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Document Outline

Contents
Introduction: My Route into Asian Studies
Art History and Sino-Japanese Relations
Miyazaki Tōten and the 1911 Revolution
New Thoughts on an Old Controversy: Shina as a Toponym for China
The Gold Seal of 57 CE and the Afterlife of an Inanimate Object
Japanese Views of China in Historical Perspective
Translator’s Preface to Books and Boats (Ōba Osamu)
The Recent Boom in Shanghai Studies
Chinggis on the Japanese Mind
A Decisive Turning Point in Sino-Japanese Relations: The Senzaimaru Voyage to Shanghai of 1862
Lust for Still Life: Chinese Painters in Japan and Japanese Painters in China in the 1860s and 1870s
The Nanking Atrocity and Chinese Historical Memory
Prostitutes and Painters
On Translating Shiba Ryōtarō into English
Tackling the Translation of an Invaluable Primary Source that No One Person Would Dare Face Alone
Introduction: Liang Qichao and Japan
Response to Herbert P. Bix, “Remembering the Nanking Massacre”
Naitō Konan and Naitō’s Historiography: A Reconsideration in the Early Twenty-First Century
Japanese Travelers to Shanghai in the 1860s
An Important Japanese Source for Chinese Business History
Chinese Understanding of the Japanese Language from Ming to Qing
“Shanghai-Japan”: The Japanese Residents’ Association of Shanghai
Introduction: Masuda Wataru and the Study of Modern China
The Japanese and the Jews: A Comparative Analysis of Their Communities in Harbin, 1898–1930
The Controversy over Iris Chang’s Rape of Nanking
The Nanjing Massacre in History
Integrating into Chinese Society: A Comparison of the Japanese Communities of Shanghai and Harbin
The Other Japanese Community: Leftwing Japanese Activities in Wartime Shanghai
Akutagawa Ryūnosuke and China
Confucian Pilgrim: Uno Tetsuto’s Travels in China
Japanese Travelers in Wartime China
Nationalism, the Rise of the Vernacular, and the Conceptualization of Modernization in East Asian Comparative Perspective
Recent Translation Theory and Linguistic Borrowing in the Modern Sino-Chinese Cultural Context
Japanese Literary Travelers in Prewar China
Japanese Approaches to the Cultural Revolution: A Review of Kokubun Ryōsei’s Survey of the Literature
The Debates over the Asiatic Mode of Production in Soviet Russia, China, and Japan
Introduction: Itō Takeo and the Research Work of the South Manchurian Railway Company
A New Direction in Japanese Sinology
On the “Rediscovery” of the Chinese Past: Cui Shu and Related Cases
Index

