*This page intentionally left blank *
i n d e x
*Italic page numbers denote maps, plates, fi gures, and tables. *
abandonment. *See * child abandonment
abortion (induced), frequency: estimated from
abortifacients and emenagogues, 28, 49, 56, 57,
reported stillbirths, 119–23, 122, 215, 216, 118, 175, 321n28
217, 218, 219; estimated from simulation
abortion (induced): advertisements for, 28, 57,
model, 112–13, 115, 320n9; relative to
117, 175, 94n6, 300n26, 302–3nn64–66;
infanticide, 116–17, 196; summary of
as cipher for infanticide, 198, 221; in cities
diff erent approaches, 18, 123–25, 124
of Tokugawa Japan, 28, 51, 57, 117, 294n6;
abortion providers, 56–58, 231, 308n11; Chūjō
conceptual and moral distinction from
school of, 60; in fi ctional accounts, 49,
infanticide, 15–16, 116–17, 291nn27–29,
135, 299n9; government policy toward,
302n62; convictions for, 70, 212–13, 341n10;
51; memorials for aborted fetuses and, 58;
dangers and deaths, 49, 51, 116, 121, 135,
punishments for, 51, 212, 341n17; spirit
211, 212, 229, 243, 316n48, 320nn9–10;
attacks on, 49
early-term, 52, 121, 175; Edo-period bans,
abortion (spontaneous). *See * miscarriages
51, 175, 300n26; eff ects of pregnancy surveil-
abstinence, 118, 347n16. See also * kanoesaru*
lance on, 175; elite attitudes, 51, 56, 193,
adoption, 63, 66, 92, 95, 100, 133, 307n29
300n25; fetal spirits, 49, 58, 152, 328–29n78;
adultery, 105
as main means of birth control in 1950s, 9,
age: at fi rst recording, 254–55; at marriage, 37,
15, 73, 293n59; Meiji-period bans, 197–99,
110, 112, 113, 246, 345n72; of parents, as
201, 337n28; methods, 56, 117, 320n11,
predictor for child’s sex and fortune, 98–100;
322n46; and out-of-wedlock pregnancies, 25,
of spouses, diff erence between, 99, 254; at
105, 322n44; pregnancy stage and, 121, 123,
weaning, 107, 319n90
322n46; punishments by authorities, 70, 178,
age heaping, 352n13
212, 333nn82,87, 341n10; punishments in
age pattern of mortality. *See * life tables
hell, 137, 328–29n78; as restoration of men-
age-specifi c fertility rates (ASFR), 8, 18, 245–47,
ses, 53, 57, 175, 301n34. *See also * abortifa-
254; and yakudoshi, 100, 316n39
cients and emenagogues; abortion providers;
age-specifi c rates of infanticide, 309n27
criminalization of abortion; * * legalization of
Aichi prefecture 愛知県, 204, 215
abortion; miscarriages; mizuko kuyō
Aizawa Seishisai 会沢正志斎, 187
397
398 index
Aizu domain 会津藩, xix, xx; childrearing
Anjirō (fi rst Japanese convert to Christianity), 70
endowments, 185; childrearing subsidies,
Annaka domain 安中藩, xx, 135, 169, 287,
160, 164, 166, 167, 287, 331n44, 333n91;
334n14
depopulation, 13, 323n5; early infanticide
anovulatory cycles, 320n9
bans, 300n26; economy, 4, 80–81; fertility
antlion cities hypothesis ( *toshi arijigoku setsu *
rates, 277; infant corpses found in, 300n16;
都市蟻地獄説), 41, 44
infanticide reputation, 281–82; inheritance
Aoki village 青木村, 129, 323n1
laws, 305n5; moral suasion, 136, 154; popu-
Aomori prefecture 青森県, 201, 215, 322n48, lation growth, 13; pregnancy surveillance,
337n28
287; public pledges, 333n91; recognitions
Arai Nobuaki 荒井宣昭, 47, 59, 104, 299nn2–3,
for prolifi c parents, 185; tax exemptions for * *
328n76
pregnant women, 81
Arai Utei 新居雨亭, 152, 154
Akabane Bunji 赤羽文治, 334n4
Arimoto Masao 有元正雄, 295nn16–17
Akamatsu Keisuke 赤松啓介, 343n33
Asakusanaka village 浅草中村, 36, 37, 96,
Aki 安芸, xviii, 27, 35, 42, 284, 295n16
295–96n20
Akita domain 秋田藩, xix, *xx, * 49, 68, 78, 143, Asama, Mt., 浅間山, 129
283, 302n52, 318n5, 320n5, 338n32; chil-
Ashikaga 足利 town and academy, 80, 141
drearing subsidies, 165, 167, 169, 287;
Ashitate village 足立村, 130, 350n18
depopulation, 323n5; inheritance laws,
Ashi Tōzan 芦東山, 80, 310n41
305n5; loans to start new households,
Asō domain 麻生藩, xx, 174, 287
323n19; moral suasion, 143; *onbuikunin *
Awa (Bōshū) province 安房国, xviii, 284
御撫育人, 169; population registers, 352n13;
Azuma 東. See Eastern Japan
pregnancy surveillance, 287
Akita prefecture 秋田県, 124, 181, 201, 204,
bachelors, 133, 189. *See also * never-married
337n28; sex ratios, 123, 210, * * 211, 343n40; individuals
stillbirths, 215, * 226*; fertility rates, 225, *banbutsu no reichō (banmotsu no reichō) * 万物の
226, 291n19
霊長, 140–44, 146, 325nn11,16
almanacs, 53, 54, 102–3, 153
*Banmin kokoro no kagami * 万民心のかゝみ,
alternating the sexes of children, preference for,
136–37
95, 96
Banshū Kiyomizudera 播州清水寺, 29, 300n59
Amano Sadakage 天野信景, 49
barbarism, infanticide associated with, 195–97,
amenorrhea. *See * famine, amenorrhea; lactational 205, 337n16
amenorrhea; sterility
Bashō. *See * Matsuo Bashō
Amida Buddha 阿弥陀仏, 54–56, 62, 151
Basic Data Sheets (BDS), 259, 274, 350n18
Amida no shaku ni iwaku 阿弥陀の釈に曰, 143,
Belgium, fertility decline in, 234
145–46, 147, 327nn36–37
Berry, Mary Elizabeth, 298n65
Amino Yoshihiko 網野善彦, 45
Bingo province 備後国, xviii, 27, 210, 284, 295n16
ancestors, 21, 48, 58, 62–64, 67, 71, 242. See also
birth. *See * childbirth
fi lial piety; Funerary Buddhism
birth control. See abortion (induced);
Andō Shikō 安藤紫香, 18–19, 316n40
contraception
Andō Shōeki 安藤昌益, 105, 330n31
birth defects, 104–5
animals, 55, 59–60, 142, 300n27; animal
birth intervals, 106–8, 230, 349n7; adjustment
analogies, 138–46, 148, 325nn11,19;
to Own-Children Method, 247, 319n101; as
category non-existent in Edo period,
motive for infanticide, 76
299n2; as moral guideposts, 59, 138;
birth order: and infant mortality, 229; and
infanticidal parents portrayed as, 139–40,
sex ratios, 95, 96, 229–30. See also sibset 140, 146, 147, 156; infanticidal parents called sex ratios
inferior to, 68, 140–44, 146, 153, 325n16;
birth rates, 12, 14, 15, 282n43, 297n40
protection of, 51, 159, 394n95; ravaging
birth spacing. *See * birth intervals; child spacing depopulated areas, 130; and reckless
Bismarck, Otto von, 46
reproduction, 43–45, 59–60, 183, 189,
Bitchū province 備中国, xviii, 27, 42, 210, 211, 304n94; souls of, 47–48, 58–59
233, 282
index 399
Bizen province 備前国, xviii, sex ratios, 36, * *
census data, Tokugawa period: previous
210, 211; infanticide in, 39, 296n28; labor
scholarship, 17, 292n14; regional diff erences
migration to, 42; stillbirth rate, 233; village
in growth and decline, 17, 34, 41; reliability,
studies, 36, 289n6
6, 30–32, 34, 290n12, 291n21, 294n14;
bodhisattvas, 1, 49, 57, 146, 156–57, 178, 324n5.
sex ratios, 32, 33
See also Jizō; Kannon
Central Japan, xviii, 18, 28, 45, 199; labor
Boissonade de Fontarabie, Gustave Emile, 211–12
migration in, 40, 41; population registers
*Bokuyokuhen * ト欲篇, 194, 336n1
and births, 54
Bolitho, Harold, 309n12
Chai Wang 柴望, 102
Book of Documents, * Th*
- e *( *Shujing or Shokyō *
Charter Oath (1868), 198
書経), 141, 325n8
Chiba prefecture 千葉県, *201, * 203, 216, 226, Boshi Aiikukai 母子愛育会 (Maternal
303n75, 337n28, 340n64; decline in
Nurturance Association), 206, 340n79
stillbirths aft er 1898, 221; pregnancy
Boshi hogohō 母子保護法 (Bill for the
surveillance, 214; stillbirths, 120, *215, * 221,
Protection of Mothers and Children,
*226, * 227, 233–34, 235
1937), 231
Chichibu district 秩父郡, *86, * 154, 284, 313n80,
Bōsō peninsula 房総半島, 78, 162, 181,
330n26, 335n30
199–200, 202, 203, 204
Chihō Kairyō (Local Improvement) movement
branch households, 61, 76, 65, 101, 306n16,
地方改良運動, 206
324n32; government encouragement of, 133,
Chikugo province 筑後国, xviii, * 27, 33, * 110, 135; literature promoting, 135–37, 324n32
281, 283
breastfeeding, 46, 107–8, 112, 228, 250, 319n90,
Chikuma prefecture 筑摩県, subsidy for
347n16. See also lactational amenorrhea
foundlings, 338n37
Breschi, Marco, 252
Chikuzen province 筑前国, xviii, 27, 33, 110, buddhas: children as bestowed by, 191–92,
142, 195, 283, 304n81
300n31, 335n39; surveying infanticide
child abandonment: in Japan, 55, 159, 199,
scenes, 146, 147, 149, 150
*201, * 299n12, 337n28, 347n24; in Europe,
Buddhism, 40, 44, 181, 204; animal spirits
119, 243, 325n19, 333n85, 348n34; mock
and, 58–59; and visions of early pregnancy,
abandonments, 106; Nagakubo Sekisui’s
52, 300n31; moral suasion literature and,
argument for encouraging, 188
140–41, 146; Nativist disdain for, 56,
childbirth: and conceptual boundaries, 15–16;
335n39. See also Buddhist priests; Funerary
concrete cases, 7, 101, 106–7, 170–72;
Buddhism; hell scrolls; Jōdoshinshū; karma
physical setting, 56, 85, 86, 146, 149, 150, Buddhist priests, 233; foundling homes and,
*152, * 156; rituals attending, 15, 53, 87; survey 56, 204; funerary rites for animals, 58; of
of customs, 39, 206–7; unassisted, 218.
