
ताभ्यस्
tā́bhyas
G.
तेषाम्
téṣām
तासाम्
tā́sām
L.
तेषु
téṣu
तासु
tā́su
b. The Vedas show no other irregularities of inflection than those
which belong to all stems in a
and ā
: namely, ténā
sometimes;
usually tā́
for tāú
, du.; often tā́
for tā́ni
, pl. neut.; usually
tébhis
for tāís
, instr. pl.; and the ordinary resolutions. The RV.
has one more case-form from the root sa
, namely sásmin
(occurring
nearly half as often as tásmin
); and ChU. has once sasmāt
.
496. The peculiarities of the general pronominal declension, it will be noticed, are these:
a. In the singular, the use of t
(properly d
) as ending of
nom.-acc. neut.; the combination of another element sma
with the root
in masc. and neut. dat., abl., and loc., and of sy
in fem. dat,
abl.-gen., and loc.; and the masc. and neut. loc. ending in
, which is
restricted to this declension (except in the anomalous yādṛ́śmin
, RV.,
once). The substitution in B. of āi
for ās
as fem. ending (307 h)
was illustrated at 365 d.
b. The dual is precisely that of noun-stems in a
and ā
.
c. In the plural, the irregularities are limited to té
for tā́s
in
nom. masc., and the insertion of s
instead of n
before ām
of the
gen., the stem-final being treated before it in the same manner as
before su
of the loc.
497. The stem of this pronoun is by the grammarians given as tad
; and
from that form come, in fact, the derivative adjective tadī́ya
, with
tattvá, tadvat, tanmaya
; and numerous compounds, such as
tacchīla, tajjña, tatkara, tadanantara, tanmātra
, etc. These compounds
are not rare even in the Veda: so tádanna, tadvíd, tadvaśá
, etc. But
derivatives from the true root ta
are also many: especially adverbs,
as tátas, tátra, táthā, tadā́
; the adjectives tā́vant
and táti
; and
the compound tādṛ́ś
etc.
498. Though the demonstrative root ta
is prevailingly of the third
person, it is also freely used, both in the earlier language and in the
later, as qualifying the pronouns of the first and second person, giving
emphasis to them: thus, sò ‘hám
, this I, or I here; sá
or
sā́ tvám
thou there; te vayam
, we here; tasya mama
of me
here, tasmiṅs tvayi
in thee there, and so on.
499. Two other demonstrative stems appear to contain ta
as an
element; and both, like the simple ta
, substitute sa
in the nom.
sing. masc. and fem.
a. The one, tya
, is tolerably common (although only a third of its
possible forms occur) in RV., but rare in AV., and almost unknown later,
its nom. sing., in the three genders, is syás, syā́, tyát
, and it makes
the accusatives tyám, tyā́m, tyát
, and goes on through the remaining
cases in the same manner as ta
. It has in RV. the instr. fem. tyā́
(for tyáyā
). Instead of syā
as nom. sing. fem. is also found tyā
.
b. The other is the usual demonstrative of nearer position, this
here, and is in frequent use through all periods of the language. It
prefixes e
to the simple root, forming the nominatives
eṣás, eṣā́, etát
— and so on through the whole inflection.
c. The stem tya
has neither compounds nor derivatives. But from eta
are formed both, in the same manner as from the simple ta
, only much
less numerous: thus, etaddā́
(śB.), etadartha
, etc., from the
so-called stem etat
; and etādṛ́ś
and etā́vant
from eta
. And eṣa
,
like sa
(498), is used to qualify pronouns of the 1st and 2d persons:
e. g. eṣā ’ham, ete vayam
.
500. There is a defective pronominal stem, ena
, which is accentless,
and hence used only in situations where no emphasis falls upon it. It
does not occur elsewhere than in the accusative of all numbers, the
instr. sing., and the gen.-loc. dual: thus,
m.
n.
f.
Sing.
A.
enam
enat
enām
I.
enena
enayā
Du.
A.
enāu
ene
ene
G. L.
enayos
enayos
Pl.
