SANSKRIT GRAMMAR
Including both the Classical Language, and
the older Dialects, of Veda and Brahmana
BY
WILLIAM DWIGHT WHITNEY
Late Professor of Sanskrit in Yale University, Knight of the Prussian
Order
Pour le Mérite, Corresponding Member of the Académie des Inscrip-
tions et Belles-Lettres of the Institute of France, etc., Editor-
in-Chief of The Century
Dictionary, an
Encyclopedic
Lexicon of the English Language
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS
LONDON: GEOFFREY CUMBERLEGE
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
1950
CONTENTS.
Chap.
Page.
I.
II.
SYSTEM OF SOUNDS; PRONUNCIATION
Vowels, 10; Consonants, 13; Quantity, 27; Accent, 28.
III.
Introductory, 34; Principles, 37; Rules of Vowel Combination, 42; Permitted Finals, 49; Deaspiration, 53; Surd and Sonant Assimilation, 54; Combinations of Final s and r, 56; Conversion of s to ṣ, 61; Conversion of n to ṇ, 64; Conversion of Dental Mutes to Linguals and Palatals, 66; Combinations of Final n, 69; Combinations of Final m, 71; the Palatal Mutes and Sibilant, and h, 72; the Lingual Sibilant, 77; Extension and Abbreviation, 78; Strengthening and Weakening Processes, 81; Guṇa and Vṛddhi, 81; Vowel-lengthening, 84; Vowel-lightening, 85; Nasal Increment, 86; Reduplication, 87.
IV.
Gender, Number, Case, 88; Uses of the Cases, 89; Endings of declension, 103; Variation of Stem, 107; Accent in Declension, 108.
V.
Classification etc., 111; Declension I., Stems in a, 112; Declension II., Stems in i and u, 116; Declension III., Stems in Long Vowels (ā, ī, ū): A. Root-words etc., 124; Stems in Diphthongs, 130; B. Derivative Stems etc., 131; Declension IV., Stems in ṛ and ar, 137; Declension V., Stems in Consonants, 141; A. Root-stems etc., 143; B. Derivative Stems in as, is, us, 153; C. Derivative Stems in an, 156; D. in in, 161; E. in ant or at, 163; F. Perfect Participles in vāṅs, 169; G. Comparatives in yāṅs or yas, 172; Comparison, 173.
VI.
Cardinals, 177; Ordinals etc, 183.
VII.
Personal, 185; Demonstrative, 188; Interrogative, 194; Relative, 195; other Pronouns: Emphatic, Indefinite, 196; Nouns used pronominally, 197; Pronominal Derivatives, Posessives etc., 197; Adjectives declined pronominally, 199.
VIII.
Voice, Tense, Mode, Number, Person, 200; Verbal Adjectives and Nouns, 203; Secondary Conjugations, 203; Personal Endings, 204; Subjunctive Mode, 209; Optative, 211; Imperative, 213; Uses of the Modes, 215; Participles, 220; Augment, 220; Reduplication, 222; Accent of the Verb, 223.
IX.
General, 227; Conjugations and Conjugation Classes, 228; Root-Class (second or **ad-**class), 231; Reduplicating Class (third or **hu-**class), 242; Nasal Class (seventh or **rudh-**class), 250; nu and **u-**Classes (fifth and eight, or su- and **tan-**classes), 254; **nā-**Class (ninth or **krī-**class), 260; **a-**Class (first or **bhū-**class), 264; Accent **á-**Class (sixth or **tud-**class), 269; **ya-**Class (fourth or div-class), 271; Accented **yá-**Class or Passive Conjugation, 275; So-called tenth or **cur-**class, 277; Uses of the Present and Imperfect, 278.
X.
Perfect Tense, 279; Perfect Participle, 291; Modes of the Perfect, 292; Pluperfect, 295; Uses of the Perfect, 295.
XI.
Classification, 297; I. Simple Aorist: 1. Root-Aorist, 299; Passive Aorist 3d sing., 304; 2. the **a-**Aorist, 305; II. 3. Reduplicated Aorist, 308; III. Sibilant Aorist, 313; 4. the **s-**Aorist, 314; 5. the **iṣ-**Aorist, 320; 6. the **siṣ-**Aorist, 323; 7. The **sa-**Aorist, 325; Precative, 326; Uses of the Aorist, 328.
XII.
I. The **s-**Future, 331; Preterit of the **s-**Future, Conditional, 334; II. The Periphrastic Future, 335; Uses of the Futures and Conditional, 337.
XIII.
VERBAL ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS: PARTICIPLES, INFINITIVES, GERUNDS
Passive Participle in tá or ná, 340; Past Active Participle in tavant, 344; Future Passive Participles, Gerundives, 345; Infinitives, 347; Uses of the Infinitives, 351; Gerunds, 355; Adverbial Gerund in am, 359.
XIV.
DERIVATIVE OR SECONDARY CONJUGATION
I. Passive, 361; II. Intensive, 362; Present-System, 365; Perfect, Aorist, Future, etc., 370; III. Desiderative, 372; Present-System, 374; Perfect, Aorist, Future, etc., 376; IV. Causative, 378; Present-System, 380; Perfect, Aorist, Future, etc., 383; V. Denominative, 386.
XV.
PERIPHRASTIC AND COMPOUND CONJUGATION
The Periphrastic Perfect, 392; Participial Periphrastic Phrases, 394; Composition with Prepositional Prefixes, 395; Other Verbal Compound, 400.
XVI.
Adverbs, 403; Prepositions, 414; Conjuctions, 416; Interjections, 417.
XVII.
DERIVATION OF DECLINABLE STEMS
A. Primary Derivatives, 420; B. Secondary Derivatives, 454.
XVIII.
Classification, 480; I. Copulative Compounds, 485; II. Determinative Compounds, 489; A. Dependent Compounds, 489; B. Descriptive Compounds, 494; III. Secondary Adjective Compounds, 501; A. Possessive Compounds, 501; B. Compound with Governed Final Member, 511; Adjective Compounds as Nouns and as Adverbs, 512; Anomalous Compounds 514; Stem-finals altered in Composition, 514; Loose Construction with Compounds, 515.
A. Examples of Various Sanskrit Type, 516; B. Example of Accentuated Text, 518; Synopsis of the conjugation of roots bhū and kṛ, 520.
This work was published before January 1, 1926, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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