Jōdoshinshū, 44; magic traditions of, 104;
*See also * midwives
as opponents of infanticide, 39, 56, 148–51,
child mortality: 8–9; concerns over, 219;
156, 327n49, 328n72; permissive of
concrete cases, 88, 101, 332n65; determi-
infanticide, 39, 55–56, 104
nants, 247; relation to infant mortality,
Bukkai Tenchō 仏海天潮, 142, 148, 326n23
250–51, 350–51nn22–24; replacement of
Bungo province 豊後国, xviii, 27, 32, 33, dead child, 96; ritualization of, 54, 303n75;
283, 320n5
sources on, 254, 291–92n32, 350n18; trends
Burns, Susan, 18, 107, 121, 153, 334n13
in, 249, 350n12. See also parents, attachment
Buyō Inshi 武陽隠士, 294n5, 298n52, 336n12
to chosen children
Buzen province 豊前国, xviii, 27, 283, 320n5
child neglect, 46, 322n49, 348n34
childrearing: agriculture as metaphor for, 97,
calculus of conscious choice (in fertility
132, 314n15; diff erent cultures of, 25–28,
decisions), 190
43–44, 46, 302n94; likened to farming,
cash crops, 3–4, 80–81, 84, 258, 311n64. *See also *
66–67, 97–98; moral economy of, 84–89, 86;
regression; sericulture
as patriotic duty, 184–86, 229; valorization
castletowns, 3, 54, 160
of, 158–59, 177, 227. *See also * economics of
celibacy, 133, 134, 243
childrearing
400 index
childrearing subsidies: age of children eligible
commoners: childrearing subsidies fi nanced
for, 81; compulsory contributions to,
by, 162, 164; critical views of infanticide
166, *201, * 202, 338n41; criticisms of, 179; dis-
countermeasures, 184; as driving force
continued, 181, 204; domains with, *xix, xx, *
behind infanticide countermeasures, 20,
30, *31, * 159–64, 287–88; donations toward,
30, 153–54, 162, 330n26; promoted to
161–62, 164–65, 168, 202; eff ectiveness,
warrior status, 165, 194. See also petitions;
16, 158, 168, 178–82, 339n45; as expected
policy proposals; village headmen
feature of good governance, 159–62, 164;
compound family, 62
limited to the poor, 76, 166, 168; in Meiji
conception: modeling, 113, 320n9; outside
period, 200–204, *201, * 220; political
marriage, 25, 105, 200, 240; as predictor of
motivations for, 70, 182, 189; privately
child’s fortune, 98–103, 317n57; as result
administered, 168, 333n78; scale of, 166–69;
of divine will, 190–91; seasonality of, 118;
sources of revenue for, 164–66; as symbol of
understanding of, 241
social meaning of childrearing, 21, 70, 158,
condoms, 223, 241, 344n64
178–82, 185; timing of introduction, 159–64,
Confucianism, 40, 67, 141–42
163, 287–288
Confucian scholars, 105, 80, 141–42, 194–95,
children: entry into human community, 15;
325n7, 336n13
gender of, 91–92, 93, 94, 95–96, 95; as conjugal power relations in infanticide decisions,
hindrance to productive work, 81, 311n47;
37, 296n21. *See also * fathers; mothers
labor of, 83–84; mourning rites for, 54,
consumer culture, 2, 85, 86, 87–89
299n15; rebirth in Pure Land, 54–55; rites
contraception: as alternative to infanticide, 241;
of passage and, 54. See also chosen children;
birth control clinics, 218, 223; debates over,
infants and newborns; small children
118, 218–19, 224; drop in stillbirth rates and,
child spacing, 97–98, 106, 108
222–24, 227; dubious knowledge of, 117–19;
China: classic medical texts, 99, 103; family
in Edo period, 117–18, 175, 190, 321n34;
system of, 72; fi lial piety, 67–68; gender
magical methods, 99, 119, 303n72; modern,
balance of children, 96, 236; hell paintings,
209, 222, 224, 232; in 1950 survey, 345n71;
148; infanticide, 236, 237, 336n3, 346–47n10;
prostitutes and, 117–19, 241; and simulation
infant mortality rates, 173, 332n71; Japanese
model, 113, 117; spread of knowledge
attitudes toward, 191, 194–95, 336n3;
about, 218. See also coitus interruptus;
Japanese beliefs about infanticide in, 194–95,
contraceptives and contraceptive devices;
307n38, 336n3; Ming dynasty, 49, 99, 103,
family planning
142, 290n12; moral suasion against infan-
contraceptives and contraceptive devices:
ticide, 142; prognostication manuals from,
domestic production, 223, 345n66; in Edo
97, 105–6; pronatalist policies, 133, 194–95;
period, 117–18, 321n14; government
Qing dynasty, 236, 290n12, 346–47n10;
regulations, 218, 340–41n3; modern
Shang dynasty, 188; Southern Song
advertisements for, 218, 223, 345n66.
dynasty, 194, 236, 346n9; views of fetal
*See also * abortifacients; condoms;
spirits, 49, 299n9
contraception; pessaries
cholera, 9, 15, 249, 350n12
core and periphery, 20, 196–98, 200, 205,
chosen children: acceptance rituals, 53; death
282, 293n57
of, 9, 242; sequencing of, 96–98; sex of, 66,
cottage industries, 80, 81. *See also * sericulture 91–100, 102–3; spacing of, 106–8. *See also *
countryside, barbarism and infanticide
fertility norms
associated with, 196, 336n8
Chōshū domain 長州藩, xix, 338n32
criminalization of abortion (early Meiji),
Christians/Christianity, 6, 15, 188, 204, 291n28
71,197–99, 201, 202, 208, 211–13, 337n28,
Chūjō school of abortionists 中条流, 60
338n37; motives for, 211–13, 342nn22–23
civilization, discourses about, 195–207, 213
class relations, 17, 69, 71, 81, 87–90
Danjuro database, 8, 259, 274, 295n18
Coale, Ansley, 248
Daoism, 103
coital frequencies, 35, 37, 76, 113, 320n9, 347n16
datasets, underlying this study. *See * Ten
coitus interruptus, 117–18, 119, 241
Provinces dataset
index 401
*datai * 堕胎 (abortion), 173; as cipher for
E region/prefecture 鄂州 (in Hubei), 234
infanticide, 198, 221; glossed mabiki,
Eastern Japan: characteristics of, 3–4, 6;
291n29
childrearing subsidies, 160, 167; economy,
Date Masamune 伊達政宗, 50
3–4, 80–84, 258; defi ned, xviii, 3, 4, 289n4;
Date Munekatsu 伊達宗勝, 51
fertility rates, 9, 11, 15, 44, 80, 84, 231;
daycare centers, 83, 311n54
fertility rise aft er 1910, 9, 10, 225, 290n18;
death rates: in cities and towns, 41,
and governors from Western Japan in 1870s,
44, 297n40; crude death rate (CDR),
199–200; infanticide reputation, 26, 27, 179,
14, 249–50; Own-Children Method
281–84; internal diversity of fertility rates,
(OCM) and, 245–52. *See also * child
37, 38, 276–80; as largest contiguous area of
mortality; infant mortality; life expectancy;
culture of infanticide, 26–37; names for, 4,
life tables
289n7; population growth, 12, 13; as unit of
de jure and de facto registers, 256
analysis, 19–20, 30; in world demographic
Demeny, Paul, 248
history, 236–37. *See also * Tōgoku dataset
demographic dividend, 347n17
Ebata Jirōemon 江幡次郎右衛門, 141,
demographic revolution, Eastern Japan’s, 2,
301n40, 316n48
*10, 11, * 13
Echigo dataset: fertility rates, 37, 278; sibset sex Demographic Transition Th
eory, 2–3, 12, *14, *
ratio pattern, 296n22; villages in, 5, 267–68
15, 240, 291nn22–24, 347n16
“Echigo milk,” 107
demography, 183; discourse and, 20–22, 227,
Echigo province 越後国, xviii, emigration and
229; Edo period, demographic thinking
recruitment of settlers from, 42–44, 133,
in, 187–90; famines and, 160; historical,
189, 197, 297n46; infanticide abhorred in, 6,
17–18, 35, 45, 236–37. *See also * population
27, 43, 78, 181, 282, 284; Jōdoshinshū sect,
projections
44, 294n15; prostitutes from, 42–43, 189,
dependency ratios, 45, 77, 79
297n48, 298n52; sex ratios, 33, 37, 296n22.
depopulation, 4, 20, 62, 133, 162, 206;
*See also * Echigo dataset
contraception and, 118, 119, 321n28;
Echizen province 越前国, xviii, 27, 42, 294n5, crisis of late eighteenth century, 129–30;
295n18
opposition to infanticide and, 21,
economics of childrearing, 181; costs, 85,
129–30, 142; regional trends and,
87–88; during subsistence crises, 76–80;
17, 34; urbanization and, 44; and
eff ect of subsidies on, 158, 168; for diff erent
wild animals, 130
socioeconomic strata, 73, 76; opportunity
De Santis, Gustavo, 252
cost of mother’s labor, 80–83, 310–11n47;
desired fertility / family size, 192, 229. *See also *
opportunity cost of consumption, 85; value
fertility norms
of children’s labor, 83–84, 227. *See also * desire desire to live well, as motive for infanticide, 76,
to live well as motive for infanticide; moral
80, 84–85, 88, 90, 310–11n47
economy; poverty; rich villagers
Dewa province 出羽国, xviii, 27, 33, 57, 78, 80, economy of Eastern Japan, 3–4, 80–83
110, 281–83, 298n52
Edo 江戸: abortions in, 28, 57, 58, 294n6;
disease and epidemics, 9, 101, 125, 248.
fi res, 41; labor migration to, 32, 41, 130,
*See also * cholera; measles; smallpox; syphilis;
296–97n33; population size, 40; pregnancy
tuberculosis
surveillance in 1690s, 159
divination, 96–100
Egypt, 237
division of labor in household, gendered, 81
Ehime prefecture 愛媛県, 215, 223
divorce, 63, 99, 254, 347nn15–16
Eipo people, 345n10
doctors. *See * physicians
Eiten Oshō 栄天和尚 of Zuiun’in 瑞雲院, 56,
dogs: as symbol of reckless reproduction, 43, 60,
327n49
192; protection of, 159, 304n95
Ekōin temple 回向院 (Shitamachi, Edo), 58,
domains, xix, * xx*, as units of analysis, 19; 152, 303n76
abolition of (1871), 204, 205–6, 212, 337n27;
*ema * 絵馬. See votive tablets
domesticity, 227, 241
emigration, 42, 61, 294n10, 296–97n33. *See also *
dowries, 66, 164, 200, 306n27, 338n39
labor migration
402 index
Emishi people 蝦夷, 196, 197, 336n13
decision to abort or commit infanticide, 26,
empiricism, 139, 143, 146
101, 106, 131, 136, 148, 156, 212, 328–29n78.
endowments, 133, 160–66, 201, 202–4, 339n58
*See also * grandparents, role in infanticide
Eng, Robert, 17, 37, 72, 96
fecundity, 18, 79, 112–13; in famines, 77, 175
England, 213, 301n34, 348n4, 351n24
Feeney, Griffi
th, 79, 292n43
Enma 閻魔 (judge of the underworld), 149, 150,
female infanticide. *See * sex-selective infanticide 152, 152
fertility/fertility rates: in absence of abortions
environmental explanations for Tokugawa
and contraception, 115; in absence of
Japan’s demographic diversity, 44–45, 298n59
infanticides and contraception, 114; below-
Epictetus, 325n19
replacement, 9, 11; change by prefecture,
Esashi prefecture 江刺県, 201, 338n41
ca. 1910–1925, 225, 226, 290n18; in cities Etchū province 越中国, xviii, 33; infanticide and towns, 41, 297n40; defi ned, 15–16;
abhorred in, 25, 26, 27, 284; Jōdoshinshū
determinants of, 112–13, 320n9; by district
sect, 44; labor migration from, 42; prostitutes
and decade, 1650–1869, 276–280; in Eastern
from, 298n52
Japan, 1650–2010, 9, 10, 38, 276–80; in
Europe: celibacy, 243; child abandonment, 119,
Echigo dataset, 278; historical narratives
243, 348n34; child neglect, 243, 348n34;
about, 3, 12, 239–40; modern decline, *see *
fertility transition, 53, 89, 219, 234–36,
fertility transition; and modernity, 2–3,
291n23, 345n68; historical demography,
238–39, 347n16; Monte Carlo simulation
236, 237; infant mortality, 107, 108, 173,
and, 112–13, 114–15, 116; in Nanbu dataset,
332n71, 351n24; stillbirth statistics, 120,
276; possibility of future rises, 239–40;
216, 218, 322n38; as threat to Japan, 186–87;
previous village studies of, 35, 36; in Sado
views on infanticide and abortion, 71, 153,
dataset, 278; stratifi ed by landholdings, 73,
177, 211–13
74; in Tōgoku dataset, 9, 10, 38, 276–80; in event history analysis, 79, 309n26
Tsugaru dataset, 276; in Western Shimōsa
Ezochi 蝦夷地 (Hokkaido), 186, 187, 189
dataset, 6, 280. See also Own-Children
Method; parity-specifi c fertility control;
family. See branch households; stem family/
reverse fertility transition
household
fertility norms, 89–91, 313nn86–87, 319n1
family planning: aft er World War II, 22, 73;
fertility transition: global, 3, 89, 192, 347n17;
cultures of, 28; numeracy about children
in Europe, 53, 89, 219, 234–36, 291n23; in
and, 89; prognostication and, 96–100;
Japan, 15, 224, 225, 226, 231
retreat of, 238. *See also * abortion (induced);
fetal death. *See * miscarriages; stillbirth
contraception; infanticide
fetuses, 19, 153; aborted, commemoration of,
famine: amenorrhea, 75, 113; blamed on
19, 58; personhood of, 51–53, 71; sex change
vengeful spirits, 48–49; fertility rates during,
rituals, 98–99; sex divination of, 96, 98–100,
9, 10, 11, 74, 124; Hōreki (1750s), 30–32, 57, 104; souls or spirits of, 49, 58; and under-78, 303n69; infanticide linked to, 57, 77–79,
standings of fetal development, 53, 153
303n69; mortality rates, 14, 129–30, 248,
fi lial piety, 65–68, 87, 183, 308n42, 336n5
250, 348n6; and perception of demographic
fi res, urban, 41, 58, 102, 295n38, 303n76,
crisis, 160; population decline and, 13, * * 32, 316n46
129–30; population growth interrupted by,
fl oods, 49, 102, 129, 248, 259
9, 12, 13, 15; Tenmei (1780s), 78, 79, 129,
folklore ( *minzokugaku * 民俗学) studies, 19, 39,
130–31, 151, 160, 310n35; Tenpō (1830s),
72, 99, 206, 293n52, 340n79
9, 12, 78, 124, 310n35; unintended infant
food: cost of feeding children, 87, 90, 168, 184,
deaths in, 309n26
310–11n47; and population, theories about,
farm manuals, 97
189–93, 217; prices in Eastern Japan, 3;
fathers: age as predictor for child’s sex and
production in Eastern Japan, 80–81;
fortune, 98–100; portrayed as killing their
subsidies disbursed as, 159, 165, 168, 179.