A.
enān
enāni
enās
a. The RV. has enos
instead of enayos
, and in one or two instances
accents a form: thus, enā́m, enā́s
(?). AB. uses enat
also as nom.
neut.
b. As ena
is always used substantively, it has more nearly than ta
the value of a third personal pronoun, unemphatic. Apparent examples of
its adjectival use here and there met with are doubtless the result of
confusion with eta
(499 b).
c. This stem forms neither derivatives nor compounds.
501. The declension of two other demonstratives is so irregularly made
up that they have to be given in full. The one, अयम् ayám
etc., is
used as a more indefinite demonstrative, this or that; the other,
असौ asāú
etc., signifies especially the remoter relation, yon or
yonder.
a. They are as follows: Singular:
m.
n.
f.
m.
n.
f.
N.
अयम्
ayám
इदम्
idám
इयम्
iyám
असौ
asāú
अदस्
adás
असौ
asāú
A.
इमम्
imám
इदम्
idám
इमाम्
imām
अमुम्
amúm
अदस्
adás
अमूम्
amū́m
I.
अनेन
anéna
अनया
anáyā
अमुना
amúnā
अमुया
amúyā
D.
अस्मै
asmāí
अस्यै
asyāí
अमुष्मै
amúṣmāi
अमुष्यै
amúṣyāi
Ab.
अस्मात्
asmā́t
अस्यास्
asyā́s
अमुष्मात्
amúṣmāt
अमुष्यास्
amúṣyās
G.
अस्य
asyá
अस्यास्
asyā́s
अमुष्य
amúṣya
अमुष्यास्
amúṣyās
L.
अस्मिन्
asmín
अस्याम्
asyā́m
अमुस्मिन्
amúsmin
अमुस्याम्
amúsyām
Dual:
N. A.
इमौ
imāú
इमे
imé
इमे
imé
अमू
amū́
I. D. Ab.
आभ्याम्
ābhyā́m
अमूभ्याम्
amū́bhyām
G. L.
अनयोस्
anáyos
अमुयोस्
amúyos
Plural:
N.
इमे
imé
इमानि
imā́ni
इमास्
imā́s
अमी
ami
̄́
अमूनि
amū́ni
अमूस्
amū́s
A.
इमान्
imā́n
इमानि
imā́ni
इमास्
imā́s
अमून्
amū́n
अमूनि
amū́ni
अमूस्
amū́s
I.
एभिस्
ebhís
आभिस्
ābhís
अमीभिस्
amī́bhis
अमूभिस्
amū́bhis
D. Ab.
एभ्यस्
ebhyás
आभ्यस्
ābhyás
अमीभ्यस्
amī́bhyas
अमूभ्यस्
amū́bhyas
G.
एषाम्
eṣā́m
आसाम्
āsā́m
अमीषाम्
amī́ṣām
अमूषाम्
amū́ṣām
L.
एषु
eṣú
आसु
āsú
अमीषु
amī́ṣu
अमूषु
amū́ṣu
b. The same forms are used in the older language, without variation,
except that (as usual) imā́
occurs for imāú
and imā́ni
, and amū́
for amū́ni
; amuyā
when used adverbially is accented on the final,
amuyā́
; asāu
(with accent, of course, on the first, ásāu
; or
without accent, asāu
: 314) is used also as vocative; amī
, too,
occurs as vocative.
502. a. The former of these two pronouns, ayám
etc., plainly shows
itself to be pieced together from a number of defective stems. The
majority of forms come from the root a
, with which, as in the ordinary
pronominal declension, sma
(f. sy
) is combined in the singular. All
these forms from a
have the peculiarity that in their substantive use
they are either accented, as in the paradigm, or accentless (like ena
and the second forms from ahám
and tvám
). The remaining forms are
always accented. From aná
come, with entire regularity, anéna
,
anáyā
, anáyos
. The strong cases in dual and plural, and in part in
singular, come not less regularly from a stem imá
. And ayám
, iyám
,
idám
are evidently to be referred to a simple root i
(idám
being
apparently a double form: id
, like tad
etc., with ending am
).
