12 Nominal Stems in इन्; समास (Nominal Composition)
12.0
The suffix -5 is used freely in Sanskrit to form adjectives or nouns that indicate that the thing denoted by the word to which the suffix is added is possessed by, or in some way an attribute of, the word that the newly formed adjective modifies. a. The suffix is normally used with noun stems in -31 or -371
and replaces the final vowel. Examples: हस्तः (hand) + इन् →हस्तिन् (possessing a “hand”=elephant)
योगः (yoga) + इन् → योगिन् (yogi) b. A number of stems in-37C form a similar adjective by the
suffixation of fal, which is added to the stem.
Examples: तपः (asceticism) + विन् → तपस्विन् (ascetic)
मनः (mind) + विन् → मनस्विन् (wise) c. These forms are all पुंलिङ्ग or नुपंसकलिङ्ग, as the context re
quires. The corresponding Fifa 15-s are formed with the suffixes – it and facil and are then declined according to the -ई paradigm (7.1). Examples: योगिनी (female yogi)
तपस्विनी (female ascetic, awretched woman) The declension of the पुंलिङ्ग and नपुंसकलिङ्ग forms is as follows: a. पुंलिङ्ग; योगिन् (yogi) विभक्ति एक
बह योगी
योगिनौ योगिनः द्वि० योगिनम् योगिनौ योगिनः
योगिना
योगिभ्याम्
योगिभिः योगिने योगिभ्याम् योगिभ्यः योगिनः
योगिभ्याम्
योगिभ्यः
12.1.
द्वि०
प्र०
च०
208
योगिनः
योगिनाम् योगिषु योगिनः
योगिनोः स० योगिनि योगिनोः सम् योगिन् योगिनी
b. नपुंसकलिङ्ग; रूपिन् (possessed of form) प्र रूपि
रूपीणि द्वि० रूपि
रूपिणी
रूपीणि सम्० रूपि
रूपिणी
रूपीणि
रूपिणी
The remainder of the declension is the same as the पुंलिङ्ग.
12.2
This paradigm is quite regular. The only point that should be stressed and watched for is that the प्रथमा एक पुंलिङ्ग ends in ई Do not on this account confuse these forms with those of the -इor-ई declensions. This confusion is best avoided, as with the other consonant stems, by memorizing the stem form as
well as the प्रथमा. Example: योगिन् → योगी
12.3
समास: Nominal Composition Now that you have learned most of the major nominal declen sions in all their confusing variety of stems and endings, we come to a feature of Sanskrit that almost makes one wonder why one ever had to learn all this. The feature is 4471, nomi nal compounding, and is one of the most significant and distinctive characteristics of the classical language. It is the variety of nominal compounds that lends to classical Sanskrit much of its characteristic density, terseness, sonorousness, subtlety, and power. There is nothing about the formation of most Sanskrit H4TH-S that should present any great difficulty to a speaker of English. What sets Sanskrit compounds off from those of English and similar languages is the great freedom allowed in compound formation and in literary and scientific texts, the extraordinary
12.4209
12.5
12.6
number of words that may be brought together into a single compound. Nominal compounding is a technique whereby nouns may be related to one another without need for the conventional mark ers of syntactic relation (i.e., the nominal case-endings). Thus composition normally entails (loss) of 64-s (case-endings). Now, as mentioned above (4.44), it is precisely the presence of these 14-s, specifiers of syntactic relations, that makes word order a matter of considerably less significance than it is in
English. Therefore, if the 4-s are lost, one would expect that some other factor, such as fixed word order, would be required to prevent confusion. This is exactly the case in HHTH when ever there is a syntactic relation or some degree of subordination between two nouns. Except for one type of H418 (see Lesson 14), then, word order is rigidly fixed in the formation of H418-s. Word Order in #418- The word order is always the same. The principal noun (or adjective), i.e., the one which itself does not modify, and is not subordinated to any other word in the compound (or potential compound), is always placed last, with the immediately sub ordinated word preceding it. A few examples from English may serve to clarify this. In the compound “bluebird” (as sume for a moment that it refers to any blue bird), it is clearly the word bird that is principal and the modifier blue that is secondary. Therefore, in the sentence, “He sees the bluebird," bird serves as the direct object of the verb sees; it is directly related to something outside the compound. Blue merely speci fies something about bird. In the same way, in the sentence, “I took the horsecart," it is cart and not horse that is the direct object of take. If we reverse the order of the members of the compound, as in, “I took the carthorse," we have a completely
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12.7
different sentence. In the first, horse is subordinated to cart and serves merely to specify a kind of cart. In the second, cart specifies a kind of horse. Thus, in both sentences only the final member has any reference outside the compound. This is the general rule in Sanskrit with respect to the two most im portant kinds of compounds.