newborn child, 26, 156; oaths not to commit
See also famine; malnutrition; rice prices
infanticide by, 178, 333n91; punishments for,
forensic investigations of stillbirths and infant
28, 55, 156, 172–73, 212, 333nn80,82; role in
deaths, 171–73, 214, 223
index 403
foundling homes, 56, 119, 189, 200, 203, 243,
Gu Biao 賈彪, 302n52
335n30
guilt about infanticides and abortions, 57–58,
France, 117–18, 212–13, 220, 234, 243
129, 138, 241–42, 303n75, 348n28
*fudai * 譜代・普代 (permanent servants,
Gunma prefecture 群馬県, 10, 56, 215, 225, 227, bondservants, vassals), 43, 73, 131, 188, 257
235
Fujian, 96
Guo Ju 郭巨, 67–68, 308n42, 336n5
Fujioka intendancy 藤岡代官所, 287
Fujioka Kichihei 藤岡吉平, 204–5
Haba Hie Shrine 羽場日枝神社, 326n34
Fujita Yūkoku 藤田幽谷, 184, 185, 187, 188,
Habu Zen’emon 羽生善右衛門, 325n17, 326n30
194, 336n1
Hachinohe domain 八戸藩, xix, xx, 30, 130,
Fujito village 藤戸村, 36
199; famine deaths, 130, 323n4; population
Fukiage village 吹上村, 36
registers, 294n12. *See also * Nanbu lands
Fukui 福井 domain and prefecture, xix, 42, 215
Haga Mitsuoki 芳賀光起, 326n27
Fukuoka 福岡 domain and prefecture, xix, 215, Hamano Kiyoshi 浜野潔, 79, 292nn33,43,
327n49; childrearing subsidies, 162, 167, 168,
297n40, 346n1
287; infanticide reputation, 283; pregnancy
Hanabusa Fuhaku 英不白, 154
surveillance, 174, 287
Hanawa intendancy 塙代官所, xx, 19, 142,
Fukushima prefecture 福島県, 44, 80, 185,
167, 168, 174, 197–98, 287, 321n36, 328n19.
197, 206, 291n19; fertility rise in, 225, 226; See also Teranishi Jūjirō
stillbirths, 215, 226, 235
Hanawa village 塙村, 19–20, 197, 198
Fukuyama domain 福山藩, xix, 284
Hanley, Susan, 17, 41, 72, 73
Funatsu Denjibei 船津伝次平, 88, 314n15
*hao zi * 䴧子, 236, 346n9
Funerary Buddhism, 58–59, 62–64, 129, 148,
Hara Nan’yō 原南陽, 194, 336n1
240, 305n10
Hardacre, Helen, 19, 50
Futsukaichiya Jirōemon 二日市屋次郎右衛門,
Hashizume Bin 橋詰敏, 68, 107
25–26
Hayakawa Hachirōzaemon 早川八郎左衛門
(Masanori 正紀), 299–300n15
gender: division of labor by, 81; of painted
Hayami Akira 速水融, 8, 17, 41, 44–45, 249,
infanticide victims, 96
256, 259, 274, 295n20, 296n33, 298nn59–60
gender, in infanticide discourses, 18, 156.
Hayashi Shihei 林子平, 186, 187
*See also * fathers, portrayed as killing their
Hayato 隼人 people, 197
newborn child; midwives, portrayed as
headmen. *See * village headmen
killing newborns; mothers, infanticidal,
Heijūrō 平十郎 (agent for Intendant
portrayed as demons or animals; mothers,
Takegaki), 197
portrayed as killing their newborn child
Heinosuke 平之助 (childrearing offi
cial in
Gen Senshi 元蟾子, 195
Sendai), 107, 175
Germany, 46, 212, 218, 243, 299n66, 301n34,
hell scrolls, 28, 50, 148–49, 150, 151, 152,
332n71
285–86, 327n56
ghosts. *See * spirit wrath
Henley, David, 347n16
Gifu prefecture 岐阜県, 215
Herai village 戸来村, 129
Gihan 義範 of Shinkōji 真光寺, 56, 57, 302n57,
Hida province 飛騨国, xviii, 27, 35, 249, 294n5
325n16, 327n49
Higo province 肥後国, xviii, 27, 33, 294n5
Go-Mizuo, Emperor 後水尾天皇, 51
Hikone 彦根, 40
*goningumi * 五人組 (fi ve-man groups), 169–73,
*hinin * 非人. *See * outcaste status
178, 333n87
hinoeuma 丙午 (yang-fi re horse zodiac sign),
Goryō village 五料村, 36
102, 204, 318n85; origin of stigma, 102;
gossypol, 117
pamphlets against, 29, 102, 104, 155,
Goujian, King of Yue 越王勾踐, 133, 194
316nn48–49, 317n67; stillbirth statistics
grandparents, role in infanticide, 64–65, 88, 144,
and, 122, 217
149, 150, 183, 306n22
Hiraga Gennai 平賀源内, 142
Greece, 236, 237, 325n19, 346n7
Hirai Shōko 平井晶子, 351n6
Guan Zhong 管仲, 324n22
Hirayama Chūbei 平山忠兵衛, 162
404 index
Hirosaki domain 弘前藩, xix, 30, 32, 78,
Imhof, Arthur, 46
129–30, 284; famine deaths, 78, 129–30, 247,
Imperial Japan, 6, 12, 71, 102; labor migration in,
323n4; fertility, 32; sex ratios, 32, 210
42; population growth, 208; stillbirth and vital
Hirose Ihachirō 広瀬伊八郎, 161
statistics, 2, 4, 10, 11, 14, 120–21, 122, 123, Hiroshima 広島 city, domain, prefecture, xix, 25,
214–20, 215, 217, 322n38, 341n15, 342n27, 42, 199, 215, 284
344n51, 351n28. See also Meiji period
Hiroshima Kiyoshi 廣嶋清志, 352n27
Inaba province 因幡国, xviii, 33, 210, 211
Hishida Ki 菱田禧, 199
*Inagokusa * 螽草・いなこ草・螽斯篇, 103
Hitachi province 常陸国, xviii, 33, 166, 233, Inba prefecture 印旛県, 201, 203, 337n28
336n12; depopulation, 129, 130, 323n5;
indenture contracts, 66, 83, 255
infanticide reputation, 27, 32, 110, 281–84
India, 70, 129, 195
Hita prefecture 日田県, 200, 201, * * 203, 337n28
industrialization, 203, 238
Hoken Eisei Chōsakai 保険衛生調査会, 219
infanticide: changing geography of, 39–40;
Hōki province 伯耆国, xviii, 33, * 210*, 211
conceptual and moral distinction from
Hokkaido 北海道, 42, 186, 189, 215
abortion, 15–16, 116–17, 291nn27–29,
Hokuriku region 北陸, xviii, 48; Buddhist
302n62; convictions in Meiji period,
sects in, 35; emigration from, 25, 42, 131;
341n16; defense of, 1, 43, 68, 70, 71,
infanticide abhorred in, 26, 284, 294n5;
156, 157, 304n94, 308n42; discourses
winter in, 42. See also individual domains, * *
sustaining, 20–22; euphemisms for, 50,
provinces, * and prefectures*
66, 132, 207, 240, 307n32; famines linked
Honda Toshiaki 本多利明, 189–90, 192
to, 77–79; fi rst-person accounts, 70, 101,
*Hōnen zeisho * 豊年税書, 62
346n84; household dynamics behind
Honjō Eijirō 本庄栄治郎, 71
decision to commit, 37, 51, 55–56, 64–65,
horoscopes, 66, 101–3, 236
76, 106, 200, 223, 296n21; as incompatible
household registers, 209
with civilization, 194–207, 336n8;
Howell, David, 258, 293n57, 337n17
inhumanity of, 55, 139–46, 148, 325nn16,19;
Hozumi Hoan 穂積甫庵, 52, 56, 322n46
Monte Carlo simulation and, 112–13,
Huan, Duke of Qi 齊桓公, 133, 324n22
114–15, 116; monuments for victims of,
human agency, 239
57–58; newspaper reports about, 219–220,
hunger, 77, 78, 79, 125. *See also * famine
344n53; persistence in Meiji period,
husbands. *See * fathers
208–9, 210, 211; prevalence of, 18, 282n43;
Hyōgo prefecture 兵庫県, 215, 224, 225, 226, punishments for, 55, 177–78, 300n26;
343n33
regionally diverse attitudes toward, 26, 27,
Hyūga province 日向国, xviii, 27, * 33*, 210, 216, 28, 45–46; retreat of, 9, 46, 124, 125, 120–231
282–84, 294n5, 304n92, 307n32, 320n5;
(esp. 179–82, 180, 222–24, 225– 26, 227, 228, Ibaraki prefecture 茨城県, 44, 198, 201,
229); sex selection and, 92, 96, 110, 111, 112,
204, 216, 224, 229, 337n28; Ogawa Hayashi’s
116, 314n3; stillbirth statistics and, 120, 122; memorandum to, 220–21; stillbirths, 215,
subcultures in 1930s and 1940s, 229–230;
220–21, 224, 227, * 235*; fertility rise aft er
as threat to national security, 186–88; in
1910, 225, 226
twentieth-century oral histories, 99, 206,
223, 306n22, 346n84; variation in village
Ichinoseki domain 一関藩, 174, 252, 257, 287,
attitudes toward, 332–33n78. *See *
323n5, 338n41
also infanticide, estimates of frequency;
Igarashi Tomiyasu 五十嵐富安, 154
infanticide and abortion, traces in
Ihara Saikaku 井原西鶴, 49, 98–99, 142, 308n38
demographic record
Ikeda Tanenori 池田種徳, 199
infanticide, estimates of frequency: in Daoyi,
Ikuei Dōmeisha 育嬰同盟社 (Infant-Rearing
Liaoning, 344n10; by Edo-period observers,
League), 204
110, 320n5, 336n12; among the Eipo of
Ikujikai 育児会 (Childrearing Society), 204, 221
Irian Jaya, 345n10; by other historical
Ikuji kokuyu 育児告諭, 340n1
demographers of Japan, 17–18, 292n43; in
*Ikushihen * 育子編, 55, 143, 328n59
Qing Imperial lineage, 344n10; relative
*Ikushi zusetsu * 育児図説, 82
to abortions, 116–17, 196; from reported
index 405
neonatal deaths, 125; from reported
96–100; by sex of siblings, 91–92, 93, 94, stillbirths, 119–23, 122, 215, 217, 218, 219; 95–96, 95; spacing of children, 106–8
from sex ratio distortions, 110–12, 111;
inheritance laws, 61–62, 305n5
from simulation model, 112–16, 114, 115; Inō Kōken 稲生恒軒, 103
stratifi ed by landholdings, 74, 75, 76;
Inoue Ikutsune 井上如常, 154, 330n26, 335n30
summary of diff erent approaches, 18,
Inoue Shimei 井上四明, 325n17, 336n13
123–25, 124
insects, memorials for, 47–48, 49, 59, 60, 148
infanticide, opponents of, 1, 4, 16, 67, 232–33;
intendancies, 20, 30, 161, 164
Buddhist priests, 56, 104, 148, 327n49;
interest and interest rates, 87, 133–35, 160, 162,
commoner elites, 20, 30, 70, 153–54, 162,
164–66, 204, 331n45, 339n50
330n26; on household extinction, 131–32;
Isawa prefecture 胆沢県, 201, 202, 338n41
scale of moral suasion eff ort, 153–54, 155,
Isesaki domain 伊勢崎藩, xx, 287
156, 312nn66–67; Shinto priests, 143, 148,
Ise Shrine 伊勢神宮, 143
183, 187, 191, 192, 195
Ishibushi village 石伏村, 36, 350n18
infanticide and abortion, traces in demographic
Ishida Ryūgen 石田龍玄, 136, 196
record: depopulation, 13, 32, 34; low fertility Ishii Jūji 石井十次, 204
not otherwise explicable, 38, 112–16, 114, Ishikawa prefecture 石川県, 215, 342n31, 343n33
115; in previous village studies, 35–37, 36, *Ishinpō * 医心方, 98, 103
314n2; sex ratio distortions, 33, 92–96,
Ishizaki Shōko 石崎昇子, 213, 340n1
93– 95, 99–100, 102, 110–12, 111, 123, 210, Italy, 119
216, 229–30; stillbirth rates and patterns,
Itsukushima Shrine 厳島神社, 25
120–24, 180, 122, 215, 217, 228, 229, 235
Iwahana intendancy 岩鼻代官所, xx, 161, 287
infanticide countermeasures: in China, 195;
Iwahana prefecture 岩鼻県, 201
criticisms of, 168, 179, 184, 203, 334n4;
Iwami province 石見国, xix, 27, 35
eff ectiveness, 156–57, 178–82; geography of,
Iwamurata domain 岩村田藩, xx, 288
28, 29, 30, 31, 32, * * 200, 201; in Meiji period, Iwasaki prefecture 磐前県, 197, * 201*, 337n28
200–205, 201; mother’s ability to work and,
Iwate prefecture 岩手県, 124, 201, 215, 291n19, 81, 83; and stillbirth rates, map of, 180, 181.