b. The Veda has from the root a
also the instrumental enā́
and ayā́
(used in general adverbially), and the gen. loc. du. ayós
; from ima
,
imásya
occurs once in RV., imasmāi
in AA., and imāis
and imeṣu
later. The RV. has in a small number of instances the irregular
accentuation ásmāi
, ásya
, ā́bhis
.
c. In analogy with the other pronouns, idám
is by the grammarians
regarded as representative stem of this pronominal declension; and it is
actually found so treated in a very small number of compounds
(idammáya
and idáṁrūpa
are of Brāhmaṇa age). As regards the actual
stems, ana
furnishes nothing further; from ima
comes only the adverb
imáthā
(RV., once); but a
and i
furnish a number of derivatives,
mostly adverbial: thus, for example, átas
, átra
, átha
,
ad-dhā́
(?); itás
, íd
(Vedic particle), idā
, ihá
, ítara
, īm
(Vedic particle), īdṛ́ś
, perhaps evá
and evám
, and others.
503. The other pronoun, asāú
etc., has amú
for its leading stem,
which in the singular takes in combination, like the a
-stems, the
element sma
(f. sy
), and which shifts to amī
in part of the masc.
and neut. plural. In part, too, like an adjective u
-stem, it lengthens
its final in the feminine. The gen. sing, amúṣya
is the only example
in the language of the ending sya
added to any other than an a
-stem.
The nom. pl. amī́
is unique in form; its ī
is (like that of a dual)
pragṛhya
, or exempt from combination with a following vowel (138 b).
Asāú
and adás
are also without analogies as regards their endings.
a. The grammarians, as usual, treat adás
as representative stem of
the declension, and it is found in this character in an extremely small
number of words, as adomūla
; adomáya
is of Brāhmaṇa age. The śB. has
also asāunā́man
. But most of the derivatives, as of the cases, come
from amu
: thus,
amútas, amútra, amúthā, amudā, amúrhi, amuvát, amuka
.
b. In the older language occurs the root tva
(accentless), meaning
one, many a one; it is oftenest found repeated, as one and
another. It follows the ordinary pronominal declension. From it is
made the (also accentless) adverb tvadānīm
(MS.).
c. Fragments of another demonstrative root or two are met with: thus,
ámas
he occurs in a formula in AV. and in Brāhmaṇas
etc.; avós
as gen.-loc. dual is found in RV.; the particle u
points to a root
u
.
Interrogative Pronoun.
504. The characteristic part of the interrogative pronominal root is क्
k
; it has the three forms क ka
, कि ki
, कु ku
; but the whole
declensional inflection is from क ka
, excepting the nom.-acc. sing.
neut., which is from कि ki
, and has the anomalous form किम् kím
(not
elsewhere known in the language from a neuter i
-stem). The nom. and
accus. sing., then, are as follows:
m.
n.
f.
N.
कस्
kás
किम्
kím
का
kā́
A.
कम्
kám
किम्
kím
काम्
kā́m
and the rest of the declension is precisely like that of त ta
(above,
495).
a. The Veda has its usual variations, kā́
and kébhis
for kā́ni
and
kāís
. It also has, along with kím
, the pronominally regular neuter
kád
; and kám
(or kam
) is a frequent particle. The masc. form
kis
, corresponding to kim
, occurs as a stereotyped case in the
combinations nákis
and mā́kis
.
505. The grammarians treat kim
as representative stem of the
interrogative pronoun; and it is in fact so used in a not large number
of words, of which a few —
kimmáya, kiṁkará, kiṁkāmyā́, kíṁdevata, kiṁśīlá
, and the peculiar
kiṁyú
— go back even to the Veda and Brāhmaṇa
. In closer analogy
with the other pronouns, the form kad
, a couple of times in the Veda
(katpayá, kádartha
), and not infrequently later, is found as first
member of compounds. Then, from the real roots ka, ki, ku
are made
many derivatives; and from ki
and ku
, especially the latter, many
compounds: thus,
káti, kathā́, kathám, kadā́, katará, katamá, kárhi; kíyant, kīdṛ́ś; kútas, kútra, kúha, kvà, kucará, kukarman, kumantrin
,
etc.