Analysis of समास-s Analysis of compounds in Sanskrit, then, proceeds from the last member back to the first by a series of word-pairs. The technique is to establish the relation of the final member to the preceding member, and next, regarding the last pair as a single unit, to determine its relationship to the preceding member; and then to consider the relationship between the final triplet and the preceding member, and so on. Thus, the great length of some compounds should not be a cause for alarm. No com pound relation refers to more than two words. The following diagrams will illustrate how this is done. Each roman letter indicates one compound relation. Examples: 5779f agulgo (n) (See 12.14.) (Water sanctified by the bath of the daughter of Janaka.) 5114 - TR - FH - you – 36074 janaka — daughter — bath - holy – water
А
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11414114214RHC1900 TRIS (adj.) (Having two hands trembling to knead the swelling breasts of the cowgirls.)
114 – 4 – RR-467 - - - - cowgirl-swelling-breast-kneading-trembling-hand-pair-having
12.8
Techniques of Compounding In almost all types of H418, there is g, or loss of the case number ending, in all members except the last. The last member relates to things outside the HTH and is treated in gen eral as though it were uncompounded. Prior members of HH1H-s usually appear in their stem forms or in some alteration of these stem forms and do not show any change for number or case. Example: देवमित्रम् (=देवस्य मित्रम्) (The friend of god)
If we assume that the unspecified case-relation here is 9501 (genitive), the समास could equally well stand for देवस्य मित्रम्, देवयोर्मित्रम्, or देवानां मित्रम् (the friend of the god, two gods, or gods). Despite the 802, or loss of the case-number ending, the word ca has not lost its power (Plt) to express syntactic rela tion and number. However, here, as with most composition, we must rely on the context to determine what the lost ending was.
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12.9
12.10
Types of समास-s There are several types of HHIH-s in Sanskrit. These are distin guished according to their foue, ‘analysis,’ which enables us to “dissolve” the compounds or paraphrase them by restoring what has been lost in composition. The two most important types of समास-s for the beginning stu dent to master are called कर्मधारय and तत्पुरुष. a. The कर्मधारय समास is extremely common. Its formation
and Tour (analysis) are extremely simple. i. In its most common form, it is composed simply of a
noun (or nominal item) to which is prefixed a modify ing adjective in its stem form. Hu at all compound junctures is extemal. Examples: समास
Meaning
विग्रह तुङ्गवृक्षः tall tree
तुङ्गो वृक्षः सुन्दरमृगः beautiful deer सुन्दरो मुगः प्रियमित्रम् dear friend
प्रिय मित्रम् हतराक्षसाः slain raksasa-s हता राक्षसाः त्यक्तभार्या abandoned wife त्यक्ता भार्या वृद्धतपस्विनी aged ascetic woman वृद्धा तपस्विनी अभिज्ञातशूरी two recognized heroes 371 Notice that the noun modified is in no way altered. It retains its usual gender and proper number and is used exactly like an uncompounded noun. Examples: तुङ्गवृक्षे वसन्ति बहुशुकाः । (तुङ्गे वृक्षे वसन्ति बहवः शुकाः ।) (Many parrots live in the tall tree.) मृतराक्षसेषु तिष्ठति रामः । (मृतेषु राक्षसेषु …) (Rāma stands amidst the dead rākṣasa-s.)
b.
