Abbeville, 393, 472
Abortion, 54. See also Birth control
Académie Française, 71, 97
Adour River, 265
Aesop’s Fables, 453
Agde (Hérault), 74, 299
Agen (Lot-et-Garonne), 183, 200, 207, 218,
[[257]]
Agenais, 36, 216
Agricultural methods, 117-29, 473, 480-81;
changes in, 122-26; effect of machinery on life-style, 125f; resistance to change, 126, 128-29; legislation affecting, 129; and railroads, 208-9; average return on farming, 239n; instruction in, 329n
Agricultural (active) population, 115-16, 116
(table)
Agricultural revolution, 118f
Agulhon, Maurice, 59, 241, 260, 269f, 291,
342n, 379, 437
Aide-toi (Republican society), 402 Aigurande (Indre), 206, 511
Ain, 102, 212n, 337, 400, 415. See also Belley;
Bourg-en-Bresse
Aisne, 23, 33, 123, 223, 476 Aix-en-Provence (Bouches-du-Rhône), 443,
[[467]]
Ajain (Creuse), 12, 248
Ajalbert, Jean, 35, 77, 282
Albert, Marcelin, 81n, 435n
Albertus Magnus, 25 Albi (Tarn), 18, 45, 220 Alcazars, 235
Alcohol and wine, 144-45, 216, 540 Algeria, 490-91
Alienation, change and, 94, 484 Allanches (Cantal), 367, 409
Allaux, Doctor, 233
Allier, 88, 133, 190, 208n, 227, 310, 346;
autarkic characteristics, 33f, 43, 105, 297; economic activity, 161, 466; politics, 246, 262, 271; popular culture, 382f, 417-18, 433, 455. See also Cérilly; Montluçon
Allier River, 146
Allier valley, 13, 211
Almanacs, 454, 461-63
Alpes-Maritimes, 69, 76, 396, 401. See also Nice Alps, 122, 178, 278-79, 349, 466, 487; patois
used in, 69, 76, 81; roads and transportation, 199, 201; politics, 242, 246. See also individual departments by name Alsace, 282, 293n, 473, 485 Alsace-Lorraine, 100, 110 Ambazac Mountains, 78
Ambert (Puy-de-Dôme), 177n, 288 Angers (Maine-et-Loire), 243, 293 Angeville, Adolphe d’, 104, 403, 494 Animal torture, 381-83
Ansarine region (North Africa), 54, 126 Anselme, Henri Maître, 239n Anthrax, 155
Anticlericalism, 344-46, 357-63, 459-60 Anti-Semitism, 39-40, 275, 29on, 510 Anxiety, conditions of peasant life and, 151 Aquitaine, 36, 485
Arachon River, 489 Arago, Etienne, 205n
Ardèche, 18, 35, 134, 149, 162, 173n, 236, 268; education, 5, 69, 305, 307, 309, 314; popular culture, 28, 383n, 396, 404, 409, 415, 421, 557. See also Aubenas; Gravières; Largentière; Loubaresse; Malarce; Privas; St.- Agrève; St.-Marcel; St.-Pierreville; Valgorge; Vans
[[600]]
Index
Ardennes, 120, 214, 337; popular culture, 25,
393, 399, 416, 431, 454, 476 Ardouin-Dumazet, 134, 148, 160, 209, 232-35
passim, 308, 330, 488-89 Argonne, 384, 476
Ariège, 17, 43, 46, 59-60, 93; autarkic charac-
teristics, 34, 58-59, 295, 487-88; economic activity, 39n, 63, 122, 201, 214; patois used in, 74, 76, 86n; family and social life, 135, 155, 172, 179; communications and transportation, 201, 219; popular culture, 228, 400, 409, 467; politics, 243, 261n, 275; migration from, 280-81, 290; education, 310, 3120, 313; anticlericalism, 358, 363, See also Aulus-les-Bains; Ax; Foix; Pamiers; St.-Girons; Tarascon
Ariès, Philippe, 326
Arles-sur-Tech (Pyrénées-Orientales), 387, 391
Arleuf (Nièvre), 26, 85
Armagnac, 87f, 154, 216
Armana provença, 80
Armengaud, André, 36, 185, 251
Army, attitudes toward, 105, 108. See also