322n50, 337n28; fertility rates, 225, 226, *See also * childrearing subsidies; moral
291n19; stillbirth rates, 226
suasion; pregnancy surveillance
Iyo province 伊予国, xviii, 27, 33, 210, infant mortality, natural, 8–9; concrete
304nn80–81
cases, 166, 172, 299n15; determinants
Izumi domain 泉藩, xx, 287
of, 103, 107–8, 309n26, 349–50nn6–7;
Izumo province 出雲国, xviii, 25, 27, 39, 210, distribution over fi rst year of life, 168,
211, 284, 337n23
250–52, 350–51nn22–24, 351n28; interna-
tional comparisons, 46, 171, 332n71,
Japan: civilized status, 195; colonial empire,
348n4; in pregnancy surveillance systems,
20, 42, 189–91, 207, 238 ( see also Imperial
174; ritualization, 50, 54, 299–300n16,
Japan); infanticide as threat to national
303n75; sources on, 254, 291–92n32,
security of, 186–88; as multicultural
350n18; trends, 247; of twins, 105. See also
archipelago, 44–46
parents, attachment to chosen children
Jesuits, 63, 70
infants and newborns: disposal of bodies, 50,
*Jinkokuki * 人国記, 196–97
299–300n16; human status, *see * infants and
Jizō 地蔵, 49, 50, 55, 56, 57, 156, 302n57,
newborns, personhood; likened to plants,
303nn71–72, 325n16
1, 66–67, 97, 132, 200–201, 307nn32,34; as
Jōdoshinshū 浄土真宗 (True Pure Land
liminal beings, 21; memorial services for
Buddhism): children and rebirth in Pure
bugs and, 47; memorials for, 58; moral status
Land, 54–55; condemnation of infanticide, 32,
of, 241; mortality rates, 250–51; personhood,
54, 196, 284, 294n5, 296n20, 326n30, 343n36;
15–16, 51–55, 67, 143, 151–53, 166, 241;
local strength of, 32, 35, 40; population
souls or spirits of, 49–50, 54, 152, 328n59
growth and, 35, 44, 295n16; stem family and,
infant selection: horoscopes and, 101–3, 105–6;
32, 294–95n15. See also Buddhism
birth defects and, 104–5; sex divination and,
Johnston, William, 317n64
406 index
joint family, 63
Kasama domain 笠間藩, xx, 133, 174, 176, Jōkei 定冏 of Jōsenji 常宣寺, 149, 151, 327n56
287, 305n5
Jōmon people 縄文, legacy of, 45
Katashina 片品, Daienji 大円寺 chapel in, 1,
Jōsenji 常宣寺 (Shirakawa), hell scroll of, 149,
289n1
150, 327n56
Katsuki Gyūzan 香月牛山, 98–99, 317n63
Kawaguchi Hiroshi 川口洋, 8, 19, 295n18,
Kabutoyama village 甲山村, 36
314n17, 316n40
Kaesu * 返す. See * kogaeshi
Kazusa province 上総国, xviii, 181, 233, 258;
Kaga 加賀 domain and province, xviii, xix, 27, depopulation, 162, 323n6; infanticide
33, 59, 254, 305n5; pregnancy surveillance,
persisting in Meiji period, 4–5, 181–82,
159; punishments for child abandonment
233–34; infanticide reputation, 4, 27,
and infanticide, 333n85
293–94n5, 282–84; stillbirth rates, 233, 235
Kagawa Genteki 賀川玄迪, 52
*keppan * 血判 (blood oaths). *See * oaths
Kagawa prefecture 香川県, 39, 215
Kertzer, David, 119
Kagawa school 賀川流, 153, 328n67
Kii province 紀伊国, xviii, 33, 59, 210
Kagoshima prefecture 鹿児島県, 215
Kikuchi Isao 菊池勇夫, 77, 309n31
Kaibara Ekiken (Ekken) 貝原益軒, 141–42,
Kikusuiji 菊水寺, votive tablet of, 86,
325n7
312nn68–69
Kaikoku heidan 海国兵談, 186, 187
Kimigaya village 君萱村, 299n3
kakochō 過去帳, 63, 76, 112, 248, 349nn9–10
Kimura Kenji 木村謙次, 142, 144, 187, 294n9,
Kamigō intendancy 上郷代官所, xx, 287
308n42, 326n23
Kamikawarabayashi village 上瓦林村, 36
Kinai region 畿内, xviii, 40, 41–42, 293n57,
Kamio Taizō 神尾大蔵, 160, 329n12
294n6; as advanced core, 20, 293n57.
Kanagawa prefecture 神奈川県, 215, 235
See also individual provinces, * prefectures*, * *
Kanaizawa village 金井沢村, 36
and cities
Kanazawa 金沢, 42
Kinoshita Futoshi 木下太志, 292nn33,40
Kanazawa domain. *See * Kaga domain
kinship terms, 253–54
Kando Shinden village 神戸新田村, 36
*kirigami * notes 切紙, 104, 317n66
Kannon 観音, 146, 154, 303n72, 329n80; Batō
Kiryū 桐生, 80
(“horse head”) Kannon, 59, 304n83; and
Kisarazu prefecture 木更津県, 200, 201, 202,
nyoninkō, 156–57
203–4, 337n28, 339n45
kanoesaru 庚申 (yang-metal monkey zodiac
Kishimoto Takedayu 岸本武太夫, 164,
sign), 103–4, 317n64
330n20
Kansai region 関西, 229. *See also * Kinai region
Kitō Hiroshi 鬼頭宏, 252, 319n90
as well as individual provinces, * prefectures*, * *
Kiyooka Takatomo 清岡公張, 199
and cities
Kōchi prefecture 高知県, 201, * * 204, 215, Kansenji 関泉寺, scroll of, 321n12
216, 337n28; decline of stillbirths in
Kantō 関東 region, 39, 42, 129, 258; division
1890s, 221
into culturally distinct areas, 289n4; frag-
Kodakaraben 子宝弁, 153
mentation of rule, 4; hunger in, 44, 77, 78,
*kogaeshi * 子返し (“returning a child”), 50, 53, 67, 129–30; infanticide reputation, 197, 281–284,
101, 132, 307n36
294n5, 344n51; labor migration to, 42, 197;
Kojima Naoyoshi 児島尚善, 142
stillbirth rates, 233–34, 235; urbanization,
Kokugaku * * 国学. *See * Nativism
40–42. See also North Kantō; South Kantō
Komoro domain 小諸藩, xx, 162, 288, 331n43
Kanzaki Magoemon 神崎孫右衛門, 333n78
Kondō hisaku 混同秘策, 190–91
Kanzen chōaku tebikigusa 勧善懲悪手引草,
Korea, 49, 120, 159, 236, 329n2, 336n3
326n31
Kōri intendancy 桑折代官所, xx, 288
Karasuyama domain 烏山藩, xx, 287
Kōriyama 郡山 (in Nihonmatsu), 36, 44, 105,
Karatsu domain 唐津藩, xix, 173, 179, 287
249, 253, 255, 297nn36,46, 350n18
karma, 59, 62, 132, 141; hell paintings and, 148;
kōshin 庚申. See * kanoesaru*
transference of karmic merit, 48, 64. See also
Kosodate Jizō 子育地蔵, 57, 303n71, 325n16
Buddhism
Kozo Yamamura, 72
index 407
Kōzuke province 上野国, xviii, 33; childrearing Laws of Compassion ( *shōrui awaremi no rei * 生
subsidies, 161, 165, 167; depopulation,
類憐みの令), 50–51, 60, 304n95
323n6; economy, 4, 80, 256–57; infanticide
leap years ( *urūdoshi * 閏年), adjustments for, 246, reputation, 27, 281–84; population registers,
248, 348n2
256–57
legalization of abortion: eff ective legalization
Kumagaya prefecture 熊谷県, 338n37
in 1949, 2, 9, 15, 22, 71, 209, 231, 291n23,
Kumamoto domain 熊本藩, xix, 57, 287
308n11, 346n85; eff orts in 1930s, 231,
Kumamoto prefecture 熊本県, 215
340–41n3
Kumazawa Banzan 熊沢蕃山, 142
life expectancy, 8, 41, 249, 250, 297n36
Kumihama Intendancy 久美浜代官所, xix, 287
life tables, 9, 247–52
Kuniyasu Matazaemon 国安又左衛門, 169
Lin Cunyang 林存䧈, 8
Kure Ayatoshi 呉文聡, 218, 219, 220, 221
literacy and illiteracy, 2, 22, 40, 85, 139, 170, 213,
Kuril Islands, 186, 189
214, 336n8
Kurobane domain 黒羽藩, xx, 139, 143, 161,
longitudinal village and town studies, 7, 19, 35,
233, 287
36, 37, 79, 96, 112, 249, 259, 295–96nn20–21,
Kuroha Jirōemon 黒羽次郎右衛門, 55–56, 76,
297n36, 298n54, 314nn8–9, 348n6, 350n18
107, 178, 311n52
low or moderate fertility, explanations
Kuroishi domain 黒石藩, xix, 30
alternative to infanticide and abortion, 18,
Kurosu Satomi 黒須里美, 18, 79, 252, 292n33,
40–44, 112–13, 117–19, 292n40, 295n30
298n59
Kurume domain 久留米藩, xix, 287, 318n84
*mabiki * 間引 (“thinning,” “pinching out shoots”),
Kuse Intendancy 久世代官所, xix, 287. *See also *
1, 66, 97, 234; as fi lial piety, 65–68; fi rst
Hayakawa Hachirōzaemon
mentions, 307n31; horticultural counterar-
Kuwana domain 桑名藩, xix
gument to, 132; vernacular term for
Kuwanohara village 桑原村, 36, 350n18
infanticide in many parts of Japan, 307n32
*kuyō * 供養 (rites of merit transference), 48, 59
Madagascar, 236, 318nn82–83
Kyoto 京都 and Kyoto prefecture 京都府, 20,
Maebashi domain 前橋藩, xx, 162, 166, 288
32, 201, 215, 337n28; abortion, 28, 294n6;
male infanticide, 91–95, 93, 95, 101
birth control in, 224; fertility decline aft er
male-male sexuality, 142, 197, 337n18
1910, 224, 225, *226; * labor migration to, malnutrition, 17, 112, 175, 309n19
41; population of, 40; population registers,
Malthus, Th
omas Robert, 189–90
352n13; stillbirth rates, 226, 227
Manabe Gen’itsu 真辺玄逸 (Chūan 仲庵, 忠庵),
Kyūdenji scroll 宮殿寺, 65, 306n23, cover
142, 195–96, 310n47, 311n52
Kyūmin myōyaku 救民妙薬, 322n46
marital fertility, 36, 37; sensitivity to distribution Kyushu 九州, xviii, 32, 39, 57, 142, 162; as
of ages at marriage, 35
barbarous periphery, 196, 197; infanticide
marriage: defi nitions and registration of, 255–56;
reputation, 26, 27, 110, 281–84. *See also *
delayed, 243; government encouragement
individual domains, * provinces*, * and prefectures* of, 132–33, 324n22; laws restricting, 61, 183,
243, 305n7; marital sex, 241; of non-heirs,
labor contracts, 66, 83, 256, 257, 259
43, 66, 133, 183; and stem households, 63.
