Indian forming chart

graph TD %% --- Section 1: Out of Africa & Early Splits --- A[Humans come out of Africa] A --> Branch_Papuan["the branch leading to part of the ancestry of the Papuans and the Australian aborigines..."] A --> Ancestral_Eurasian["the ancestral 'Eurasian branches' situated in Inner Eurasia - splits 45-36.2k BP"] A --> Onge_Ancestor["the common ancestor of the Onge of the Andamans and the main-land proto-Indians..."] Onge_Ancestor -.-> Pre_Americans Ancestral_Eurasian --> East_Asians[East Asians] Ancestral_Eurasian --> Western_Eurasians[Western Eurasians] %% --- Section 2: East Asian & American Lineage --- East_Asians --> Pre_Americans["Ancestors of Native Americans, Mongols, Turks, Siberians. Q1a Y clade."] %% --- Section 3: Proto-Indian Lineage --- Onge_Ancestor --> Proto_Indian[Proto Indian population] Proto_Indian --> Ganga_Neolithic["Possible Ganga neolithic agriculture"] Proto_Indian --> Mehrgarh["Mehrgarh Neolithic agriculture 9-10 kyr BP (No ancient genomes)"] Proto_Indian --> Harappan["Harappan bronze age civilization"] %% --- Section 4: Western Eurasian Hunter-Gatherers --- Western_Eurasians --> ANE["Ancestral North Eurasians (ANE) ~24 kyr BP in Siberia"] ANE -.-> Pre_Americans Western_Eurasians --> PreHG["Many groups 9-7k BP"] PreHG --> EHG["Eastern hunter gatherers EHG"] PreHG --> WHG["Western Euro hunter gatherers (WHG) SLC24A5 dark skin allele, HERC2/OCA2 allele blue eyes fixed"] PreHG --> SHG["Scandinavian hunter gatherers SHG"] PreHG --> LightSkin["SLC4SA5 Light skin allele fixation"] LightSkin --> CHG["Caucasian hunter gatherers (CHG) SLC4SA2 dark skin allele"] %% --- Section 5: Neolithic Farmers --- LightSkin --> Anatolia_EF["Neolithic Early Farmers (EF) in Anatolia"] Anatolia_EF --> Euro_Farmers["8-7.5 kyr Neolithic Euro farmers"] Euro_Farmers --> Danube["Danube system"] Danube --> MN_Farmers["Middle Neolithic farmers - 6.5kyr BP"] EHG --> MN_Farmers Euro_Farmers --> Sardinians["Sardinians, Spaniards, Basque"] %% --- Section 6: Yamnaya Formation (The Steppe) --- EHG --> Steppe_MLBA["~EHG (42-52%)- CHG(48-58%)7.2-5 kyr BP to Bronze age Middle Volga/ Samara, pontic steppes"] CHG --> Steppe_MLBA Steppe_MLBA --> Maikop["Maikop culture in Caucus. straddles steppe and Mid East cultures. Trade with Harappa. Wheel and charriot."] Steppe_MLBA --> PIE["Proto Indo Europeans. Chakra and ratha words."] PIE --> GrArIIr["Sintashta/ Srubnaya > Andronovo?? Or Sintashta branch?"] %% --- Section 7: Yamnaya Expansions & Descendants --- PIE --> Yamnaya["Yamnaya culture dated ~5.0-4.3 kyr BP Proto-IE Increased height, SLC45A2 light skin allele at 0.7 freq, lactose tolerance only 0.25 freq. predominantly R1b Y chr."] PIE --> Hittites Yamnaya --> Altai_Invasion["Altai Invasion 5.3-5 kyr BP"] Yamnaya --> Massive_EU_Invasion["Massive EU Invasion ~4.9 kyr BP. Germanic, Italic and Celtic groups"] Massive_EU_Invasion --> Corded_Ware["Corded ware/ battle axe culture ~4.9 kyr BP Central Europe ~4.3 kyr BP reaches Atlantic"] MN_Farmers --> Corded_Ware Corded_Ware --> Light_Skin_Lactose["SLC45A2 light skin allele fixed, rs4988235 in the LCT gene region for lactose tolerance at 0.7 freq."] Yamnaya --> Baltic_Slavic["Baltic and Slavic groups. Left after Germans etc... Contact evident with Indo Iranians... Possibly from Poltavka."] GrArIIr --> Greeks_Armenians["Greeks, Armenians"] %% --- Section 9: Sintashta/Andronovo & Proto-Indo-Iranians --- Altai_Invasion --> Afanasievo["Alfenaslevo culture Tocharian IE"] Afanasievo --> Okunevo["Okunevo culture in Altai. Distinct."] Pre_Americans -.-> Okunevo Okunevo --> Andronovo_Intrusion["Andronovo Intrusion"] Andronovo_Intrusion --> Karasuk["Karasuk culture"] Karasuk --> Uighurs Yamnaya --> Sintashta_Complex["Sintashta-Potapovka- Filatovka complex, large scale metal works, forts, towers, ditches, weapons, spoke wheel chariots, elaborate jewels"] Sintashta_Complex --> Filatovka["Filatovka/Kondrashevka culture in the upper reaches of the Don river -- ~4.1 kyr"] Sintashta_Complex --> EF_Infusion["17% EF Infusion, rise of R1a Y chromosome haplogroup"] Anatolia_EF -.-> EF_Infusion EF_Infusion --> Poltavka["Poltavka culture (~4.9-4.2 kyr) same place as Yamnaya. R1b dominates."] EF_Infusion --> Indo_Iranians_R1a Poltavka --> Srubnaya["3.9-3.8 kyr BP Srubnaya culture. R1a-Z93 Same place as Yamnaya."] Indo_Iranians_R1a --> Srubnaya Indo_Iranians_R1a --> Sintashta["Sintashta culture in the east in the zone between the Urals and the Tobol river ~4.1kyr"] Sintashta --> Seima_Turbino["Seima-Turbino phenomenon, Andronovo culture. 3.9-3.8 kyr BP, Sn- bronze. R1a-Z93 (R1a1a1b2) appears."] Andronovo_Intrusion -.-> Seima_Turbino Seima_Turbino --> Eurasia_Expansion["Expansion over all of central Eurasia"] %% --- Section 10: Indo-Aryan Migration --- GrArIIr --> Indo_Iranians_R1a["Indo Iranians. R1a-Z93 (R1a1a1b2) dominates."] Indo_Iranians_R1a --> India_Invasion_BMAC["CHG Invasion of India? Mixture with CHG in Bactria-Margiana complex (BMAC)?"] India_Invasion_BMAC --> India_Trade["India trade, Intervention and invasion"] Harappan -.-> India_Trade %% --- STYLING --- style A fill:#3c91e6,stroke:#333,stroke-width:2px style PIE fill:#ff9900,stroke:#333,stroke-width:2px style Indo_Iranians_R1a fill:#ff9900,stroke:#333,stroke-width:2px style India_Trade fill:#ff9900,stroke:#333,stroke-width:2px