**Introduction: My Route into Asian Studies **1

**1 Art History and Sino-Japanese Relations **4

**2 Miyazaki Tōten and the 1911 Revolution **14

3 New Thoughts on an Old Controversy: Shina** as a Toponym for** **China **24

**4 The Gold Seal of 57 CE and the Afterlife of an Inanimate Object **47

**5 Japanese Views of China in Historical Perspective **65

6 Translator’s Preface to Books and Boats** (Ōba Osamu) **77

**7 The Recent Boom in Shanghai Studies **81

**8 Chinggis on the Japanese Mind **101

9 A Decisive Turning Point in Sino-Japanese Relations: The Senzaimaru** **

**Voyage to Shanghai of 1862 **111

10 Lust for Still Life: Chinese Painters in Japan and Japanese Painters in **China in the 1860s and 1870s **133

**11 The Nanking Atrocity and Chinese Historical Memory **157

12 Prostitutes and Painters

Early Japanese Migrants to Shanghai** **179

**13 On Translating Shiba Ryōtarō into English **210

14 Tackling the Translation of an Invaluable Primary Source that No One **Person Would Dare Face Alone **225

**15 Introduction: Liang Qichao and Japan **242

Contents

16 Response to Herbert P. Bix, “Remembering the Nanking **Massacre” **253

17 Naitō Konan and Naitō’s Historiography: A Reconsideration in the **Early Twenty-First Century **261

**18 Japanese Travelers to Shanghai in the 1860s **276

**19 An Important Japanese Source for Chinese Business History **297

20 Chinese Understanding of the Japanese Language from Ming **to Qing **299

21 “Shanghai-Japan”: The Japanese Residents’ Association of **Shanghai **337

**22 Introduction: Masuda Wataru and the Study of Modern China **369

23 The Japanese and the Jews: A Comparative Analysis of Their **Communities in Harbin, 1898–1930 **373

24 The Controversy over Iris Chang’s Rape of Nanking** **394

**25 The Nanjing Massacre in History **399

26 Integrating into Chinese Society: A Comparison of the Japanese **Communities of Shanghai and Harbin **406

27 The Other Japanese Community: Leftwing Japanese Activities in **Wartime Shanghai **431

**28 Akutagawa Ryūnosuke and China **455

**29 Confucian Pilgrim: Uno Tetsuto’s Travels in China **459

**30 Japanese Travelers in Wartime China **488

31 Nationalism, the Rise of the Vernacular, and the Conceptualization of **Modernization in East Asian Comparative Perspective **496

Contents

vii

32 Recent Translation Theory and Linguistic Borrowing in the Modern **Sino-Japanese Cultural Context **507

**33 Japanese Literary Travelers in Prewar China **518

34 Japanese Approaches to the Cultural Revolution: A Review of **Kokubun Ryōsei’s Survey of the Literature **543

35 The Debates over the Asiatic Mode of Production in Soviet Russia, **China, and Japan **548

36 Introduction: Itō Takeo and the Research Work of the South **Manchurian Railway Company **577

**37 A New Direction in Japanese Sinology **597

38 On the ‘Rediscovery’ of the Chinese Past: Cui Shu and Related **Cases **617

Index 641

Introduction: My Route into Asian Studies

My route into Asian studies is about as normal as it would have been unpre-dictable beforehand. As a third-generation American—all of my grandparents were immigrants from Eastern Europe in the second decade of the twentieth century—I was neither the first person in my family to get a B.A. nor even a Ph.D. I was, however, the first person to become interested in the history and culture of East Asia. Because there was such a bookish culture in my family, though, it was never seen as an unusual pursuit; in fact, I’m certain that my lefty parents were thrilled that one of theirs was studying China, given what was for them the exciting events in the years immediately preceding my birth in 1950. In fact, many people have commented (and occasionally reached some far-fetched conclusions) about the natural ties between Chinese and Jews. I personally don’t buy any of it, though of course I respect their right to have silly views.

Although born in Brooklyn, New York, I grew up from age seven in Berkeley, California precisely in those now famous years of political turmoil and excitement. Mine was a politically active, left-of-center family, and that meant countless marches and rallies for the important causes of the day: the civil rights movement, the movement in opposition to the American war in Viet Nam War, and many spin-offs of both. I spent my college years at the University of Chicago (1968–1972), continuing in those same activities and there developing a keen interest in modern China.

At the University of Chicago, I studied first with the late Professor Tang Tsou in the political science department and later with Philip Kuhn and Akira Iriye in history. In 1972 I entered graduate school at Columbia University where I initially studied with C. Martin Wilbur and, upon his retirement, with Wm.

Theodore de Bary. During those years, I studied Chinese (from 1970) and then Japanese (from 1973) relentlessly, day and night. Americans were unable to study in China throughout most of the 1970s, so that was still a romantic, though never actually a practical, desideratum. Columbia had a rather draco-nian language requirement (long since watered down), and thus I had taken the equivalent of a fair number of years of both Chinese and Japanese language (including summers) by the time I was searching for a thesis topic.

I forget who first suggested the topic of Naitō Konan (1866–1934), the great Japanese Sinologist, but I jumped at the suggestion. The next thing I knew I

Introduction: My Route into Asian Studies

was reading my first book in Japanese, cover to cover, a biography of Naitō

by one of his last students, Mitamura Taisuke of Ritsumeikan University. And, in late 1976 I was off on my first trip to Asia with support from the Fulbright Foundation and later from the Japanese Ministry of Education. I spent roughly eighteen months at Kyoto University, where Naitō had pioneered Chinese studies at the beginning of the twentieth century, reading through his works, soaking up as much of the Sinological world of Kyoto University as possible, and interviewing Naitō’s last students. I also made some of my best friends among the students of that generation in Kyoto at the time.