Aless common butstill frequently occurring kind ofकर्मधारय HHIH is that in which one noun is equated with another.
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राजर्षि
Here again it is the prior member, which is subordinate, that “qualifies" the latter. Examples: समास
विग्रह
Meaning वाग्द्वारम् वाग् द्वारम् (speech-door)
a doorway which is of the
form of a speech सागरमेखला सागरो मेखला
(ocean-girdle) a girdle which is the
ocean राजा ऋषिः (king-sage, a royal sage) नरसिंहः नरः सिंहः. (man-lion) In this type of HRH, which is called the appositional or equational कर्मधारय, the two elements, being nouns, retain their inherent genders, just as when any two nouns are equated. Thus, in the compound वाग्द्वारम्, वाग्isस्त्रीलिङ्ग while
द्वारम् is नपुंसकलिङ्ग. 12.11 समानाधिकरण : Case Agreement
In either of the two types of कर्मधारय समास, the members, when subjected to four must be in the same case. This is because these members, whether their relationship is that of adjective and noun or of apposition, always stand in the same grammati cal relationship to a verb or other part of speech. Thus, for example in the sentence: दशरथो महान् राजा महान्तं हस्तिनं महति वने हन्ति । (The great King Dasaratha kills the great elephant in the great forest.)
a. दशरथः, महान् and राजा arein apposition and so must be in the
same case (प्रथमा) as कर्तृ of Vहन्. b. महान्तम् modifies हस्तिनम् , which is the कर्मन् of Vहन्, so they
must agree. c. महति modifies वने, the अधिकरण (locus) of the action of Vहन,
so they too must agree.
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land
The sentence could be rewritten using कर्मधारय समास-s each one including a group of words in agreement: दशरथमहाराजो महाहस्तिनं महावने हन्ति । The Sanskrit term for this kind of equal governance of several words by a verb, etc., is called समानाधिकरण. This is not to be confused with the apparent agreement such as we saw in the sentence of the type: रामेण शरेण राक्षसो हन्यते । (Rāma kills the rākşasa with an arrow.) in which there is no समानाधिकरण relating रामेण, the कर्तृ, and शरेण, the करण (instrument), of the action of Vहन्. A कर्मधारय समास then, is one whose members are governed by the relationship
of समानाधिकरण. 12.12 The तत्पुरुष समास : Syntactic Compound
The other major compound type which must be mastered thor oughly is the so-called you, or syntactic compound. The तत्पुरुष contrasts sharply with the कमेधारय in that, as appears when subjected to fue, there must not be case agreement (समानाधिकरण) between the two members. If in विग्रह, the last member is cited in its en form, the prior member will be in any other case. The day may then be identified by the num ber of the case of the prior member. In fact, the षष्ठी and तृतीया are, in that order, the most common types of तत्पुरुष.
