Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Map
Acknowledgments
Introduction *
Part I The Deep History of Our Species
1 How the Genome Explains Who We Are
2 Encounters with Neanderthals
3 Ancient DNA Opens the Floodgates
Part II How We Got to Where We Are Today
4 Humanity’s Ghosts
5 The Making of Modern Europe
6 The Collision That Formed India
7 In Search of Native American Ancestors
8 The Genomic Origins of East Asians
9 Rejoining Africa to the Human Story
Part III The Disruptive Genome
10 The Genomics of Inequality
11 The Genomics of Race and Identity
12 The Future of Ancient DNA
Notes on the Illustrations
Notes
About the Author *
30 Population Mixtures
The mixture of highly differentiated populations is a recurrent process in our history. This map provides a key to thirty great mixture events discussed in this book. (Locations are not meant to be precise.)
CHAPTER 2
2a 54,000–49,000 years ago
All non-Africans
Neanderthals + modern humans
CHAPTER 3
3a >70,000 ya Siberian Denisovans
Superarchaic lineage +
Neanderthal-related lineage
3b 49,000–44,000 ya
Papuans and Australians
Denisovans + modern humans
CHAPTER 4
4a 19,000–14,000 ya
Magdalenian expansion
Aurignacian + Gravettian lineages
4b >14,000 ya
Late Near Eastern hunter-gatherers
Basal Eurasians + early Near Eastern hunter-gatherers
4c ~14,000 ya
Bølling-Allerød expansion
Southwest + Southeast European hunter-gatherers
4d 8,000–3,000 ya
Copper and Bronze Age Near East
Iranian + Levantine + Anatolian farmers
CHAPTER 5
5a 9,000–5,000 ya
First European farmers
Local hunter-gatherers + Anatolian farmers
5b 9,000–5,000 ya
Steppe pastoralists
Iranian farmers + local hunter-gatherers
5c 5,000–4,000 ya
Northern European Bronze Age
Eastern European farmers
+ steppe pastoralists
5d >3,500 ya
Aegean Bronze Age
Iranian farmers + European farmers
5e 3,500 ya – present
Present-day Europeans
Northern + Southern European Bronze Age populations
CHAPTER 6
6a >4,000 ya
Ancestral South Indians
Iranian farmers + indigenous
Indian hunter-gatherers
6b 4,000–3,000 ya
Ancestral North Indians
Steppe pastoralists + Iranian farmers
6c 4,000–2,000 ya
Present-day Indians
Ancestral South Indians + Ancestral North Indians
CHAPTER 7
7a >15,000 ya
First Americans
Ancient North Eurasians + East Asians
7b 5,000–4,000 ya
Paleo-Eskimos
Far Eastern Siberians + First Americans
7c >4,000 ya
Amazonians
Population Y + First Americans
7d 2,000–1,000 ya
Na-Dene speakers
Paleo-Eskimos + First Americans
7e 2,000–1,000 ya
Neo-Eskimos
Far Eastern Siberians + First Americans
CHAPTER 8
8a 5,000–4,000 ya Austroasiatic speakers
Yangtze River Ghost Population + indigenous Southeast Asian hunter-gatherers
8b 5,000–3,000 ya
Tibetans
Yellow River Ghost Population + Tibetan hunter-gatherers
8c 5,000–1,000 ya Present-day Han Chinese
Yellow + Yangtze River Ghost Populations
8d 4,000–1,000 ya
Southwest Pacific islanders
Papuans + East Asians
8e 3,000–2,000 ya Present-day Japanese
Mainland farmers + local hunter-gatherers
CHAPTER 9
9a >8,000 ya
Malawi hunter-gatherers
East + South African foragers
9b 4,000–1,000 ya
Bantu expansion
Cameroon source population + local groups throughout eastern and southern Africa
9c >3,000 ya
East African pastoralists
Levantine farmers + East African foragers
9d >2,000 ya
Present-day West Africans
At least two ancient African lineages
9e 2,000–1,000 ya
Present-day Khoe-Kwadi herders
East African pastoralists + indigenous San