labor migration, 26, 37, 40, 243, 256–57,
*See also * age, at marriage; never-married
292n40, 296–97n33, 320n9; recorded in
individuals; uxorilocal households
population registers, 256–57, 298n54; as
Marxism, 71
regime of demographic moderation, 40–44;
matrilocal households. *See * uxorilocal
spouses separated by, 112. See also labor
households
contracts; servants
Matsudaira Sadanobu 松平定信, 58, 133,
labor shortages, 43, 84
151–52, 186, 303n77, 323n19
lactational amenorrhea, 18, 108, 112, 113
Matsue domain 松江藩, xix, 78, 186–87
LaFleur, William, 19, 302n56
Matsukata Masayoshi 松方正義, 200, 203
landholdings, 73, 74–75, 76, 169, 257–58, 352n24
Matsumae domain 松前藩, 187, 189
landless farmers, 73, 256; fertility rates, 74, 179; Matsuo Bashō 松尾芭蕉, 55, 301–2n51
infanticide rates, 75
Matsuo domain 松尾藩, 201, 337n28
408 index
Matsuyama domain 松山藩, xix, 30, 288
missing girls, missing boys. *See * sex ratios at
measles, 9, 249
birth; sex ratios of commoners; sex ratios of
meat-eating, 56, 58
stillbirths; sex-selective infanticide
Meiji period 明治時代: civilization discourses,
Mito domain 水戸藩, xix, xx; analyses of
197–200, 205, 337n17; infanticide counter-
infanticide and policy proposals, 43, 53,
measures, 199–204, 201, 208; prefectural
55, 65, 76, 160, 177–78; and branch house-
governors, 199–202. See also criminalization
hold, promotion of. 135; childrearing
of abortion; Imperial Japan
subsidies, 133, 160, 164, 167, 178, 287;
Meiji Restoration 明治維新 (1868):
depopulation, 13, 323n6; economy, 3–4, 77,
continuities across, 18; eff ects on
133; and infanticide countermeasures, eff ects
infanticide countermeasures, 204–7
of, 178; and infanticide countermeasures,
menarche, 37, 112, 320n9
popular views of, 184; moral suasion
Mencius 孟子, 141, 325n6
materials, 142–44, 194, 231, 294n9; political
menopause, 113, 320n9
thinkers from, 187–88, 194; population
menstruation, 53, 57, 112, 175
growth, 13; population registers, 254,
merchants, 20, 25, 42, 68, 92
352n10; pregnancy surveillance, 172–73,
midwives, 54, 87, 109, 120, 123, 216, 333n91;
252, 287, 332n76; ruling family, 51, 165,
actually killing newborns, 341n6, 346n84;
184–85
births unattended by, 218, 342–43nn32–33,
Miyagi prefecture 宮城県, 204, 215, 225, 226, 343n43; licensing of, 213–14, 342nn25–26;
291n19
new and traditional, 214, 342–43n32; as
Miyakonojō prefecture 都城県, 201, 337n28
performers of rituals, 342n25; portrayed
Miyamoto Matao 宮本又郎, 72
as killing newborns, 1, 56, 137, 144, 145,
Miyaoi Sadao 宮負定雄 (oft en pronounced
240; prohibited from performing abortions,
“Yasuo”), 56, 60, 119, 136, 192–93, 302n56,
199, 341n14; punished by authorities, 177,
323n14; pronunciation of his name, 302n56
341n14; punished in aft erlife, 1, 56, 152;
Miyauchi Yoshinaga 宮内嘉長, 192, 322n46
reporting stillbirths, 120–21, 214, 216; role in
Miyazaki prefecture 宮崎県, 201, 214, 215, 216, decline of infanticide, 222–23, 227; and the
338n37
state, 213–14, 222–23, 342nn26,31
mizuko kuyō 水子供養 (rites for aborted
Mie prefecture 三重県, 215, 322n40
children), 50, 58, 152
migration. *See * labor migration
*mizunomi * 水呑, 258. *See also * landless farmers Miharu domain 三春藩, xx, 80, 167, 168, 175, Mizuno Motoakira 水野元朗, 329n9
287, 323n5, 330n31
*mochidaka * 持高. *See * landholdings
Mikawa province 三河国, 297n35
modernity, 2, 207, 222, 238–39
Mimasaka province 美作国, xviii, 3, 39;
Mōka intendancy 真岡代官所, xx, 80, 168,
depopulation, 32, 34; infanticide reputa-
330n30
tion, 27, 32, 78, 211, 282–83, 299–300n16,
Monte Carlo simulation of reproduction,
312n77, 330n19; labor migration to, 42;
112–16, 114, 115
sex ratios, 33, 210, 211
moral economy of childrearing, 87–90
Minamiōji village 南王子村, 35, 36
moral suasion, 138–57; appeals to animal
Minamisugita village 南杉田村, 36, 298n54,
analogies and empiricist logic, 138–46, 148,
350n18
325nn11,19; appeals to Chinese precedent,
Minamiyama Okurairiryō 南御蔵入領, xx,
194–95; appeals to duty and loyalty, 184–86,
101, 166, 167, 185, 288, 323n5
191–93; appeals to fear of hell, 1, 136,
*Minka yōjutsu * 民家要術, 136
148–49, 150, 152; appeals to fear of vengeful Mino province 美濃国, xviii, 27, 35, 249,
spirits, 49, 58, 132, 152, 328n59, 328–29n78;
295–96n20
appeals to humanity of newborn, 55, 143,
Minzokugaku * * 民俗学 . See folklore studies
151–53, 166; appeals to humanity of
mirrors as artistic device, 56, 85, 148, 149,
parents, 55, 139–46, 148, 302n62,
312n71
325nn16,19; appeals to piety, 141, 144,
miscarriages, 18, 52, 53, 112, 113, 170–72, 174, 149–51, 184, 191–92; appeals to reason,
175, 214, 320n9. *See also * stillbirth
102, 104, 132; appeals to regional pride,
index 409
76, 140–41; appeals to self-interest in this
Murata Ryūmin 村田隆民, 43, 68, 304n94
world, 132, 136–37, 139; backlash against,
Musashi province 武蔵国, xviii, 27, 33, 162, 284, 43, 68, 143; Chinese antecedents, 142,
330n26
325n19; genealogy of terms and images,
Musha (Musa) district 武射郡, 221, 235
142–49; geographic distribution of materials,
Mutsu province 陸奥国, xviii, 33, 26, 27, 110, 28–30, 29; infanticide as dehumanizing and
196–97, 281–84
demonic, 146, 86, 140, 144–48, 147, * * 154, 156, 327n46; language of, 43, 139–46, 148–49,
Nagakubo Sekisui 長久保赤水, 55, 89, 177, 178,
324n5, 326n30; in Meiji period, 208, 341n4;
187–88
parallels with Mediterranean antiquity,
Nagano prefecture 長野県, 204, 215
325n19; possible subversion, 156–57; scale
Nagaoka domain 長岡藩, xix, 43, 284, 305n5
of eff ort, 153–54, 155, 156, 312nn66–67;
Nagasaki 長崎, Dutch factory in, 117, 186
Suzuki’s synthesis, 139–46, 148–49, 326n30;
Nagasaki prefecture 長崎県, 215
timing, 155; as unifi ed genre, 136–39, 231;
Nagato province 長門国, xviii, 27, 33, 35, 42, urging equanimity in face of poverty, 141.
210, 294n5
*See also * Buddhism; Buddhist priests; pam-
Nagoya 名古屋, 40, 41
phlets; posters; sermons and lectures; Shinto,
Nakahara village. *See * Asakusanaka village
shrines, and Shinto priests; votive tablets
Nakahei district 中閉伊郡, 180, 181
Morioka domain 盛岡藩, * xix, xx, * 187, *201, *
Nakai Chikuzan 中井竹山, 304n92, 307n32
337n28; fabricated census data, 30, 34,
Nakamura, James, 72
290n12; famine deaths, 129, 130, 323n4;
Nakarai Akifusa 半井明英, 98, 100, 101, 315n31
infanticide countermeasures, 30, 197, 199,
Nanami Saburōemon 那波三郎右衛門, 165
294n11, 338n41; infanticide reputation, 199;
Nanbu 南部 lands, xviii, 5, 6, 30, 211; fertility population registers, 259, 294n12
rates, 30, 276. *See also * Hachinohe; Morioka
Moriyama domain 守山藩, xx, 162, 288, 291n31,
Nanbu dataset, 5, 30, 261–62, 276
306n27, 331n43
Nanokaichi domain 七日市藩, xx, 162, 288
mortality crises, 14, 247–50, 348n6. See also Nara 奈良, 36, 40, 196, 197
disease and epidemics
Nara prefecture 奈良県, 201, * * 337n28; fertility mortality rates. See child mortality; death rates; rates, *226; * stillbirth rates, 226, 227
infant mortality; life tables; mortality crises
Narimatsu Saeko 成松佐恵子, 18, 274, 299n15
Mosk, Carl, 17, 309n19, 319n105
National (Imperial) Diet of Japan, 71, 230, 231
Motegi and Yatabe domain 茂木藩・矢田部藩,
Nativism, 183–84, 191–93, 195, 233
xx, 323n5
necrologies. See kakochō
mothers: age as predictor of child’s sex and
neonatal deaths: infanticides reported as, 117,
fortune, 98–101; infanticidal, portrayed as
122, 123, 217, 229; ratio to infant deaths, 168, demons or animals, 146, 86, 140, 144–48, 250–52, 350–51nn22–24, 351n28
147, * * 154, 156, 327n46; infanticidal, punished neonaticide, 15, 16, 53. *See also * infanticide
in hell, 148–49, 150, 152; labor-saving
net reproduction rate (NRR), 9, 11, 12
childrearing technology, 81–83, 82; oaths not
never-married individuals, 133, 134
to commit infanticide by, 178, 333n91; por-
newborns. See infants and newborns
trayed as killing their newborn child, 56, 65,
Nichirinji 日輪寺, scroll of, 86, 312n69
76, 85, 86, 140, 144–49, 147, 150, 152, 156, *Nihon jinkōshi no kenkyū * 日本人口史之研究,
223, 312n66, 313n80, *cover; * punishments for,
17, 293n55
28, 55, 156, 172–73, 212, 333nn80,82; role
Nihonmatsu domain 二本松藩, xx, childrearing
in decision to abort or commit infanticide,
subsidies, 18, 105, 160–61, 165–68, 167, 287,
76, 65, 101, 106, 131, 136, 148, 156, 212,
330n31; depopulation, 323n6; eff ectiveness
328–29n78. See also fathers; grandparents, of infanticide countermeasures, 175; labor
role in infanticide; parents
migration in, 298nn53–54; population reg-
mourning periods, 54
isters, 254, 257; pregnancy surveillance, 287;
*muenbotoke * 無縁仏, 58
prior village studies, 18, 36, 79, 105, 249, 253, Mukaida Noriko 向田徳子, 252, 348–49n6
297n36, 298n54, 309n26, 350n18; subsidies
*muko * 婿・聟, *mukoiri * 聟入. *See * adoption for remarriage, 323–24n19
410 index
Niigata prefecture 新潟県, 215, 225
obstetricians, 98, 99, 142, 153, 328n67. See also
Niihari prefecture 新治県, 200, 201, 319n19,
physicians
337n28
Ochiai Emiko 落合恵美子, 19, 153, 300n31
Niinuma village 新沼村, 36, 350n18
Ogata Masakiyo 緖方正淸, 99, 315n26
Niita village 仁井田村, 36, 79, 350n18
Ogawa Hayashi 小川速, 219, 220–21
Nikaidō Yasunori 二階堂保則, 344n51
Oguki village 小茎村, 173
Nikkō shrinelands 日光領, xx, 351n9
Ōhara Sakingo 大原小金吾, 179, 187, 189
ninbetsu aratamechō 人別改帳 (“person-
Okada Kansen 岡田寒泉, 330n20. *See also *
by-person register”), 6
Kamigō intendancy
*ninmen jūshin *( jinmen jūshin) * * 人面獣心, 43, Okamoto Harimatsu 岡本梁松, 121
140, 143, 324n5
Okano Shōgorō 岡埜庄五郎 (Hōgen 逢原),
Ninmen jūshin no hekisho 人面獣心の壁書,
142, 294n9
139–43, 140
Okayama 岡山, 42, 204
Ninomiya Sontoku 二宮尊徳, 323n1
Okayama domain 岡山藩, xix, 296n28, 305n5,
Nishijō village 西条村, 36, 37, 41, 249, 295–96n20
336n13
Nishikata (Nishigata) village 西方村, 36
Okayama prefecture 岡山県, 39, 211, 215,
Nishikawa Joken 西川如見, 195, 336n3
337n23
Nishikawa Mugiko 西川麦子, 343n33
Ōkubo Fukukichi 大久保福吉, 221
Nōbi region 濃尾地方, 36, 295–96n20, 298n53
Ōkuma Shigenobu 大隈重信, 339n58
Norgren, Tiana, 308n11
Ōkuwa Hitoshi 大桑斉, 63
Norman, E. H., 71
Ōmiya village 大宮郷, 36
Northeast (Ōu region, Tōhoku), xviii, 4; division Onna chōhōki 女重宝記, 103