Historical studies were in those days largely compartmentalized by nations.

The idea of crossing borders and working on more than one national entity at the same time was not frowned upon, but it was not exactly encouraged either—anywhere in the world. Diplomatic historians at least paid lip service to working in multiple archives and multiple languages, but in reality few historians, diplomatic or otherwise, working in the West were actually doing that.

Professor Iriye was one of those few and a great inspiration to me.

Many times over the years I have been asked, in East Asia as well as the West, if I am first and foremost a historian of China or Japan. The answer I like to give—and usually do—is that I don’t make that distinction. I explain that I pick topics that cross the Sino-Japanese border and go where the research necessitates I go. We now have the language of “border-crossing” and “global studies” and even “globalization,” but that is a relative recent addition to the historian’s lexicon.

But, once I sensed the wealth of fascinating but still unstudied topics in Sino-Japanese interactions, I was an immediate convert. Subsequent research topics and books included: the life and work of a Japanese expatriate in China (Nakae Ushikichi, 1889–1942); Japanese travel writings about China (1862–

1945); the Japanese community of Shanghai; Japanese historiography (1784–

present) concerning the gold seal presented by the founding emperor of the Later Han dynasty in 57 CE to an emissary from somewhere in that space we now call Japan and soon lost before being found in the late eighteenth century; and most recently, the voyage of the Senzaimaru in 1862 and the restarting of Sino-Japanese diplomatic and commercial relations in the modern era. Many run-ups to and spin-offs from these (and other) projects are represented in the essays that follow in this collection.

In 1988 I called together a small group which met in my hotel room at the annual meeting of the Association for Asian Studies, and we formed the Sino-Japanese Studies Group. There were only about fifteen of us at the time—

Sherman Cochran reassured me that there were fewer participants at the first national congress of the Chinese Communist Party—and we weren’t exactly

Introduction: My Route Into Asian Studies

sure what we wanted to do, but we agreed that we would try to meet each year in conjunction with the AAS meetings and that I would launch the Sino-Japanese Studies Newsletter. It was to come out twice annually. I then sent out hundreds of announcements for subscriptions to this new periodical, and we were off. After two issues, we dropped “Newsletter” from the title. Aside from a short hiatus, we have been bringing SJS out ever since. It is now free and

online (www.chinajapan.org), and articles are posted as they are run through the reviewing mill and accepted.

I began my teaching career at Harvard University (1981–1988) at a time when there was no normal route to tenure candidacy there. I then moved to the University of California at Santa Barbara (1989–2005). My position in the History Department there was defined as “comparative East Asianist,” a designation I was extremely proud to flaunt. During that time I was blessed with a one-year visiting professorship at Kyoto University’s prestigious Institute for Research in the Humanities (Jinbun kagaku kenkyūjo) and blessed again with a two-year visiting professorship (2001–2003) at the School of Historical Studies, Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. In 2005 I took up my present Canada Research Chair at York University in Toronto.

I had hoped that the kind of “border-crossing” that my research entails would become a broader trend than it has in the larger world of East Asian studies. The systemic problems remain: difficult languages, institutional pressures to work on one country at a time, latent anti-Japanese feelings in the China field, and the like. In fact, many people have overcome these disabilities, though not all of them have come rushing to do inter-East Asian studies. I personally remained convinced that the modern histories of the two entities we now called “China” and “Japan” (to say nothing of “Taiwan” and “Hong Kong”) are so inextricably intertwined that one has to take the other into account when studying virtually any topic. Before the middle of the nineteenth century, this statement is more difficult to sustain, but there are those who are so convinced.

The essays in this collection represent work I have done over the past thirty-plus years, from my last days as a graduate student in the late 1970s through more recent times. The field of Sino-Japanese studies as I understand it can be roughly divided into comparative history and the history of interactions. Most of these essays take up the latter theme, though some address the former or employ both approaches.

■ Source: “Art History and Sino-Japanese Relations,” in The Role of Japan in Modern China Art (International and Area Studies, University of California, 2013), 1–10.