Conscription; Military service
Arson, 16n
Arteriosclerosis, 144
Artesien language, 69
Artisans and artisanal enterprise, 221-26, 413,
[[534]]
Assier, Adolphe d’, 275
Assumptionist Order, 352
Aube, 102, 135, 175n, 198, 329, 473
Aubenas (Ardèche), 32, 71n, 202, 259 Aubrac, 36, 65n, 209, 384, 514
Auch (Gers), 41, 46, 87
Aude, 81n, 100, 111, 153n, 213, 239n, 347n, 436, 467. See also Carcassonne; Limoux; Narbonne
Audierne (Finistère), 82f, 327, 472 Audiganne, Armand, 35f, 266, 327n Auge, 64
Augé-Laribé, Michel, 118, 477
Aulnoy, Comtesse d’, 478
Aulus-les-Bains (Ariège), 139, 242-43, 275
Aunis, 33, 141, 341
Aurillac (Cantal), 197, 199f, 279n, 289, 299,
336n, 409, 468
Autarky, as characteristic of rural France,
31-40 passim, 41-50 passim
Auvergne, 24, 47f, 230, 278, 282, 479, 482; family and domestic life, 49, 162f, 230; autarkic characteristics, 57-58, 105, 295; patois used in, 74, 77, 78n, 91, 515; politics, 190; popular culture, 382-83, 410, 422, 444, 450, 476. See also individual departments by
name
Avallon (Yonne), 86, 257, 283
Avenir du Cantal, L’, 468
Aveyron, 53n, 76, 145, 163n, 171n, 229, 484,
510; autarkic characteristics, 43ff, 511; economic activity, 122, 125, 521; communications and transportation, 202-3, 219; popular culture, 315, 400, 415, 454, 476. See also Millau; St.-Chély Avignon (Vaucluse), 251, 315, 372 Ax (Ariège), 201, 205
Bacciochi, Princess, 55
Bachelin, Henri, 36, 165, 290n
Balzac, Honoré de, 37, 176n, 305, 459, 488;
characterization of peasants, I, 12; on usury, 39
Banks, 37-38
Baptism, religious indifference and, 344 Barbès, Arnaud, 436
Bargemen, 210
Barker, Edward Harrison, 77f, 128, 163n, 300n,
366, 448n
Barnave, Antoine, 238
Barral, J. A., 18, 32, 125, 127, 140-41
Barral, Pierre, 79, 274
Barrès, Maurice, 43n, 98, 112, 237, 256n,
440-41, 472
Bar-sur-Seine (Aube), 102, 198
Bart, Jean, 70
Barter system, 35-36
Basque country, 49, 56, 485, 490; autarkic
characteristics, 47-48, 99, 296; patois used in, 69, 312-13; popular culture, 87, 357,
404, 429
Bas-Rhin, 69, 318, 403, 415, 439 Basses-Alpes, 39, 53n, 134, 157, 171n, 511 Basses-Pyrénées, 171n, 384, 519; St.-Palais, 60,
62, 65, 514; patois used in, 69, 76, 312-13; education, 69, 307, 311ff, 315
Bastia (Corsica), 55, 219
Bastiat, Frédéric, 39
Bastié, Maurice, 385
Bastille Day (July 14), 389-90, 474 Batz (Loire-Inférieure), 69, 349 Baudelaire, Charles, 28
Baudoin, Rector (Academy of Rennes), 100,
313 Baudrillart, Henri, 21, 32, 146, 201, 371, 411; on rural resistance to urban authority, 10, 262; on use of patois, 73, 82, 84
Bazin, René, 218n, 297n
Béarn, 69, 117, 201, 313, 485
Béates, 307-8, 545
Beauce, 13, 23, 63, 85, 343, 419, 472, 519 Beauquier, Charles, 134n
Bédel, Maurice, 220
Beggars and vagrancy, 47, 62-66, 131, 514 Belbèze, Raymond, 143, 259
Bellac (Haute-Vienne), 200n, 233, 248, 289 Belley (Ain), 403-4
Index
Bells, church, magical power of, 28f, 43n, 361,
[[367]]
Benda, Julien, 95f, 111
Beni (dance), 439n
Bennassar, Bartolomé, 133n, 142n
Benoît, Fernand, 383n
Béranger, Pierre-Jean de, 109, 441 Bernadette, Saint, 74, 77, 353-54
Berry, 13, 23, 79, 86, 129n, 132, 172, 264, 430.