into culturally distinct areas, 6, 30; economic
Onna village 恩名村, 166, 167
backwardness, 72; environmental determina-
Ono Takeo 小野武夫, 71, 220, 308n9
tion of family patterns, 44–45; famine and
ōraimono 往来物 almanacs, 53
infanticide, 78, 129–30; infanticide eradica-
orphanages, 204
tion plan of 1870, 200, 201, 203; infanticides
Osaka 大坂・大阪: abortion, 28, 294n6; as
in twentieth century, 344n51; as uncivilized,
advanced core, 20; birth control, 224; fertility
196–97, 336n13, 337n18; village studies, 35,
decline aft er 1910, 224, 225, 226; fertility
36, 79, 295n18, 296n30, 297n36, 298n53
rates, 225, 226; labor migration to, 40–42; North Honshu (Tsugaru and Nanbu lands),
merchants in, 80, 164, 197; population
30, 129–30, 189, 194, 233, 310n43. *See also *
registers, 352n13; population size, 40; rice
Hachinohe; Hirosaki; Kuroishi; Morioka
market, 81; servants in, 41; stillbirths, 215, * *
North Kantō, xviii, 66, 162; depopulation, 44,
226, 227
160; infanticide reputation, 27, 78, 281–84;
Ōsaki Hachiman Shrine 大崎八幡宮
labor migration in, 298n54. See also indi-
(Sendai), 143
vidual domains, * provinces*, * and prefectures* Oshi domain 忍藩, xx, 162, 288
Noto province 能登国, xviii, 27, 210
Ōshū 奥州. *See * Mutsu
*Nōyu * 能喩, 323n12, 325n7
Ōsumi province 大隅国, xviii, 33
nuclear family, 62, 253
Ōtaka Zenbei 大高善兵衛, 330n26
Numata domain 沼田藩, xx, 135, 201, 337n28, Ōtamachi village 太田町村, 198
340n1; childrearing subsidies, 162, 165, 167,
Ōta Motoko 太田素子, 18, 19, 294n10, 314n17,
288; pregnancy surveillance, 170, 174, 176, 288
316n40, 343n41
numeracy about desired fertility, 89
Ōta Tenrei 太田典礼, 341n3
numerology, 98–100, 105
Ōta village 太田村, 130
nyoninkō 女人講 (women’s associations), 57–58,
Ōtawara domain 大田原藩, xx, 287
329n80
Ōta Zensai 太田全斎, 110, 307n32
Ōtō Osamu 大藤修, 18
oaths, 178, 333n91
Ōu 奥羽. *See * Dewa; Mutsu; Northeast
Obanazawa prefecture 尾花沢県, 201, 337n28
outcaste status, 177, 178, 253, 341n7, 351n5
Obata domain 小幡藩, xx, 287
overpopulation, fear of, 2, 20, 60, 61, 308n11
Obi domain 飫肥藩, xix, 288
ovulation, 77, 108, 112, 113, 230, 320n9
index 411
Owari 尾張 domain/province, xviii, xix, 159, poor villagers: challenge of rearing children,
249, 325n17
72–73, 76, 81, 87–88, 90, 131, 190;
Own-Children Method (OCM), 7, 254, 255, 256,
committing infanticide, 68, 69, 70–80, 75,
290n14, 319n101; determinants of mortality
195, 282, 290n9, 312n77, 313n86; diets,
and, 247; landholdings and, 258; life tables,
310n37; fertility norm, 89–90, 313n86;
248–52; mortality levels by year and region,
fertility rates, 74; and moral economy, 89–91,
248; operation of, 245–47; sensitivity to
131; as origin of culture of infanticide, 90,
mortality assumptions, 251, 252; servants
184; as recipients of subsidies, 2, 56, 70, 83,
and, 257
107, 133, 159–64, 166, 168–69, 179, 200, 202,
Ōzu domain 大洲藩, xix, 283, 328n72
204, 209, 220, 221
Population and Development Review, 72
pamphlets, moral suasion: branch households
population decline and stagnation, 2, 12, 13, * *
promoted by, 135–36; hinoeuma years and,
17, 21, 62, 260
102; timing of publication, 131, 155. See also * *
population growth: and complacency about
Ikushihen; Ikushi zusetsu; Kanzen chōaku infanticide, 20–21, 30, 203, 294n10; Edo-tebikigusa; Kodakaraben; * * moral suasion; period theories about, 189–90, 192–93;
Shison hanjō tebikigusa
global problems of, 72, 239; in Imperial
parents: attachment to chosen children, 53,
Japan, 12, 13, * * 20, 203, 218–19; Jōdoshinshū
54, 101, 108, 242, 301n40; control over
sect and, 44; mid-nineteenth century turning
adult children, 66, 83–84; guilt, 57–58, 138,
point, 2, 12, 13, 39; seventeenth-century
241–42; prolifi c, recognition of, 185, 230
explosion, 61, 305n1; in various domains and
parents-in-law. *See * grandparents, role in
provinces, 12, 13, 291n21. *See also * depopula-infanticide
tion; population decline and stagnation
parity-specifi c fertility control: in Eastern
population projections, 3, 22, 239–40,
Japan, 60, 63, 65, 72, 76, 80, 89–90, 219,
347nn22–23
313nn86–87; among the Greeks, 237; in
population registers, 6–8, 16, 63, 200, 248,
parts of Song China, 236
290n10; births added to, 54, 301n44; content
partible inheritance, 61–62, 66, 305n5, 306n28
and characteristics of, 253–58; historical
patrilocal households and infanticide, 92, 93
demography and, 17, 35; listing defunct
pessaries: modern, 345n66; tsumegami,
households, 130; sampling biases, 258–60
117, 119
posters, moral suasion, 30, 117, 191–92, 312n77;
petitions: to express gratitude to administrators,
hinoeuma years and, 102; intended function-
325n21, 330nn20,22; for measures against
ing, 139. See also * Amida no shaku ni iwaku*;
abortion or infanticide, 161–62, 175, 197–98,
moral suasion; Ninmen jūshin no hekisho
203, 281–82, 284, 294n6, 330n26, 336n8,
“post-partum birth control,” 17, 73
337n23; for more generous childrearing
poverty: historiography of link to infanticide,
subsidies, 68, 168; for tax relief, 42, 84,
69–73; household continuity and, 62, 131;
89, 130, 188
in Jesuit reports, 70; labor migration and,
Pfl ugfelder, Gregory, 197, 337n18
41; as motive or excuse for infanticide, 2, 16,
philanthropy, 20, 206, 208, 221
69–73, 76, 79, 90, 158, 179, 186, 188, 290n9,
physicians, 56, 68, 106, 112, 136, 171, 213, 233,
308n6, 309nn12,19, 310n41, 319n105; poli-
341n14. See also obstetricians
tics of, 70–71, 89, 131, 179, 186; population
plants, memorials for, 59
growth and, 73, 190; subsistence crises and,
policing as infanticide countermeasure, 214,
76–80; too many children seen as cause of,
220–23, 342n31
62, 88, 89, 179, 313n80; and urbanization,
policy proposals: about abortion, infanticide, or
41–42. *See also * poor villagers
depopulation, 20, 55, 76, 83, 135, 158, 160,
prefectures, 202, 206, 337n27
177, 178, 195, 219, 220–21, 284, 296n28,
pregnancy, 57, 81, 108, 191–92, 320n9; sex
317n70, 333n91; about national defense and
divination, 98–100; stages of, 52–53, 153,
expansion overseas, 20, 185–91, 335n30.
300n31, 301n32; and stays of execution, 51;
*See also * petitions
understandings of fetal development, 51–53,
Polybius, 237
301nn32,34
412 index
pregnancy surveillance, 2, 4, 28, 55, 146, 169–73;
74; fi nancing childrearing subsidies, 162,
community and, 21, 175, 176; discontinuation,
164; and moral economy, 89–91, 131;
181, 203, 204; eff ectiveness, 173, 174, 175, 176, obligation to rear children in style,
177, 332n76; enforcement, 172–73, 177–78,
66, 87, 88
332n66, 333n87; as expected feature of good
*Rigen shūran * 俚言集覧, 307n32
governance, 159–61, 163, 164, 330n23, 346n1;
Rome, 236, 237
geographical distribution, xix, xx, 31, 287–88; Russia, 186, 187, 188, 212, 218
reports fi led late, 175, 176, * * 332n76, 333n87; Russo-Japanese War, 206, 223
as source on women’s understandings of fetal
*ryūzan * 流産 (“spilled birth”), 52, 170
development, 51–52; stillbirth statistics and,
120, 174; symbolic importance, 179; timing of
Sado dataset, 5, 267, 278
introduction, 287–88
Sado province 佐渡国, xviii, 27
priests. *See * Buddhist priests; Shinto, shrines, and Saeki domain 佐伯藩, 300n26
Shinto priests
Saeki Koreyasu 佐伯是保, 307n32
pronatalism, 19, 133, 205, 208, 209, 218, 230–31
Saga domain 佐賀藩, xix, 302n60
propaganda. *See * moral suasion
Saga prefecture 佐賀県, 201, 215, 337n28
prostitutes, 42–43, 119, 132, 189, 213, 241; and
Sagami province 相模国, xviii, 33
contraceptive knowledge, 117–19, 321n17
Saitama prefecture 埼玉県, 181, 215, 216, 224,
public sphere, 20, 161–62, 233. *See also * petitions; 226, 227
policy proposals
Saitō Osamu 斎藤修, 291nn25,29, 292n33
punishments for infanticide, abortion, and late
Saitō Sanemori 斎藤実盛, 48
pregnancy reports, 28, 55, 70, 156, 172–73,
Sakai 堺, 40
177–78, 212, 300n26, 333nn80,82,87,
Sakai Misao, 223, 224, 344n62
341nn10,17
Sakai Myōjin Shrine 境明神, 143
Sakatsura Isozaki Shrine 酒列磯崎神社, 184
Qianjinfang 千金方, 103
Sakhalin Island, 189
quantity-quality tradeoff in children, 66, 76, 90,
Sakura domain 佐倉藩, xx, 162, 177, 203, 288,
96–98, 106–8
290n9, 305n5
samurai, 20, 49, 118, 196, 240, 310n37;
Ramseyer, Mark, 83
infanticide among, 69, 70, 177, 304n92;
rebirth and suff ering, cycle of, 40, 62, 63, 64
infanticide countermeasures and, 178,
regional diversity of demographic regimes,
200; demographic sources on, 7, 253,
25–46, 296n30, 298n60
290n13
regional reputations for tolerating or abhorring
Sanbu district 山武郡, 221
infanticide, 25–26, 27, 37, 281–84, 294n5
Sanger, Margaret, 224
regression analysis of fertility: against rice prices,
*Sanron yoku * 産論翼, 52
79, 310n40; against per-capita silk, cash crop,
Sanuki province 讃岐国, xviii, 33, 210
and overall agricultural output, 84, 311n63
Saruta Genseki 猿田玄硯, 82
Reitan 霊潭 of Myōkōji 明光寺, 54
Sasaki Bokuan 佐々木朴案, 193
Renseishō 孿生抄, 302n60, 318n75, 324n22
Satō Kōzui 佐藤広水, 68
replacement-level fertility, 3, 238, 347n22
Satō Nobuhiro 佐藤信淵, 43, 83, 188, 298n52,
replacement of dead child, 96
320n5; criticism of subsidies, 179; Nativism
reproductive biology, 112–13, 320n9
and, 191; overseas expansion advocated
“reproductive revolution of the eighteenth
by, 190
century” (Ochiai Emiko), 153
Satsuma domain 薩摩藩, xviii, xix, 70, 200, 254, reverse fertility transition, 2, 3, 9–15, 10, * 11*, * 13*
283, 300n26
rice prices, as (problematic) proxy for economic
Satsuma Rebellion 西南戦争, 202
conditions, 79, 310nn37,39
Sawayama Mikako 沢山美果子, 18, 51–52, 117,
rich villagers: benefi ting from childrearing
300n28, 314n17
endowments, 165, 202; committing infanti-
Scheidel, Walter, 236–37
cide, 26, 65, 73, 75, * * 76, 85, 86, 90, 101, 308n9; schooling, 66, 83, 85, 200, 214, 220, 222, 227,
fertility norm, 26, 90, 313n87; fertility rates,
238, 241, 307n38, 330n35. *See also * literacy
index 413
scrolls, 146, 148; geographical distribution,
39, 117, 198, 209, 210, 211; missing
29; list, 285–86; lost, 154; number of, 155.
