०२

अथ शब्दोत्पत्तिः॥२.१॥

Now for the origin of sound.

अथ शब्दोत्पत्तिः॥२.१॥

वायुशरीरसमीरणात्कण्ठोरसोः संधाने॥२.२॥

By the setting in motion of air by the body, at the junction of throat and breast.

वायुशरीरसमीरणात्कण्ठोरसोः संधाने॥२.२॥

तस्य प्रातिश्रुत्कानि भवन्त्युरः कण्ठः शिरो मुखं नासिके इति॥२.३॥

The parts which give it audible quality are breast, throat, head, mouth, and nostrils.

तस्य प्रातिश्रुत्कानि भवन्त्युरः कण्ठः शिरो मुखं नासिके इति॥२.३॥

संवृते कण्ठे नादः क्रियते॥२.४॥

When the throat is closed, tone is produced.

संवृते कण्ठे नादः क्रियते॥२.४॥

विवृते श्वासः॥२.५॥

When it is opened, breath is produced.

विवृते श्वासः॥२.५॥

मध्ये हकारः॥२.६॥

When in an intermediate condition, the h-sound is produced.

मध्ये हकारः॥२.६॥

ता वर्णप्रकृतयः॥२.७॥

Those are the materials of alphabetic sounds.

ता वर्णप्रकृतयः॥२.७॥

नादो ऽनुप्रदनँ स्वरघोषवत्सु॥२.८॥

In vowels and sonant consonants, the emission is sound.

नादो ऽनुप्रदनँ स्वरघोषवत्सु॥२.८॥

हकारो हचतुर्थेषु॥२.९॥

In h and in sonant aspirate mutes, it is h-sound.

हकारो हचतुर्थेषु॥२.९॥

अघोषेषु श्वासः॥२.१०॥

In surd consonants, it is breath.

अघोषेषु श्वासः॥२.१०॥

भूयान्प्रथमेभ्यो ऽन्येषु॥२.११॥

And more of it in the other surd letters than in the simple surd mutes.

भूयान्प्रथमेभ्यो ऽन्येषु॥२.११॥

अवर्णे नात्युपसँहृतमोष्ठहनु नातिव्यस्तम्॥२.१२॥

In forming the a-vowels, the lips and jaws must not be too nearly approximated, nor too widely separated.

अवर्णे नात्युपसँहृतमोष्ठहनु नातिव्यस्तम्॥२.१२॥

ओकारे च॥२.१३॥

Also in uttering o.

ओकारे च॥२.१३॥

ओष्ठौ तूपसँहृततरौ॥२.१४॥

But the lips are more nearly approximated.

ओष्ठौ तूपसँहृततरौ॥२.१४॥

ईषत्प्रकृष्टावेकारे॥२.१५॥

In utterin e, they are slightly protracted.

ईषत्प्रकृष्टावेकारे॥२.१५॥

उपसँहृततरे हनू॥२.१६॥

The jaws more nealy approached.

उपसँहृततरे हनू॥२.१६॥

जिह्वामध्यान्ताभ्यां चोत्तराञ्जम्भ्यान्त्स्पर्शयति॥२.१७॥

And one touches the borders of the upper back jaws with the edges of the middle of the tongue.

जिह्वामध्यान्ताभ्यां चोत्तराञ्जम्भ्यान्त्स्पर्शयति॥२.१७॥

उपसँहृततरे च जिह्वाग्रमृकारर्कारल्कारेषु बर्स्वेषूपसँहरति॥२.१८॥

The jaws, also, are more closely approximated, and the tip of the tongue is brought into close proximity to the upper back gums, in ṛ, ṝ, and ḷ.

उपसँहृततरे च जिह्वाग्रमृकारर्कारल्कारेषु बर्स्वेषूपसँहरति॥२.१८॥

एकेषामनुस्वारस्वरभक्त्योश्च॥२.१९॥

As also, according to some, in anusvāra and svarabhakti.

एकेषामनुस्वारस्वरभक्त्योश्च॥२.१९॥

अनादेशे प्रण्यस्ता जिह्वा॥२.२०॥

In the absence of special direction, the tongue is thrust down forward.

अनादेशे प्रण्यस्ता जिह्वा॥२.२०॥

अकारवदोष्ठौ॥२.२१॥

The lips are as in the utterance of a.

अकारवदोष्ठौ॥२.२१॥

तालौ जिह्वामध्यमिवर्णे॥२.२२॥

In the i-vowels, the middle of the tongue is to be approximated to the palate.

तालौ जिह्वामध्यमिवर्णे॥२.२२॥

एकारे च॥२.२३॥

Also in e.

एकारे च॥२.२३॥

ओष्ठोपसँहार उवर्णे॥२.२४॥

In the u-vowels, there is approximation of the lips.

ओष्ठोपसँहार उवर्णे॥२.२४॥

एकान्तरस्तु सर्वत्र प्रकृतात्॥२.२५॥

But, in all cases, with an interval of one from the preceding.

एकान्तरस्तु सर्वत्र प्रकृतात्॥२.२५॥

अकारार्धमैकारौकारयोरादिः॥२.२६॥

The beginning of ai and au is half an a.

अकारार्धमैकारौकारयोरादिः॥२.२६॥

संवृतकरणतरमेकेषाम्॥२.२७॥

Which, in the opinion of some, is uttered with the organs more closed.

