Ailao, 113, 143 Allès, Elisabeth, 37 Anderson, Benedict, 40 Anderson, John: comment regarding visit to Dali 237n32; description of Tengyue, 151 Appeals to Qing court, 66, 74, 77, 95-96 Arabic, 143, 146-147, 166; and Ma Dexin, 222n130 Baber, Edward, 16, 18, 240 Bai (Minjia): general description of, 32; support of Hui rebels 112, 143 Bai Shouyi: 38, 206n21 Baiyang Mine Incident, 65-67 banditry: reputation of Yi as sources of, 31; differences between hanjian-ism and, 53;correlation between Hui, vio- lence and, 81, 94 Baojia: 57, 62, 80, 81, 190; and mines, 22 Baoshan, 15, 41, 186 Baoshan Massacre (1845), 5, 70-76; government response to, 77-83, 92, 215n112; Zhang Liangji and, 95, 117, 219772 Binchuan, 116, 118, 140, 141, 178 Black Flags, 186 Bolin, 27, 52, 59, 81;and Lin’an Uprising, 55-58 Bowers, Capt. A., 144 Burma, 10, 12, 15-16, 18, 21, 31-32, 44, 46, 48, 49, 144, 147, 149, 151, 165, 166, 169, 179, 184, 186, 188, 189 Cai Fachun, 117, 118, 120, 141 caravans: description of 18; Hui and 42- 44; trade, 7, 12, 19, 32, 150 cattle protection associations (niucong), 71, 72, 80 Cen Yuying: early career 173-174; relations with Ma Rulong 127, 129, 136, 137, 174, 175; as governor and governor-general of Yunnan, 176-180; post-rebellion role of, 185, 188-189 Cheli, 33, 60 Chenggong, 105, 107, 165, 177 Chauveau, Joseph Pierre, 86, 88,112, 141 Chuxiong, 98, 178, 186; battle of 118- 121, 131, 151;early violence in, 87-88, 91, 101, 118 Clendinnen, Inga, 114 communal violence (xiedou), 69 conditional land sales (dian), 58, 210n45 Cooper, Thomas, 149, 168, 236n16 copper, 1, 19, 22 Crossley, Pamela, 8 Dai (Tai), 25, 112, 205n96, and Dao Shengwu Affair, 60-62 Dali, 13; description of, 21, 32; as focus of Qing military campaigns, 116-118, 140-141; French mission to, 166-168; Hui uprising (1856) in, 101-104; polit- ical symbols of, 145-150, surrender of, 182-184; transregional ties, 44; as cap- ital of the sultanate, 146, 148, 161 Dali Kingdom (937-1253), 2, 7, 34 Daniels, Christian, 59 Dao Shengwu, 60-62 de Carné, Louis, 106, 142, 149, 162, 165, 179, 185, 226n21 Disease, 44, 63, 175, 180; malaria, 11, 12, 61, 80; plague, 178 Dong Jialan, 140, 141 Dongchuan, 15, 21, 92, 96, 109, 110, 113, 136, 166, 177, Dupuis, Jean, 29, 187, 255n129 Du Wenxiu, 9; differentiating between Hui and Muslim, 155-159; early life, 104; and emphasis on trade, 150-152; and final campaign against the Qing, 162-165, 175-178; multiethnic orien- tation, 40, 103, 112, 139, 144, 146; relations with other Hui leaders, 119– 121,128, 130, 131, 133, 141, 152- 155, 172, 173; religious orientation, 131-134, 147; as ruler of Dali Sul- tanate, 142-144; relations with Euro- peans, 144, 165-169; surrender of, 181-183 262 education: Islamic, 35, 74, 106; Chinese, 104 INDEX ethnicity: theory, 8, 37, 40, 41; and Mus- lim Chinese, 