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01 Contents

List of Maps, Figures, and Tables Acknowledgments

A Mandarin’s Tale
South of the Clouds: The World of Nineteenth- Century Yunnan
Shades of Islam: The Muslim Yunnanese
Rebellion’s Roots: Hanjianism, Han Newcomers, and Non-Han Violence in Yunnan ix xi I II 34
Spiraling Violence: The Rise of Anti-Hui Hostilities
“All the Fish in the Pond”: The Kunming Massacre and the Rise of the Panthay Rebellion 48 64 84
Ambiguous Ambitions: Ma Rulong’s Road to Power, 1860-1864 116
Rebellious Visions: Du Wenxiu and the Creation of the Dali Sultanate 139
Ethereal Deeds: The Struggle to Reclaim Yunnan, 1867-1873 161
Epilogue: The Aftermath of Rebellion 185 Chinese Characters 191 Abbreviated References 195 Notes Bibliography Index 199 243 261 Maps, Figures, and Tables 6.1. Maps 2.1. 2.2 4.I. Yunnan Province (with administrative seats), circa 1800 Yunnan Trade Routes Mid-Nineteenth-Century Uprisings in Yunnan Han Attacks on Hui, 1854-1856 12 295 19 55 88 7.1. Ma Rulong’s Chuxiong Campaign, 1859-1860 119 9.I. Cities under Dali or Hui Control, 1867-1868 164 Figures 8.1. Du Wenxiu’s Seal 9.1. Woodcut of Du Wenxiu’s Execution 148 182 Tables 2.1. Historic Evolution of Chinese Terms for Yunnan Ethnic Groups 24 9.1. Tenures of Office: Yun-Gui Governors-General 171 9.2. Tenures of Office: Yunnan Governors 171