See also individual departments by name Berry, Duchesse de, 196
Berthelot, Marcellin, 469 Beslay, François, 80
Besson, Pierre, 136, 141n, 319n, 334-35, 378 Betham-Edwards, Margaret, 136 Béthune (Pas-de-Calais), 69, 264n Beulaygue, Paul, 313
Beuvray, Mount, 408
Béziers (Hérault), 74, 253-54, 299 Bibliothèque bleue, 461, 465
Bicycles, effect on traditional practices of, 231,
344, 417, 450, 473
Bigorre, 46, 201, 224, 246
Bilingualism, 77, 299
Billom (Puy-de-Dôme), 259, 390
Birettes, 24
Birth control, 54, 177-82 passim, 186, 529;
coitus interruptus, 185, 365; effect of migration on, 291
Birthrates, 178f, 184f
Bismarck, Otto von, 386
Blachère, subdelegate of Aubenas, 71n
Blacksmiths, 223, 225-26
Blanqui, Adolphe, 41, 50, 96, 136, 144, 157,
232, 236, 487
Bodley, J. E. M., 109f
Body pests, 149
Bogros, Edmond, 159, 172
Bois, Jules, 7
Bois, Paul, 42, 255, 323
Bollème, Geneviève, 433, 461, 463
Bonaparte, Prince Victor, 458
Bonapartism, 256
Bonfires, 377f, 391, 393-95, 396, 476-77, 567
Bonheur, Gaston, 93
Bonnemère, Eugène, 10
Bonnet, Serge, 128, 271, 341
Bonneville (Haute-Savoie), 103, 269
Books, peasant access to, 290, 452-56, 466₤
Bordeaux (Gironde), 46, 205, 211, 241, 250
Bordes, Paul, 441
Borsendorff, Louis, 1830 Boscary, Gabriel, 143n Botrel, Théodore, 230
Bouches-du-Rhône, 67, 416, 443, 454, 467
Bougeatre, Eugène, 164
бог
Boulanger, Georges, 100, 256, 275, 294, 427,
[[458]]
Boulard, Fernand, 342
Bourbonnais, 26, 28, 119, 138n, 160, 215, 373,
476, 512; autarkic characteristics, 32, 44, 295n; popular culture, 299, 383n, 391, 399, 417, 422, 425, 434, 437, 444, 465ff; religious life, 344, 349, 355-56. See also individual departments by name
Bourdieu, M. C., 175n
Bourdieu, Pierre, 34, 175n, 246, 487, 492 Bourg, distinguished from village, 559 Bourg-en-Bresse (Ain), 198, 390n Bourgeoisie, rural, 236-40 Brandy, 144-45, 216
Brassac (Puy-de-Dôme), 34, 287 Braudel, Fernand, 493
Bravade (club), 270n
Bray-sur-Seine (Somme), 387, 475 Bread, 135-38, 141-42, 523 Brekilien, Yann, 445
Brémond, Félix, 271n
Bresse, 35f, 65, 122, 157, 161, 164, 207; popular
culture, 228, 349, 416, 424
Brest (Finistère), 82, 204, 390, 402, 489
Brick works, 213
Bridges, 200
Bric, 35, 138n, 386, 396, 410, 511 Brigandage, 55-56
Brioude (Haute-Loire), 164, 211, 213, 232, 293 Brittany, 4, 15, 47, 54f, 83, 108, 173, 262, 293n,
472; folklore, 24, 425-27; economic activity, 33f, 118, 127, 225, 395, 473; autarkic characteristics, 45f, 50f, 100, 109, 218, 248, 479, 485, 489-90; begging and vagrancy, 62-63, 64, 66; patois used in, 74, 76, 82-84, 86, 88, 299; living conditions, 135ff, 140, 142n, 143f, 161f, 164, 301; demographic trends, 178f, 1840; communications and transportation, 204, 209, 212; popular culture, 230, 383f, 401, 414, 416, 424, 461, 465, 468; migration from, 282, 284, 542; education, 306, 309, 313, 319f, 327, 490; religious life, 346, 351n; music, 429ff, 438, 444-49 passim. See also individual departments by name Brittany, Dukes of, 82n
Brive-la-Gaillarde (Corrèze), 38, 42, 255, 331,
[[465]]
Brothels, 475