39-41, 46, ; Yunnanese tripartite division of 26 Eickelman, Dale, 46, 155 Elliot, Mark, 8 Ethnicity: definitions of, 8, 40-41, 207228; in Yunnan, 18, 22, 158- 160; Hui and Yunnanese notions of, 46-47 Fenouil, Jean-Joseph, 142, 170, 176 French Mekong Mission, 142, 151, 165– 168, 175, 217n14, 236n15 Fusaji, Takeuchi, 59 gaitu guiliu (administrative consolida- tion), 49 Gao Luoyi, 55-56 Gao Luowu, 56 Gladney, Dru, 27, 37, 157, 235n235 Guizhou, 19, 20, 31, 82, 172; and Miao- jiao, 40, 236n115; and Miao Rebellion, 2, 89, 152, 170, 174-175; Hui upris- ings in 111, 113, 127, 144 Han: immigration of, 6, 8, 23, 26, 27, 33, 52, 56, 189; long-term Han, 50, 54, 57, 58; militia, 5, 9, 87, 91, 93, 94, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 105, 117, 123, 140, 218n52, 220n89; miners, 22, 64- 66, 82, 85, 87; newcomer, 26, 55, 59, 71; relations with non-Han, 31, 51-55, 71; role in inciting violence 4, 54, 56- 59, 63, 71, 73, 189; population of, 7, 25, 29, 30 Hani (Woni), 33, 53, 55-56, 224n187 Hanjian (traitors), 51-54, 56, 57, 58, 60, 62, 63, 64, 92, 216n2, 219n59 Harrell, Stevan, 41 He Changling, 75, 77, 79-81, 213n61, 213n64, 214n75, 214n82 He Tongyun, 90, 94, 95, 219n66 Hengchun: appointment to Yunnan 89; death of, 5, 97, 220n78; differences with court on strategy to end violence, 9, 93-96; views on origins of rebellion, I-5, 92-93 Heqing, 91, 97, 99, 100, 101, 140-141 Herman, John E., 49 Hsieh Shi-chung, 61, 205n96 Huai Tang’a, 102 Huang Cong, 90, 91, 95, 115, 125 Hui (Muslim Chinese): acculturation with non-Han, 50; common ethnonyms of, 25, 36; conception of ethnicity, 45,46, 206221; definition of, 37-41; distin- guished in Qing law, 82; relations between, 66, 74, 106, 111-113, 124, 128, 155-160, 164; population of, 28, 187; Han stereotypes of, 42, 82, 90, 92; initial communities in Yunnan, 35, 41; as middlemen, 45; networks of, 43-46; occupations of, 6, 43-45, 208n48; official bias against, 68, 70, 80-82, 90, 96, 97, 110, 122, 134-136, 172, 188; and pork, 7, 42, 70, 84, 124, 227n44; religious divisions, 131-134; relations with non-Han 109, III, 112, 138, 139, 143, 144, 146, 153, 189, 220279; transregional orientation of, 44, 45, 145,186 Incense brotherhoods (xiangba hui), 71-73, 78-80 Islam: in Dali Sultanate, 145-148; divisions within, 131-134, 137; and Huijiao, 39-40, 157,- and Hui identity, 46, 82; in Yunnan, 34-35 Israeli, Raphael, 36-37 Jia Hongzhao, 151 Jing Dexin, 146, 211n2 Jingpo (Yeren), 31, 53, 112, 205n88 Kuhn, Philip, 51, 204n72 Kunming, 15, 17, 19, 20, 29, 48, 50, 96, 116-119, 141, 153, 163, 165, 174, 175-178, 187, 225n7; and Hui com- munity, 42; 1857 siege of, 1-6, 96- 97; 1856 Massacre, 89-93, 104– 108, 218n14; capitulation of (1862), 126-129 Lahu, 58 Lao Chongguang, 131, 135, 163, 170- 174, 189 Leach, Edmund, 45 Leguilcher, Jean-Marie, 166-168 