षष्ठी राक्षस
Type समास
विग्रह Meaning षष्ठी देवपुत्रः (m) देवस्य पुत्रः son of the god षष्ठी रामदूतः (m) रामस्य दूतः Rama’s messenger
राक्षसकन्या (1) राक्षसस्य कन्या daughter of the raksasa षष्ठी सीतापुस्तकम् (n) सीतायाः पुस्तकम् Sita’s book षष्ठी नरोत्तमः (m) नराणामुत्तमः best of men तृतीया निद्राबाधित (adj) निद्रया बाधित oppressed by sleep तृतीया नृपहत (adj) नृपेण हत s lain by the king पञ्चमी मरणभयम् (n) मरणाद्भयम् fear of death
215
सप्तमी वनवासः (m) वने वासः dwelling in the forest सप्तमी जलक्रीडा (1) जले क्रीडा sport in the water चतुर्थी पादोदकम् (n) पादाभ्यामुदकम् water for the feet द्वितीया स्वर्गगमनम् (n) स्वर्गं प्रति गमनम् going to heaven
12.13 Notes on the formation of तत्पुरुष and कर्मधारय समास-s
a. कर्मधारयor तत्पुरुष समास-s may either be nouns or adjectives,
as their final members are nouns or adjectives. Examples:
समास विग्रह (तृतीया तत्पुरुष) नृपोक्त नृपेणोक्त (adj) spoken by the king (षष्ठी तत्पुरुष) नृपवचनम् नृपस्य वचनम् (n) the speech of the
king
(कर्मधारय) (कर्मधारय)
तुङ्गवृक्षः तुङ्गो वृक्षः (n) the tall tree वृक्षतुङ्ग वृक्ष इव तुङ्ग (adj) tall as a tree
In fact, however, the placement of certain types of adjec tives in a HHR can very often tell us a lot even before we have understood the compound. i. The भूते कृदन्त functions most generally as an adjec
tive. Its placement in a HilH can be particularly helpful. a. If
F or other adjective occurs as the prior member of a समास, the समास is almost certain to be a $40K of the type discussed in 12.10.a.i. Examples: हतपुत्रः = हतः पुत्रः (m) slain son क्रुद्धब्राह्मणः = क्रुद्धो ब्राह्मणः (m) angry brāhman क्रुद्धबाह्मणो हतपुत्रं पश्यति ।
(The angry brāhman sees the slain son.)
b. If, on the other hand, the भूते कृदन्त of a सकर्मक root
occurs as the final member of a H1A, one is most likely dealing with a dy functioning as an ad jective. Moreover, since suchaभूते कृदन्तisa कर्मणि form, the समास is most likely to be तृतीया तत्पुरुष.
216
Examples: रामहत (adj) = रामेण हत slain by Rama शिष्यपठितानि (पुस्तकानि) = शिष्यैः पठितानि (पुस्तकानि) (books) read by students
ii. Since there is no limit to the number of members in a
H418 nor any restriction as to the types of compound functions possible within any one H4RH, there is no rea son why a 449 adjective so formed cannot then precede another noun and make a new compound and so on. Example: नृपहतपुत्रं पश्यति क्रुद्धबाह्मणः । (The angry brāhman sees the son slain by the king.)
शिष्यपठितपुस्तकानि न कदापि पठ्यन्ते ऽन्यैः जनैः ।
(Other people never read the books read by students.)
iii. A समास in which an adjective other than a भूते कृदन्त of
a सकर्मक root occurs as final member following a noun is very likely to be a HR4 adjective comparing some thing to the prior member in regard to the quality expressed by the final member. The word 59 (like) frequently appears in the fore of such compounds.
Examples: वृक्षतुङ्ग
वृक्ष इव तुङ्ग tall as a tree काककृष्ण काक इव कृष्ण black as a crow
12.14 Remember that the fate of compounds of whatever length is
carried out from right to left, one juncture at a time. Examples: (क = कर्मधारय; त = तत्पुरुष; तृ= तृतीया; ष= षष्ठी) समास
विग्रह नृप – हत – पुत्र → नृपेण हतः पुत्रः
क
तृत° (a son killed by a king)
217
जनक तनया स्नान—पुण्योदकम्
जनकस्य तनयायाः स्नानेन (Janaka’s) (daughter’s) (by bath) पुण्योदकम् (sanctified) (water)
.
तु त
•
षत
षत
(Water sanctified by the bath of the daughter of Janaka.)
12.15 One may refer to a compound as a whole by the term describ
ing its final juncture. 12.16 Certain words have reduced or altered forms when they occur
in समास-s. Following areafew important examples.
a. Stems in -अन्and-इन् lose their final -when they are prior
members of समास-s and appear as -अ or -इ stems respec tively. Examples: समास विग्रह राजपुरुषः राज्ञः पुरुषः (king’s man)
आत्महत्या आत्मनो हत्या (suicide) हस्तिनासा हस्तिनो नासा (elephant’s trunk) राजर्षिः राजा ऋषिः (king-sage) The word T5F (m) (king) loses its final when it is at the end of most कर्मधारय and तत्पुरुष समास-s, thereby falling into the -31 declension. Examples: दशरथराजः दशरथो राजा
(King Dasaratha) राजराजः राज्ञां राजा
(king of kings) राजराजस्य (servant of the king of kings [Kubera]) Stems in -अन्त् take their weak form (-अत्) when they are prior members of समास-s.
b.