संवृतकरणतरमेकेषाम्॥२.२७॥

इकारो ऽध्यर्धः पूर्वस्य शेषः॥२.२८॥

Of the former, the rest is one and a half times i.

इकारो ऽध्यर्धः पूर्वस्य शेषः॥२.२८॥

उकारस्तूत्तरस्य॥२.२९॥

But, of the latter, u.

उकारस्तूत्तरस्य॥२.२९॥

अनुस्वारोत्तमा अनुनासिकाः॥२.३०॥

anusvāra and the last mutes are nasal.

अनुस्वारोत्तमा अनुनासिकाः॥२.३०॥

स्वराणा यत्रोपसँहारस्तत्स्थानम्॥२.३१॥

In the case of the vowels, that is their place of production, to which approximation is made.

स्वराणा यत्रोपसँहारस्तत्स्थानम्॥२.३१॥

यदुपसँहरति तत्करणम्॥२.३२॥

That is producing organ, which makes the approximation.

यदुपसँहरति तत्करणम्॥२.३२॥

अन्येषां तु यत्र स्पर्शनं तत्स्थानम्॥२.३३॥

But in the case of the other letters, that is place of production, where contact is made.

अन्येषां तु यत्र स्पर्शनं तत्स्थानम्॥२.३३॥

येन स्पर्शयति तत्करणम्॥२.३४॥

That is producing organ, whereby one makes the contact.

येन स्पर्शयति तत्करणम्॥२.३४॥

हनूमूले जिह्वामूलेन कवर्गे स्पर्शयति॥२.३५॥

In the k-series, one makes contact with the root of the tongue at the root of the jaws.

हनूमूले जिह्वामूलेन कवर्गे स्पर्शयति॥२.३५॥

तालौ जिह्वामध्येन चवर्गे॥२.३६॥

In the c-series, with the middle of the tongue, upon the palate.

तालौ जिह्वामध्येन चवर्गे॥२.३६॥

जिह्वाग्रेण प्रतिवेष्ट्य मूर्धनि टवर्गे॥२.३७॥

In the ṭ-series, with the tip to the tongue, rolled back, in the head.

जिह्वाग्रेण प्रतिवेष्ट्य मूर्धनि टवर्गे॥२.३७॥

जिह्वाग्रेण तवर्गे दन्तमूलेषु॥२.३८॥

In the t-series, with te tip of the tongue, at the roots of the teeth.

जिह्वाग्रेण तवर्गे दन्तमूलेषु॥२.३८॥

ओष्ठाभ्यां पवर्गे॥२.३९॥

In the p-series, with the two lips.

ओष्ठाभ्यां पवर्गे॥२.३९॥

तालौ जिह्वामध्यान्ताभ्यां यकारे॥२.४०॥

In y, with the two edges of the middle of the tongue, upon the palate.

तालौ जिह्वामध्यान्ताभ्यां यकारे॥२.४०॥

रेफे जिह्वाग्रमध्येन प्रत्यग्दन्तमूलेभ्यः॥२.४१॥

In r, with the middle of the tip of the tongue, back of the roots of the teeth.

रेफे जिह्वाग्रमध्येन प्रत्यग्दन्तमूलेभ्यः॥२.४१॥

दन्तमूलेषु च लकारे॥२.४२॥

Also in l, at the roots of the teeth.

दन्तमूलेषु च लकारे॥२.४२॥

ओष्ठान्ताभ्यां दन्तैर्वकारे॥२.४३॥

In v, with the edges of the lips, along with the teeth.

ओष्ठान्ताभ्यां दन्तैर्वकारे॥२.४३॥

स्पर्शस्थानेषूष्माण आनुपूर्व्येण॥२.४४॥

The spirants, in their order, are produced in the places of the mutes.

स्पर्शस्थानेषूष्माण आनुपूर्व्येण॥२.४४॥

करणमध्यं तु विवृतम्॥२.४५॥

But the middle of the producing organ is unclosed.

करणमध्यं तु विवृतम्॥२.४५॥

कण्ठस्थानौ हकारविसर्जनीयौ॥२.४६॥

The throat is place of production of h and visarjanīya.

कण्ठस्थानौ हकारविसर्जनीयौ॥२.४६॥

उदयस्वरादिसस्थानो हकारं एकेषाम्॥२.४७॥

In the opinion of some authorities, h has the same position as the begiining of the following vowel.

उदयस्वरादिसस्थानो हकारं एकेषाम्॥२.४७॥

पूर्वान्तसस्थानो विसर्जनीयः॥२.४८॥

visarjanīya has the same position as the end of the preceding vowel.

पूर्वान्तसस्थानो विसर्जनीयः॥२.४८॥

नासिक्या नासिकास्थानाः॥२.४९॥

The nose-sounds have the nose as their place of production.

नासिक्या नासिकास्थानाः॥२.४९॥

मुखनासिक्या वा॥२.५०॥

Or they are produced by the mouth and nose.

मुखनासिक्या वा॥२.५०॥

वर्गवच्चैषु॥२.५१॥

And, in them, the organ of production is as in the series of mutes.

वर्गवच्चैषु॥२.५१॥

नासिकाविवरणादानुनासिक्यंनासिकाविवरणादानुनासिक्यम्॥२.५२॥

Nasal quality is given by the unclosing of the nose.

नासिकाविवरणादानुनासिक्यंनासिकाविवरणादानुनासिक्यम्॥२.५२॥