Leong, Sow-Theng, 54, 81 Li Peihu, 94, 95, 141, 220n91 Li Shoukong, 126 Li Wenxue, 113, 143, 144 Li Xingyuan, 77, 80-83 Liang Shimei, 127, 136, 238n60 Lijiang, 15, 21, 30, 32, 58, 97, 99, 100, 140, 141, 178, 221N102 Lin Changkuan, 133 Lin Hongnian, 179 Lin Tingxi, IOI Lin Zexu, 52, 77, 80-85, 94-95, 117, 214273 Lin Ziqing, 122-125, 136, 173 Lin’an, 16,18, 22, 33, 41, 44, 75, 83, 85, 87, 91, 92, 96, 98, 105-107, 109, 127, 136 uprising in, 55-58 Index Lipman, Jonathan, 36, 37, 94, 230n93 Lisu, 31, 32, 143, 146 and 1821 uprising, 58-59 Liu Yuezhao, 172, 175-177 Long hair (changfa Huifei), 149, 233 Lufeng, 109, 118, 128, 129, 178 Ma Dexin, 4, 101, 108, 112, 117, 118, 122, 135, 166, 227n43; Islamic thought, 106, 133; and occupation of Kunming, 120-125, 128, 228n70, 229271; education of, 105-106, 2227130, and Du Wenxiu, 120, 124, 154; and Ma Rulong, 4, 118, 120, 124,-125, 129, 130, 138, 173, 219n52, 223n157; assassination of, 188 Ma Liansheng, 110, 111, 127-128, 130, 133 Ma Rong, 110, 111, 118, 127-130, 133, 152; capture and death of, 136 Ma Rulong: and Battle of Chuxiong, 117- 120; efforts to differentiate between Hui and Muslim by, 155-159; as leader of southern Yunnan, 87, 104-109, 110, 118; and negotiations with Qing (1860), 121-122; opposition to Du Wenxiu, 120-121, 126, 131, 152-154, 163-165; opposition towards Qing, 121-123; Qing court’s distrust of, 136-138, 172-173; as Qing official, 123-126, 136-138, 170, 188, 219n52; recapturing Kunming (1863), 129- 130; and relations with Europeans, 227n43, 166, 168, 179; relations with non-Han, 112, 223n141; relations with Cen Yuying, 127, 136, 174, 175; reli- gious beliefs, 131-134; support of Du Wenxiu, 119-121, 140-141 Ma Shunqing, 132 Ma Wenzhao, 68-69 Ma Xingyun, 66 Ma Zhu, 40, 132 madrasas, 106, 146 Margary, Augustus, 17-18, 189 Mianning, 52 massacre in, 5, 67-70, 74, 102 263 Miao, 30, 31, 113, 144; and Miao Rebellion, 2-3, 12, 23, 89, III, 152, 174-175; and cultural beliefs, 40, 236n115 mines and mining, 1, 6, 7, 19, 20, 22, 43, 44, 64, 65, 66, 84-87, 109, 129, 151, 178, 180, 203n47, 203n50, 208n48, Ming dynasty, 26, 28, 35, 41; loyalists, 48-49; source of influence on Dali Sul- tanate, 148 missionaries, French, 86, 88, III, 121, 166, 168, 227n43 Nanzhao, 2, 7, 34, 101, 146, 162 Naxi, 30, 32 Non-Han (yi), 23, 25-30, 33, 35, 36, 49, 53, 56-60, 62, 107, 109, 112, 138, 145, 149189-190, 210n45; and Dali Sultanate, 143-146, 149, 150, 162,; definition of, 6-7, 203n56; and Han traitors (hanjian), 51-54; demographic size of, 28-29, 204n70; support of Hui, 8, 42-44, 95, 100, 103, 105, 109, III-113, 137, 143-146, 159; and trade, 21, 44; as traitors (yijian) and bandits (yifei), 53, 60, 62, 84 Pan Duo, 114, 123, 126-128, 170; assas- sination of, 128, 135, 138, 174 Panthay Rebellion: end of, 181–184; ini- tial outbreak, 89-97; origin of