Broye-les-Pesmes (Haute-Saône), 169£, 190 Brugerette, Joseph, 364, 370
Brun, Auguste, 79n, 80, 84, 89, 98
Brunet, Roger, 247
Bruno, G. (Mme. Alfred Fouillée), 295, 311,
335 Buckwheat, 137
[[602]]
Buffet, H.-F., 236
Bugnicourt, Jacques, 259f
Buisson, Ferdinand, 8, 311, 326 Burckhardt, Jacob, 496
Burguière, André, 316n, 461n
Burgundy, 33, 48, 50, 59, 70, 85, 163, 424; religious life, 345n, 368, 456. See also individual departments by name Burials and funerals, 235, 358-59, 372-74
Burke, Edmund, 112
Bussière, Renouard de, 403
Butchers, 226
Cabet, Etienne, 12
Cabrières, Cardinal de, 370
Caen (Calvados), 215n, 479n
Cafés and cafés-concerts, 235, 417, 445 Cahiers de doléances, 62
Cahors (Lot), 72, 15on, 237, 472 Caisse Nationale d’Epargne, 38 Calendars, 341, 464n, 483
Calvados, 179, 215n, 280, 316, 479n
Cambrai (Nord), 82, 372
Caméristats, 319n
Camus, Albert, 459
Canals, 198
Canards, 459-60, 465, 565
Index
Cantal, 85, 171n, 217, 282, 289; economic
activity, 34, 63, 65, 216, 466; autarkic characteristics, 59, 295, 519; patois used in, 67, 69, 74, 77; living conditions, 136, 138, 162; communications and transportation, 197, 294; politics, 244; migration from, 279; education, 310, 313, 321, 324, 334-35, 337; religious life, 361, 367-68; popular culture, 378, 417, 466, 468, 476. See also Allanches; Aurillac; Cheylade; Mauriac; Murat; St.-Flour
Carcassonne (Aude), 208, 211, 253 Cards, playing, 235
Carmaux (Tarn), 208, 2130
Carnival, 377-78, 385-90, 395ff, 476 Carnot, Sadi, 445
Carpentras (Vaucluse), 257, 269 Carré, J. M., 489-90
Carroi de Marlou, 15
Carroun (French-patois mixture), 90 Carters, 210
Cartwrights, 224 Casinos, 235
Castelnau (Lot-et-Garonne), 45, 114 Catalan language, 69, 78, 313, 315 Catechism, 340, 358f
Catholic church, see Church, Catholic Catholic League, 108
Cattle-raising, 120, 128, 411 Causses, 118, 177, 279, 467
Cavaignac, Godefroy, 458 Celibacy, 171n, 184, 530 Cemeteries, 373 Censorship, 235
Cercle de France, 209
Cercle de la Concorde, 269 Cercle des Bastidans, 268n Cercle des Ouvriers, 269 Cerdagne, 201, 306, 485 Cère River, 69
Céret (Pyrénées-Orientales), 223, 235, 262,
409, 438, 450
Cérilly (Allier), 232, 238
Cévennes, 143n, 201f, 311, 422n, 434 Chambord, Comte de, 250, 538
Chambrées, 270
Chambrelent, François-Hilaire, 488 Chambrettes, 270, 477
Champagne region, 70, 85, 109, 124, 397, 399,
- See also individual departments by name Chanzeaux (Vendée), 47, 155n, 264
Charcoal, 201, 214
Charente-Inférieure, 196n, 310; -Maritime, 394 Charentes, 15, 50, 162, 250, 275, 399, 462n Charette (Vendean leader), 108
Charity, 63, 66
Charivaris, 399-406, 476, 477n, 558 Charles X, 127
Chastity, 185
Château-Chinon (Nièvre), 55, 85, 154 Châteaulin (Finistère), 58, 61, 62, 173, 309,
[[405]]
Châteauroux (Indre), 15, 206
Chatelain, Abel, 289
Cher, 133, 265, 309, 322-23, 511 Cher River, 48
Chestnuts, 138-39, 416, 524 Chevalier, Louis, 1, 3290
Chevalier, Michel, 60
Cheylade (Cantal), 130n, 301
Children, 170-71, 175n, 177n, 188-91, 321-23;