218
Examples: भगवद्गीता भगवतो गीता (the song of the Lord) हनूमत्सन्देशः हनूमतः सन्देशः (Hanuman’s message)
When the very important adjective महन्त् (see 11.2.a) is the prior member of a कर्मधारय, it always takes the irregular form महा. समास
विग्रह
Meaning महाराजः (m) महानाजा (great king) महामुनयः (m) महान्तो मुनयः (great sages) महादेवी (1) महती देवी (great goddess) महामिथुनम् (n) महन्मिथुनम् । (great sexual union
of Siva and Pārvati) महायानम् (n) महद्यानम् (great vehicle)
d. The pronouns have special forms when they occur as prior
members of तत्पुरुष समास-s (their only use in compounds). i. The उत्तम पुरुष and मध्यम पुरुष pronouns अहम् and त्वम्
are represented by their weit forms for the number intended, regardless of the case-relation intended. Examples: मन्मनः (मत्+ मनः) मम मनः (my mind) अस्मद्वियोगः अस्मद् वियोगः (separation from us) युष्मन्मित्रम् युष्माकं मित्रम् (your friend) त्वत्कृते तव कृते (for your sake) त्वत्स्नेहः त्वयि स्नेहः (love for you)
ii. The प्रथमा पुरुष demonstrative pronouns सः, तत्, and सा
always appear in the एक नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा fom तत् re gardless of the number, case, or gender intended.
Examples: तत्पुरुषः तस्य पुरुषः (his man (servant)) तत्पतिः तस्याः पतिः (her husband) तद्रतः
तस्मिनतः (devoted to that)219
12.17
3446 4418 : “Reduced-word" Compounds Several facili dye-s end in reduced forms of bare verbal roots, which signify the agent of the action of the verbal root. The prior member is often the of this root. Since these final members are 3446-1, “reduced words,” in that they have no forms independent of such compounds, the faut-s require the substitution of a finite verbal form for the last member. This form is usually the genry adhes in the number and voice required. Examples: Root
समास
विग्रह
Meaning Viac (2P) Safaq* (m) agafar I (knower of
the Vedas) शास्त्राणि जानाति । (knower of
the śāstras) (2P) F67 (m) Pati (slayer of
Vợtra) 191 (1P) 144 (m) te fuafi (drinker of
· soma) As the above examples show, the long vowels of roots are short ened to make the stem forms. Roots ending in short vowels have a final added in generating these forms. Examples: VFS (1P) $resista* (m) si salati (conqueror
of Indra) कृ (8P) लोकक्षयकृत्* (m) लोकानां क्षयं करोति । (destroyer
of the worlds) *(for declensions see 21.1.b., c.) This formation occurs with case relations other than Grital, no tably with the roots V=14, VFN and V54. V=T4 is reduced to T. Examples:
ut:
खे गच्छति (sky-goer (bird)) गृहस्थः
गृहे तिष्ठति (householder) पादपः
पादेन पिबति (foot-drinker (tree)) GES:
ब्रह्मणो जायते (born from Brahman)
12.18
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EXERCISES
B.
C.
D
Translate the reading into English. Identify and give fee for all the compounds in the reading. Form 240R compounds from the following.
(great muni-s) 2. 1844 (pot-belly) 3. विवाहिता नारी (married woman) 4. 691 SE
(many brāhmans) Formacy compounds from the following:
- Ti 1979: (enemies of the kings) 2. 311641 51144 (knowledge of the Atman) 3. Pada (song of God) 4. Featuri <7511 (king of fools) 5. G aita: (overcome with sleep) 6. Tha:
(devoted to Rāma) 7. fari feita (Visi) (conqueror of all) 8. TRI A4 (her speech) Translate the following sentences into Sanskrit, using 0-4R and afyees compounds, whenever possible.