506. Various forms of this pronoun, as kad, kim
, and ku
(and,
rarely, ko
), at the beginning of compounds, have passed from an
interrogative meaning, through an exclamatory, to the value of prefixes
signifying an unusual quality — either something admirable, or, oftener,
something contemptible. This use begins in the Veda, but becomes much
more common in later time.
507. The interrogative pronoun, as in other languages, turns readily in
its independent use also to an exclamatory meaning. Moreover, it is by
various added particles converted to an indefinite meaning: thus, by
ca, caná, cid, ápi, vā,
either alone or with the relative ya
(below,
511) prefixed: thus, káś caná
any one; ná kó ‘pi
not any one;
yā́ni kā́ni cit
whatsoever; yatamát katamác ca
whatever one.
Occasionally, the interrogative by itself acquires a similar value.
Relative Pronoun.
508. The root of the relative pronoun is य ya
, which from the
earliest period of the language has lost all trace of the demonstrative
meaning originally (doubtless) belonging to it, and is used as relative
only.
509. It is inflected with entire regularity according to the usual pronominal declension: thus,
Singular.
Dual.
Plural.
m.
n.
f.
m.
n.
f.
m.
n.
f.
N.
यस्
yás
यत्
yát
या
yā́
यौ
yāú
ये
yé
ये
yé
ये
yé
यानि
yā́ni
यास्
yā́s
A.
याम्
yā́m
यत्
yát
याम्
yā́m
यान्
yā́n
यानि
yā́ni
यास्
yā́s
I.
येन
yéna
यया
yáyā
याभ्याम्
yā́bhyām
यैस्
yāís
याभिस्
yā́bhis
D.
यस्मै
yásmāi
यस्यै
yásyāi
येभ्यस्
yébhyas
याभ्यस्
yā́bhyas
etc.
etc.
etc.
etc.
etc.
a. The Veda shows its usual variations of these forms: yā́
for yāú
and for yā́ni
, and yébhis
for yāís
; yós
for yáyos
also occurs
once; yénā
, with prolonged final, is in RV. twice as common as yéna
.
Resolutions occur in yā́bhias
, and yéṣaam
and yā́saam
. The
conjunction yā́t
is an ablative form according to the ordinary
declension.
510. The use of yát
as representative stem begins very early: we have
yátkāma
in the Veda, and yatkārín
, yaddevatyà
in the Brāhmaṇa
;
later it grows more general. From the proper root come also a
considerable series of derivatives:
yátas, yáti, yátra, yáthā, yádā, yádi, yárhi, yā́vant, yatará, yatamá
;
and the compound yādṛ́ś
.
511. The combination of ya
with ka
to make an indefinite pronoun
has been noticed above (507). Its own repetition — as yád-yat
— gives
it sometimes a like meaning, won through the distributive.
512. One or two marked peculiarities in the Sanskrit use of the relative may be here briefly noticed:
a. A very decided preference for putting the relative clause before
that to which it relates: thus,
yáḥ sunvatáḥ sákhā tásmā índrāya gāyata
(RV.) who is the friend of
the soma-presser, to that Indra sing ye;
yáṁ yajñám paribhū́r ási sá íd devéṣu gacchati
(RV.) what offering
thou protectest, that in truth goeth to the gods;
yé triṣaptā́ḥ pariyánti bálā téṣāṁ dadhātu me
(AV.) what thrice seven
go about, their strength may he assign to me;
asāú yó adharā́d gṛhás tátra santv arāyyàḥ
(AV.) what house is yonder
in the depth, there, let the witches be; sahá yán me ásti téna
(TB.)
along with that which is mine;
haṅsānāṃ vacanaṁ yat tu tan māṁ dahati
(MBh.) but what the words of
the swans were, that burns me;
sarvasya locanaṁ śāstraṁ yasya nā ’sty andha eva saḥ
(H.) who does
not possess learning, the eye of everything, blind indeed is he. The
other arrangement, though frequent enough, is notably less usual.