children and, 110, 111, 112, 116, 230,
*See also * hell scrolls
345n78; in previous village studies, 18, 35,
Sekiguchi Toyotane 関口豊種, 195
36, 37, 295n19, 296n21; in Ten Provinces
Seki Sokō 関祖衡, 196
dataset, 30, 32, 92, 93, 94, * 95*, 100, 103, 109, Sekizawa Masahide 関沢政秀, 135, 164–65,
111, 116, 123; trend toward equilibration, 81, 331n37
295–96n20, 310n46. *See also * sex divination;
Sekizawa Sei 関沢せい, 164
sibset sex ratios
Sendai castletown 仙台城下, 43–44
sex ratios of commoners (adults and children),
Sendai domain 仙台藩, xix, xx, analyses
32, 33; concerns about, 133, 188
of infanticide, 68, 80, 87–88, 110, 118,
sex ratios of stillbirths, 120–21, 122, 214, 218, 337n16; childrearing offi
cials, 47, 107, 175;
322nn42,48, 343n40
childrearing subsidies, 107, 160, 164, 167,
sex-selective infanticide, 17, 18, 92, 93, * 94*, * 95*, 167, 168–69, 177, 287; decree on overpopula-96, 110, 111, 112, 116, 314n3; avoidance of
tion threat (1677), 60, 61; depopulation, 13,
dead child’s sex, 96; concerns about, 188;
130, 323n5; early infanticide ban, 300n26;
in Echigo dataset, 296n22; horoscopes and,
economy, 4, 80, 81, 87–88; famines, 78,
102; older brothers and sisters and, 18, 35,
129–30, 323n4, 348–49n6; fertility rates,
93, 95, *95, * 111, 295–96nn20–23; sequence of 276–77; infanticide countermeasures in
children and, 92, 95, 95; sericulture and, 84,
1870s, 199, 201, 338n41; infanticide
310n46; in uxorilocal households, 92, 93. See reputation, 281–84; inheritance laws, 61,
*also * sex divination
305nn5,7; marriage and marriage policies,
sexually transmitted diseases, 18, 216, 219, 234,
61, 131, 133; moral suasion, 47, 59, 65, 143,
322n42, 343n37, 345n72, 346n84
144, 151, 152, 193, 233, 302n60, 328n76;
Seya Yoshihiko 瀬谷善彦, 260
political thinkers, 177, 186, 189; population
shame of having too many children, 60, 88
growth, 13, 60, 177; population registers,
Shang dynasty 商朝, 188
257, 259, 352n17; population size, 4, 43–44;
Shibahara Yawara 柴原和, 199–200, 202, 203,
pregnancy surveillance, 51, 52, 77, 171–77,
339nn58–59, 340n61, 340n1
174, 176, 216, 287, 300n28, 321n36, 332n70; Shiba Kōkan 司馬江漢, 110
prior village studies, 36, 348n6, 350n18;
Shidara Sukezaemon 設楽介左衛門, 161
punishments for infanticide, 177, 333n83;
Shiga prefecture 滋賀県, 215
restrictions on immigration, 305n2; rice
Shijō Ryūhei 四条隆平, 199
prices, 79, 310n40; ruling family, 50, 51, 164,
Shikoku 四国, xviii, famine in, 32; labor
300n18; stillbirth rates, 174, 216; terms for
migration, 42; paucity of population
infanticide used in, 300n18, 307n32
policies, 30; population growth, 30, 294n10.
sericulture, 4, 80, 81, 166, 229; female labor in,
See also individual domains, * provinces*, * and* 84; and fertility, 84, 310n46, 311n63; and sex
prefectures
ratios, 84, 310n46
Shimane prefecture 島根県, 39, 201, 215, 227, sermons and lectures, 39, 47, 144, 148–49, 151,
337n28
156, 327n49, 328n76
Shimazaki Shinbei 島崎新兵衛, 25–26, 293n1
servants, 41, 42, 43, 51, 62, 83, 160, 256–57, 259;
Shimazu village 島津村 (former municipality in
as percentage of Tōgoku dataset, 298n54;
Ibaraki), 229
in population registers, 257. See also * fudai*;
Shimomoriya village 下守屋村, 36, 79, 350n18
indenture contracts
Shimōsa province 下総国, xviii, 33, 60, 168, 175, Settsu province 摂津国, 33
181, 291n19, 303n75; depopulation, 162,
sex divination, 66, 98–100, 101, 104, 106
323n6; economy, 80; infanticide reputation,
sex ratios at birth (post-infanticide): ages of
4, 27, 281–84
parents and, 98–100, 340n26; by district,
Shimotsuke province 下野国, xviii, 33, 110, 1873–82, 4, 209–11, 210; estimates for in-168, 174, 178–79, 336n12; depopulation
fanticides derived from, 111, 123, 229–30; in
in, 130, 323n5; infanticide reputation, 27,
hinoeuma year of 1846, 102, 316n50; in late
32, 281
1940s, 229–30, 345n78; in Meiji period, 4,
Shimoyuda village 下油田村, 36, 350n18
414 index
Shinano province 信濃国, xviii, 27, 49, 59, smallpox, 9, 53, 54, 101, 174, 249, 250, 350n12
249, 293n57; subsidies and surveillance,
Smith, Th
omas, 17, 35, 37, 72, 96, 295n20
162, 287–88
social pressure to commit infanticide, 28, 60,
Shinbei 甚兵衛, headman of Narahara 楢原村
87–90, 131, 183, 232, 234, 304n92
in Kōzuke, 161
socioeconomic status: and fertility, 69–90, 74;
Shinbei 新兵衛 (merchant of Tosa), 25–26, 293n1
and infanticide, 69–90, 75, * 85*; landholding Shindatsu region 信達, 4, 80, 330n19, 352n24
as proxy for, 73, 258
Shinjō domain 新庄藩, xx, 142, 299n15; chil-
Socrates, 237
drearing subsidies, 160, 167, 287; preg-
*Sokuin goroku * 惻隠語録 (Kimura Kenji’s scrap-
nancy surveillance, 159, 287; punishment
book of tracts and posters), 29, 82, * * 142, 144, of infanticide, 178; recognitions for prolifi c
155, 316n48, 326n23, 326–27nn35–37
parents, 185
Sōma [Nakamura] domain 相馬中村藩, xx, 130,
Shinshū 真宗. See Jōdoshinshū
168, 287, 323n5
Shinto 神道, shrines, and Shinto priests, 100,
Song dynasty 宋朝, 194, 236, 346n9
143, 148, 183, 187, 191, 192, 195, 233, 255,
Southern Ōu, xviii, labor migration in, 298n54
285–86
South Kantō, xviii, urbanization in, 40–41. See Shioya Zenbei 塩谷善兵衛, 165
also individual domains, * provinces*, * and* Shirakawa domain 白河藩, xx, 84, 188, 199;
prefectures
childrearing subsidies, 167, 287; moral
spacing vs. stopping. *See * child spacing
suasion, 149, 150, 151–52; pregnancy
spirit wrath, 48, 58, 59, 132, 152, 328n59,
surveillance, 174, 287; spirit mediums
328–29n78
employed by, 151–52
standard life tables, 248
Shirakawa prefecture 白河県, 201, 338n41
status competition and maintenance as motive
*Shiramiron * 虱論, 43, 68, 308n42
for infanticide, 26, 40, 66, 76, 87–90, 131–32,
Shison hanjō tebikigusa 子孫繁昌手引草, 132,
185, 227, 312n77, 313n80
143, 144–45, 145, 151, 326nn29,31, 328n59
status groups in Ten Provinces dataset, 253, 258
Shizuoka prefecture 静岡県, 215
stem family/household, 72, 298n54, 306n25;
Shōgenji scroll 小原寺, 327n46
ancestors and, 48, 63–64; Buddhist views
Shōgetsudō Fukaku 松月堂不角, 307n31
of, 32, 63, 294–95n15; defi ned, 62–63; and
Shogunate: abortion policy, 51, 58, 300n26;
infanticide, 65–67; as normative, 43, 62–63;
animal protection, 51, 159, 394n95; foreign
and younger children, 43, 65–67
policy, 186–87; inheritance policies, 40, 53,
sterility, 35, 112–13, 119, 320n9
61, 305nn5,7; infanticide ban of 1767, 78,
stillbirth: decline in, 216, 217; defi ned,
159; infanticide countermeasures, 160–62,
322n38, 343n39; feigned, 121, 123, 175,
164, 167; inspectors, 179; loans to inten-
181, 215, 218–19, 321n36, 343n35; geo-
dants, 164. See also individual intendancies
graphical clustering of, 233–34; infanticide
Shōnai domain 庄内藩, xix, xx, 4, 81, 160, 281, countermeasures and rates of, 180, 181,
287, 305n5, 307n32, 310n40, 313n80, 329n9
334n100; infanticides and induced
shūmon aratamechō 宗門改帳 (“registers of
abortions reported as, 39–40, 120, 322n40
religious scrutiny”), 6
( *see also * stillbirths, feigned); licensed
sibling competition, 85, 108
midwives and, 214; statistics of Imperial
sibset sex ratios: in Asakusanaka and Nishijō,
Japan, 120–21, 122, 123, 214–20, 215,
18, 295–96n20; in Eastern Japan, 18, 93,
217, 322n38, 341n15, 342n27; previous
95, 95, 111; in Echigo, 296n22; in Niita and scholarship on, 322n40, 343n41; rates,
Shimomoriya,18, 295n18
and number of fi ctitious, 78, 122, 214, 215, silk. *See * sericulture
217, 224, 341n15; rates by district, 1890s,
Silkworm Deposit Fund ( *kaiko tsumikin * 蚕積
179–81, 180, 233–34, 235; rates by district, 金), 166
1925 and 1930, 227, *228; * underreporting,
silkworms, memorials for, 44, 59
334n100; women’s workloads and, 216.