term, ΙΟ Ponsot, Joseph, 111, 112, 142, 190 Proschan, Frank, 40, 41, 186, 187 Qingbao, 53, 58, 59, 81, 210n45 Qingsheng, 3, 89-92, 114 Qujing, 31, 91, 96, 109-111, 136, 169, 174, 175 Rawski, Evelyn, 8 Rocher, Emile, 91, 125, 134, 136, 164, 176, 179, 180, 220178 Ruan Yuan, 60, 81 264 Salt, 45; mines and wells 13, 129, 151, 178, 180; trade, 20−2, 45 Sangchunrong, 89, 90, 97 INDEX Sayyid Ajall Shams al-Din (Ch. Saidianchi Shansiding Wuma’er), 34-35, 41, 106, 206n6 Shan States, 12, 20, 202n41 Shiyang Mine, 87, 106, 163, 218n46 Shunning, 18, 64, 67, 68, 74 Shuxing’a, 2, 4, 97, 99, 110, 140, 145; and Kunming Massacre, 89-92 Sichuan, 8, 11, 15, 20, 21, 27, 44, 58, 68, 77, 86, 107, 109, 112, 125, 137, 165, 174, Sladen, Edward, 149, 151, 165, 168, 169, 201n57 Song Tingchun, 178 Southeast Asia: Dali Sultanate and, 144, 166, 186, 187; Hui relations with, 35, 43-46; Yunnan relations with, 6, 8, 10-14, 16, 18, 20, 35, 60, 80, 138, 144 Sufi-teachings (xinjiao), 131, 229n86 Sun Yat-sen, 207n28 Taiping Rebellion, 1, 86, 90, 96, 99, 112, 117, 135, 139, 154, 162, 166, 173, 179, 187; and influence on Dali Sul- tanate, 148-149 Talang, 84-87, 89, 91 Tambiah, Stanley, 14 Tang Dunpei, 101, 103 tea, 1, 13, 19, 20, 45 Tengyue, 18, 44, 91, 96, 141, 187; under Dali Sultanate, 146, 149, 151, 169, Tian Rukang, 168 Tibet, 13, 17, 18, 20-21, 25, 27, 31-32, 52; and Hui, 42, 44; and support of Dali Sultanate, 112, 147, 149, 151, 165 trade, 7, 12, 15-21, 41, 188; and Hui, 41-46; and Dali Sultanate, 150-151, 169, 178; barriers 20; profit 19 Transnationalism, 13, 18-22, 27, 28, 45, 63, 145 tusi (native chieftains), 26, 49, 50, 52, 49, 57-61, 67, 95, 190, 210n45 Wang Jianping, 36, 37 Wen Xiang, 97-99, 101, 116, 140 Wu Sangui, 48 Wu Zhenyu, 107, 117, 189 Xizhuang, 99-101, 103 xiangyue, 80, 81 xiedou (community feud), 69 Xinyi, 158 Xishuangbanna (Sipsongpanna), 20, 30, 33, 42, 61, 144 Xu Yuanji, 4, 105, 107, 108, 110, 112, 116, 117, 121, 122, 123, 124 Xu Zhiming, 117, 118, 121-128, 135, 153, 173, 176, 228n60 Xundian, 110, 128, 130, 136, 165, 176 Yang Rong, 175, 181 Yang Yuke, 177-183 Yang Zhenpeng, 109, 119, 154, 163, 169, 223n157 Yaozhou, 82, 96-101, 116, 117, 154, 180, 220191 Yi 30, 31, 42, 58, 102, 112, 113, 137, 143, 144, 205n86 Yilibu, 60, 61, 68 Yuan dynasty, 7, 26, 34 Yuanmo, 177, 178 Yunnan regionalism, 15, 16, 20, 30, 31, 130, 137, 138 Yunnan, province of: population, 26-29, 185; relations with Southeast Asia, 6, 8, 10-14, 16, 18, 20, 35, 60, 80, 138, 144; relations with Tibet, 13, 17, 18, 20-21, 25, 27, 31-32, 52; roads in, 16-18, 168, 169 Zhang Fuguo, 52 Zhang Kaisong, 172, 176 Zhang Liangji, 95, 109, 118, 121, 122, 125 Zhang Zhengtai, 99, 101, 102, 140 Zhaotong, 15, 41, 109 Zheng He, 35 Zhongdian, 42, 141 Zhu Di (Yongle emperor), 35 Zhu Kechang, 117, 118, 121, 131, 141 Zhuang, 29-31, 112, 113