b. A frequent conversion of the subject or object of a verb by an added
relative into a substantive clause: thus,
mé ’mám prā́ ”pat pāúruṣeyo vadhó yáḥ
(AV.) may there not reach him a
human deadly weapon (lit’ly, what is such a weapon);
pári ṇo pāhi yád dhánam
(AV.) protect of us what wealth [there
is]; apāmārgó ‘pa mārṣṭu kṣetriyáṃ śapáthaś ca yáh
(AV.) may the
cleansing plant cleanse away the disease and the curse;
puṣkareṇa hṛtaṃ rājyaṁ yac cā ’nyad vasu kiṁcana
(MBh.) by Pushkara
was taken away the kingdom and whatever other property [there was].
Other Pronouns: Emphatic, Indefinite.
513. a. The isolated and uninflected pronominal word स्वयम् svayam
(from the root sva
) signifies self, own self. By its form it appears
to be a nom. sing., and it is oftenest used as nominative, but along
with words of all persons and numbers; and not seldom it represents
other cases also.
b. Svayam
is also used as a stem in composition: thus, svayaṁjā́
,
svayambhū́
. But sva
itself (usually adjective: below, 516 e) has the
same value in composition; and even its inflected forms are (in the
older language very rarely) used as reflexive pronoun.
c. In RV. alone are found a few examples of two indefinite pronouns,
sama
(accentless) any, every, and simá
every, all.
Nouns used pronominally.
514. a. The noun ātmán
soul is widely employed, in the singular
(extremely rarely in other numbers), as reflexive pronoun of all three
persons.
b. The noun tanū́
body is employed in the same manner (but in all
numbers) in the Veda.
c. The adjective bhavant
, f. bhavatī
, is used (as already pointed
out: 456) in respectful address as substitute for the pronoun of the
second person. Its construction with the verb is in accordance with its
true character, as a word of the third person.
Pronominal Derivatives.
515. From pronominal roots and stems, as well as from the larger class of roots and from noun-stems, are formed by the ordinary suffixes of adjective derivation certain words and classes of words, which have thus the character of pronominal adjectives.
Some of the more important of these may be briefly noticed here.
516. Possessives. a. From the representative stems mad
etc. are
formed the adjectives madīya
, asmadīya
, tvadīya
, yuṣmadīya
,
tadīya
, and etadīya
, which are used in a possessive sense: relating
to me, mine, and so on.
b. Other possessives are māmaká
(also māmaka
, RV.) and tāvaká
,
from the genitives máma
and táva
. And RV. has once mā́kīna
.
c. An analogous derivative from the genitive amúṣya
is āmuṣyāyaṇá
(AV. etc.) descendant of such and such a one.
d. It was pointed out above (493) that the “genitives” asmā́kam
and
yuṣmā́kam
are really stereotyped cases of possessive adjectives.
e. Corresponding to svayám
(513) is the possessive svá
, meaning
own, as relating to all persons and numbers. The RV. has once the
corresponding simple possessive of the second person, tvá
thy.
f. For the use of sva
as reflexive pronoun, see above, 513 b.
g. All these words form their feminines in ā
.
h. Other derivatives of a like value have no claim to be mentioned
here. But (excepting sva
) the possessives are so rarely used as to
make but a small figure in the language, which prefers generally to
indicate the possessive relation by the genitive case of the pronoun
itself.
517. By the suffix vant
are formed from the pronominal roots, with
prolongation of their final vowels, the adjectives
mā́vant, tvā́vant, yuṣmā́vant, yuvā́vant, tā́vant, etā́vant, yā́vant,
meaning
of my sort, like me, etc. Of these, however, only the last three are
in use in the later language, in the sense of tantus and quantus.
They are inflected like other adjective stems in vant
, making their
feminines in vatī
(452 ff.).
a. Words of similar meaning from the roots i
and ki
are íyant
and
kíyant
, inflected in the same manner: see above, 451.