Skinner, William, 17, 37, 296n21
*See also * miscarriages
small children, 9, 49, 53–55, 106–7, 219, 231,
subsidies. *See * childrearing subsidies
250, 257, 349
subsistence crises. *See * famine
index 415
Sugafuna Shrine 菅船神社 (Yatagawa 矢田川),
as way of fi ghting infanticide, 188;
333n91
Meiji-period reform of, 205; rice tribute,
Sugawara no Michizane 菅原道真, 48
89, 205
sumptuary laws, 85
Tayasu domain 田安藩, 287, 331n47
Suō province 周防国, xviii, 27, 42, 294n5
Teigan 貞巌 of Reiganji 霊巌寺, 328n72
superstition, 104. *See also * horoscopes;
Tejima Doan 手島堵庵, 325n16
numerology; yakudoshi; zodiac signs
tempo eff ect, 347n21
surveillance. See pregnancy surveillance
Ten Kings, scrolls of the, 149
Suwa district 諏訪郡, 41, 180, 181, 296–97n33
Ten Provinces dataset: description of, 4–9, 5,
Suzuki Busuke 鈴木武助 (Masanaga 正長,
261–75, 261–75; fertility rates in, 276–80;
Ichōken 為蝶軒), 139–41, 161, 323n12,
villages in, 261–75
325nn21–22, 326n23; Suzuki’s synthesis,
Terajima Ryōan 寺島良安, 106
139–46, 148–49, 326n30. See also * Ninmen *
Teranishi Jūjirō 寺西重次郎 (Takamoto 封
jūshin no hekisho; Nōyu
元, Hōgen), 85, 144, 145, 161, 164, 326n31;
Suzuki Heijiemon 鈴木兵次衛門, 160
Iwasaki petition of 1873 and, 198; venerated
Suzuki Sekkyō 鈴木石橋, 131–32, 321n28,
at shrines, 330n20
323n13
Terauchi Shirōemon 寺内四郎右衛門, 154,
Suzuki Shigetane 鈴木重胤, 193, 195, 307n38,
328n68
336n5
Terazawa, Yuki, 213, 340n79
Suzuki Yuriko 鈴木由利子, 18, 341n6, 343n41
Tetsuo Najita, 141
syphilis, 216, 219, 234, 343n37, 346n84
Th
ompson, Warren, 12
time, understandings of, 97–98, 101–3
Tachihara Suiken 立原翠軒, 143, 187
Tochigi prefecture 栃木県, 215, 216, 227; fertility Taeuber, Irene, 72–73, 309n23
rates, 10, 225, *226; * stillbirths, 226, 235
*tagaiko * 違子 (“mistaken child”), 101, 105
Toda Mosui 戸田茂睡, 60
Taiken 大賢 of Rinnōji 輪王寺, 59
Todd, Emanuel, 298n60
Taiken 大賢 of Shōonji 松音寺, 151
toddlers. *See * small children
taikyō 胎教 (“fetal education”), 66, 81
Tōge village 峠村, 36, 350n18
Taira domain 平藩, xx
Tōgoku 東国. *See * Eastern Japan
Taishō period 大正期, 222, 241
Tōgoku dataset: description, 5, 6, 262–75;
Taiwan, 216
fertility rates, 9, 10, 38, 276–80
Takada domain 高田藩, xx, 42, 107, 178, 287
Tōhoku 東北. *See * Northeast
Takagi Masao 高木正朗, 118, 252
Tokubei 徳兵衛 (merchant of Shimōsa), 68
Takahashi Bonsen 高橋梵仙, 17, 293n55
Tokugawa Harumori 徳川治保, 165
Takahashi Miyuki 高橋美由紀, 18, 249
Tokugawa Hidetada 徳川秀忠, 51
Takahashi Satoshi 高橋敏, 18
Tokugawa Ieyasu 徳川家康, 64
Takahashi Yasunaga 高橋保永, 85–87
Tokugawa Mitsukuni 徳川光圀, 51
Takanabe domain 高鍋藩, xix, 287
Tokugawa Nariaki 徳川斉昭, 135
Takano Shōseki 高野昌碩, 322n46
Tokugawa Tsunayoshi 徳川綱吉, 50–51, 54,
Takasaki Masakaze 高崎正風, 200, 203
60, 159
Takayama 高山, 35, 36
Tokushima prefecture 徳島県, 215
Takegaki Naohiro 竹垣直温 (Naoatsu,
Tokyo 東京, 204, 229, 338n37; birth control,
San’uemon 三右衛門), 151–52, 178, 330n30
224; fertility decline aft er 1910, 224, 225, 226; Tango province 丹後国, xviii, 211, 330n19; high
stillbirths, 215, 226, 227, 235
sex ratios, 210
Tome prefecture 登米県, 201, * * 338n41
Tanigawa Kotosuga 谷川士清, 318n83
Tomobe Ken’ichi 友部謙一, 18, 352n24
Tani Mashio 谷真潮, 293n1
Tonryū Shōnin 呑竜上人, 56, 327n49
Tani Shigetō 谷重遠, 98, 100, 315n21
Tosa 土佐 province/domain, xviii, 26, 33, 57, *tatari * 祟り. *See * spirit wrath
68, 78, 100, 146, 304n81, 313n81, 327n37,
taxes, 2, 42, 44, 87, 220; exemptions for pregnant
330n23, 337n23, 344n53; high sex ratios,
women and their husbands, 81; goningumi
33, 210; infanticide countermeasures, 201, and, 171; landholdings and, 257; lower taxes
202–4, 211, 221, 293n1, 294n10, 337n28;
416 index
Tosa (continued)
“urban graveyard eff ect,” 41
infanticide reputation, 25, 27, 78, 281–84,
urbanization, 17, 40–42, 44, 241, 295n16
293n1, 304n92; inheritance and marriage
*urūdoshi * 閏年. *See * leap years, adjustments for laws, 61, 294n10, 305n5; population growth,
Ushiku domain 牛久藩, xx, 162, 167, 173,
294n10; sex divination and numerological
174, 288
beliefs, 98, 100, 315nn21,35; stillbirth rate,
Utsunomiya domain 宇都宮藩, xx, 152, 305n5
216, 221, 233, 322n40, 343n41; village
Uwajima domain 宇和島藩, xix, 290n13
studies, 289n6
uxorilocal households, 63, 66, 92, 164, 307n29;
total fertility rate (TFR), 245. *See also * fertility/
and sex-selective infanticide, 92, 93. *See *
fertility rates
*also * adoption
total marital fertility rate (TMFR). *See * marital fertility
vengeful spirits. *See * spirit wrath
Tottori domain 鳥取藩, xix, 78
Vilela, Gaspar, 70
Tottori prefecture 鳥取県, 39, 204, 216; birth
village headmen, 84, 154, 156, 161; abortions,
control in, 224; stillbirths, 215, 227
320n10; childrearing subsidies, 107, 159,
Toyama prefecture 富山県, 215, 216
161–62; among opponents of infanticide, 56,
Toyotomi Hideyoshi 豊臣秀吉, 64
76, 142, 154, 161–62; policy proposals, 76,
trees, memorials for, 59
135; population registers, 129, 130, 258, 259,
triplets, 221
352n27; pregnancy surveillance, 169–73,
True Pure Land Buddhism. *See * Jōdoshinshū
175, 177–79; public pledges, 333n91;
Tsuchiura domain 土浦藩, xx, 176, 287
recruitment of immigrants, 44, 133
Tsugaru 津軽 lands, xviii, 30, 211; famine deaths
virilocal households and infanticides, 92, 93
in, 6, 247; fertility rates, 32, 276. *See also *
votive tablets ( *ema * 絵馬), 4, 28, 71, 145, 154,
Hirosaki; Kuroishi
157; affl
uence depicted in, 85, 86; dedicated
Tsugaru dataset, 5, 261, 276
by women, 156–57; defacements, 156,
Tsunoda Tōzaemon 角田藤左衛門 and his
328n74; deterioration and losses, 1, 30,
diary, 18–19, 101, 105, 242, 316n40
154–55; donors, 153–54, 294n7; geographi-
Tsurumai domain 鶴舞藩, 201, 337n28
cal distribution, 29; infanticidal mother as
Tsushima domain 対馬藩, xviii, 297n40;
icon of, 117; list, 285–86; in Meiji period,
childrearing subsidies, 159, 167, 287, 329n2;
208, 341n4; timing of dedication, 155
early infanticide ban, 300n26; infanticide repu-
tation, 27; vital statistics, 297nn36,40, 329n3
Wakamatsu prefecture 若松県, 199, 201, 337n28
Tsuyama domain 津山藩, xix, 146, 283, 300n16,
Wakayama 和歌山 domain and prefecture, 40,
305n5, 312n77; analyses of infanticide,
215, 254, 301n44, 305n5
312n77; infanticide ban, 307n32; live birth
Walle, Etienne van de, 89
statistics, 54; moral suasion materials, 146,
Walthall, Anne, 87
312n77, 327n37; pregnancy surveillance, 51,
Warring States period, 196
52, 173, 174, 176, 287, 332n72; punishments, weaning, 107
173, 177, 178, 332n72
Western Japan, 30, 35, 199, 205
Tsuya Noriko 津谷典子, 18, 79, 282n43
Western Shimōsa dataset, 6, 272, 280
tuberculosis, 219, 291n26
wet nursing, 87, 107; in France, 243
Twenty-four Paragons of Filial Piety, * Th*
- e *( *Nijūshi *
whaling, 58–59
kō 二十四孝), 67, 307–8n38
Wigen, Kären, 293n57
twins, triplets, and quadruplets: abhorred, 105,
wives. *See * mothers
236, 314n17, 318n75, 346n6; high mortality,
women: contraception and, 118–19; cult of
105; special subsidies for, 105, 194, 221
domesticity and, 227; handbooks for, 102–3;
mothers’ ability to work, 81, 82, 106, 168, 310–
Uehara village 上原村, 41
11n47; physical condition in Edo period, 112;
United Nations, 3, 239, 347n22
rejection of demon-woman images by, 157;
United States, 231
risk of death during abortion, 49, 51, 116, 121,
Urai Heibei 浦井平兵衛, 165
135, 211, 212, 229, 243, 316n48, 320nn9–10;
Urai Heizaemon 浦井平左衛門, 165
workloads for, 80, 81, 112. *See also * mothers
index 417
World War I, 206, 230
Yinchan quanshu 胤産全書, 99
World War II, 156, 230–31, 259
Yokouchi village 横内村, 36, 249
Yonezawa domain 米沢藩, xx, 4, 80, 334n97;
Xuanzang 玄奘, 324n5
childrearing subsidies, 287; depopulation,
13, 323n6; infanticide ban, 85; marriage
*yakudoshi * 厄年 (calamitous life years), 100,
policies, 133; moral suasion, 154; population
105, 314n17; traces in demographic record,
growth, 13, 332n97; pregnancy surveillance,
316n39
287; punishment of infanticide, 177;
Yakuwa village 八鍬村, 36
sumptuary laws, 85
Yamabe (Yamanobe) district 山辺郡, 233–34, 235
Yoshida Hiroshi 吉田浩, 237n23
yamabushi 山伏 ascetics, 98–99
Yubunezawa village 湯舟沢村, 36
Yamada Saburō 山田三郎, 328n76
Yue 越 (ancient kingdom), 133, 194
Yamagata prefecture 山形県, 56, 65, 66, 215, 225
Yue region/prefecture 岳州 (in Hunan), 236
Yamaguchi prefecture 山口県, 215, 216, 337n23
*yūjishō * 遊児廠, 83, 311n54
Yamanashi prefecture 山梨県, 201, * 215*, 220, Yūki domain 結城藩, xx, 287
229, 337n28
Yuki Terazawa, 213, 340n79
Yamashiro province 山城国, 33
Yunagaya domain 湯長谷藩, xx, 313n82
Yamato province 大和国, xviii, abortion in, 294n6
Yusa Bokusai 遊佐木斎, 194–95, 302n60,
Yamauchi Toyochika 山内豊雍, 26
318n75
Yamauchi Toyonobu 山内豊敷, 304n92
Yūten Shōnin 祐天上人, 49, 151, 152
Yamazaki Yoshiharu 山崎良治, 328n76
Yanagita Kunio 柳田国男, 72
Zenbei 善兵衛, headman of Shimotaki 下滝
Yanbe village 山家村, 36, 292n40, 350n18
村, 161
Yaoya Oshichi 八百屋お七, 316n46
Zenkōji 善光寺, 56
Yashima domain 矢島藩, xx, 288
*Zenkoku minji kanrei ruishū * 全国民事慣例類
Yasuda Mitsunori 保田光則, 337n16
集, 301n44
Yayoi people 弥生, 45
zodiac signs, 66, 98, 102–3, 105, 255