- Dasaratha, having heard the speech of the cruel woman,
was overcome with grief. 2. Ah! Let not the son of the old king go to the great forest. 3. You are a knower of truth, O sage-king, therefore do that
which you previously promised. Memorize the following verse. द्वन्द्वो द्विगुरपि चाहं मद् गृहे नित्यमव्ययीभावः । तत्पुरुष कर्म धारय येनाहं स्यां बहुव्रीहिः ||
E.
I am a married man (dvandvaḥ) with a measly two cows (dviguh) (i.e., a poor man); in my household there is never any money to spend (avyayibhāvaḥ). My good man, please do something (tat puruşa karma dhāraya) so that I can be a rich man (bahuvrihiḥ).
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READING
कैकेयीवचनं श्रुत्वा महाराजो महावजूहतवृक्ष इव पतितो भूमितले । सेवकैः संज्ञां कथमपि प्रापितः सो ऽवदत् । भरतमातस्तादृशं क्रूरकर्म मा क्रिय ताम् । ज्येष्ठपुत्रो वनं मा गच्छतु । यदि मम सुकुमारसुतो घोरारण्यं गच्छति तह यमसदनमचिरागच्छामीति । किंतु सा राजपत्नी शोकाकुलस्य राज्ञः करुणवचनं श्रुत्वा केवलमहसदवदच्च । भो धर्मज्ञराज । पूर्वं स्वयं प्रतिज्ञाते वरे ऽधुना कथं विचारः । अस्मद्वंशे तन्न कदापि क्रियत इति । पुनः पुनर्निषण्णो नृपस्तच्चित्तपरिवर्तने प्रयत्नातिशयमकरोत् । अन्ततः स धर्मजालबद्धनृपो भवतु पापे मत्पुत्री राम आहू यतामित्युक्त्वा पुनस्तीक्ष्णशरहतखगवद्धरातले पतति स्म ॥
*वद् (वत्)-atend of word = इव.
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GLOSSARY
अचिरात्
घोर (ind)—shortly, soon
(adj)—terrible, frightful अतिशयः
चित्तम् (m)-great degree, excess (n)-heart, mind अधुना
जालम् (ind)—now
(n)-net, snare आकुल
-जित् (adj)-distressed, agitated, disor- | (adj)-conquering (from Vजि; see
dered
___12.17-18) आह्वे → आह्वयति (1P)—call, summon
(adj) knowing (from Vज्ञा; see उदरम्
12.17-18) (n)—belly
ज्ञानम् ।
करुण
(n)—knowledge (adj)-pitiful, tender
तपस्विन् केवलम्
(m; f-fa-ft-ascetic (ind) only
तलम्
(n)-surface, plane (adj)—cruel, terrible
तादृश खम्
(adj)—such (n)—air, sky
धरा खगः
(f) earth (m)—bird
(m)—law,duty, right, etc. (adj) going, moving (in, on, to) | निद्रा
(from V-14; see 12.17-18) (f)—sleep
धर्मः
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लम्ब (adj)—hanging
निषण्ण
(adj)-dejected पतिः (m)—lord, husband
(irregular declension, see 21.3.b)
वंशः
पत्नी
(f)—wife परिवर्तनम (n)-change, reversal
पापा (f)—wicked woman
(m)-race, lineage वजू: (वजम्) (m,n)—thunderbolt, Indra’s
weapon विचारः (m)-deliberation, hesitation विवाहित (adj)-married
शत्रुः (m) enemy
प्रतिज्ञात
संज्ञा
(adj)-promised, vowed
प्रयत्नः (m) effort प्रापित (adj)-restored to
(f)-consciousness
सदनम् (n) palace
प्रासादः (m) palace
सुकुमार (adj)—tender
ब्रह्मन् (m)—the god Brahmā यमः (m prop)—god of Death
राजर्षिः (m)—royal sage, royal seer
सुतः (m) son सेवकः (m)—attendant
हिस् (1P)—laugh