518. The pronominal roots show a like prolongation of vowel in
combination with the root dṛś
see, look, and its derivatives -dṛśa
and (quite rarely) dṛkṣa
: thus,
mādṛś, -dṛśa; tvādṛś, -dṛśa; yuṣmādṛś, -dṛśa; tādṛś, -dfta, -dṛkṣa; etādṛś, -dṛśa, -dṛkṣa; yādṛś, -dṛśa; īdṛ́ś, -dṛ́śa, -dṛ́kṣa; kīdṛ́ś, -dṛśa, -dṛkṣa
.
They mean of my sort, like or resembling me, and the like, and
tādṛś
and the following are not uncommon, with the sense of talis
and qualis
. The forms in dṛś
are unvaried for gender; those in
dṛśa
(and dṛkṣa
?) have feminines in ī
.
519. From ta, ka, ya
come táti
so many, káti
how many? yáti
as many. They have a quasi-numeral character, and are inflected (like
the numerals páñca
etc.: above, 483) only in the plural, and with the
bare stem as nom. and accus.: thus, N.A. táti
; I. etc.
tátibhis, tátibhyas, tátīnām, tátiṣu
.
520. From ya
(in V. and B.) and ka
come the comparatives and
superlatives yatará
and yatamá
, and katará
and katamá
; and from
i
, the comparative ítara
. For their inflection, see below, 523.
521. Derivatives with the suffix ka
, sometimes conveying a diminutive
or a contemptuous meaning, are made from certain of the pronominal roots
and stems (and may, according to the grammarians, be made from them
all): thus, from ta, takám, takát, takā́s
; from sa, sakā́
; from
ya, yakás, yakā́, yaké
; from asāú, asakāú
; from amu, amuka
.
a. For the numerous and frequently used adverbs formed from pronominal roots, see Adverbs (below, 1097 ff.).
Adjectives declined pronominally.
522. A number of adjectives — some of them coming from pronominal
roots, others more or less analogous with pronouns in use — are
inflected, in part or wholly, according to the pronominal declension
(like त ta
, 495), with feminine stems in ā
. Thus:
523. The comparatives and superlatives from pronominal roots — namely,
katará
and katamá, yatará
and yatamá
, and ítara
; also anyá
other, and its comparative anyatará
— are declined like ta
throughout.
a. But even from these words forms made according to the adjective
declension are sporadically met with (e. g. itarāyām
K.).
b. Anya
takes occasionally the form anyat
in composition: thus,
anyatkāma, anyatsthāna
.
524. Other words are so inflected except in the nom.-acc.-voc. sing,
neut., where they have the ordinary adjective form am
, instead of the
pronominal at
(ad
). Such are sárva
all, víśva
all, every,
éka
one.
a. These, also, are not without exception, at least in the earlier
language (e. g. víśvāya, víśvāt, víśve
RV.; éke
loc. sing., AV.).
525. Yet other words follow the same model usually, or in some of their significations, or optionally; but in other senses, or without known rule, lapse into the adjective inflection.
a. Such are the comparatives and superlatives from prepositional stems:
ádhara
and adhamá, ántara
and ántama, ápara
and apamá, ávara
and
avamá, úttara
and uttamá, úpara
and upamá
. Of these, pronominal
forms are decidedly more numerous from the comparatives than from the
superlatives.
b. Further, the superlatives (without corresponding comparatives)
paramá, caramá, madhyamá
also anyatama
(whose positive and
comparative belong to the class first mentioned: 523).
c. Further, the words pára
distant, other; pū́rva
prior, east;
dákṣiṇa
right, south; paścima
behind, western; ubháya
(f.
ubháyī
or ubhayī́
) of both kinds or parties; néma
the one,
half; and the possessive svá
.
526. Occasional forms of the pronominal declension are met with from
numeral adjectives: e. g. prathamásyās, tṛtī́yasyām
; and from other
words having an indefinite numeral character: thus, álpa
few;
ardhá
half; kévala
all; dvítaya
of the two kinds; bā́hya
outside — and others. RV. has once samānásmāt
.