child abuse, 62; preference for male children, 172-73; laws protecting, 188-89; and festival activities, 392-93, 394. See also Infant mortality
Chile, personalization of state in, 108 Chimney sweeps, 280, 289
Cholera, 151, 152n, 394n
Chombart de Lauwe, Jean, 490
Christmas, celebration of, 397-98
Church, Catholic, 171, 289, 339-56, 359f; anti- Semitism spread by, 39n; and use of patois, 87-88, 362f; schools, 323f, 550; number of members and clergymen, 339; religious processions, 363-64, 386, 390-94; opposition to popular culture and religion, 364, 366-67, 368-69, 415, 558; opposition to birth con-
trol, 365; functional decline of, 369-74; Catholic revival, 370-71; seminaries, 371f, 555. See also Priests; Religious life
Church bells, magical power of, 28f, 43n, 361,
[[367]]
Cigarettes, 473
Circles (clubs), 268-70
Clapham, J. H., 2210
Class, social, 12, 245-47
Clemenceau, Georges, 242, 325
Clermont (Puy-de-Dôme), 42, 317
Clothing: peasant, 147-48, 227-31 passim;
production of, 222-23, 225 Clough, Shepherd, 81
Clubs, 268-70
Cluny (Saône-et-Loire), 10, 16 Cobb, Richard, 11, 150, 247, 295
Code Napoléon, 176, 191 Coffee, 143
Cognac, 250, 252n Coiffes, 231
Coins and currency, 33-35, 36
Coissac, G.-M., 412
Coitus interruptus, 185, 365 Coke, 214
Colin, Elicio, 141n
Collot, Augustin, 351n
Colombine, 120
Colonization, integration into France as,
485-96
Combes, Emile, 491n
Combes brothers, 155
Comminges, 35, 123, 138, 224, 247
Common land, 119-20, 128-29
Communications and transportation, 54-55,
195-220, 481-82
Concordat of 1801, 339, 341
Confolentais, 50
Index
Conscription, military, 292-302, 474-75, 543.
See also Military service
Constant, Emilien, 270n Contraception, see Birth control Coornaert, Emile, 205
Corbin, Alain, 142n, 152, 219, 282, 322, 326,
343, 388; on Limousin agriculture, 118, 177; on peasants and politics, 247-48, 254n, 269; study of bookstores in Limousin, 465-66 Cornouaille, 46, 64, 83, 134, 140, 384 Corrèze, 4, 35, 77, 143, 171-72, 177, 248n, 279,
494; economic activity, 32, 34, 117, 120, 122f; autarkic characteristics, 48, 100, 110, 492, 511; patois used in, 94, 312, 518; communications and transportation, 208n, 219; education, 289, 308f, 312f, 320, 327; popular culture, 394, 400, 431, 433, 465-66, 467. See also Brive-la-Gaillarde; Eygurande; Treignac; Tulle
[[603]]
Corsica, 53n, 55, 138, 199, 454, 490; patois
used in, 69, 85, 516; autarkic characteristics, 105, 485, 488. See also Bastia; Sartène Corvée, 249, 537
Côte, Léon, 425
Côte-d’Or, 228, 322, 351n, 453 Côtes-du-Nord, 46, 284, 297, 466; patois used in, 69, 83; social and living conditions, 132, 154, 171n, 185, 227; education and popular culture, 320, 427, 454, 465. See also Dinan; Guingamp; Lannion; St.-Brieuc
Courier, Paul-Louis, 379
Courrier du Finistère, Le, 355
Courting customs, 447, 472-73, 545 Couserans, 48-49, 86n, 135
Couvade, 473
Crédit Agricole, 38
Crédit Foncier, 38
Credit institutions, 38-40 Crempse river valley, 214 Cressot, Joseph, 227, 397, 461
Creuse, 86, 102n, 116, 163, 189, 255, 289;
economic activities, 117, 122, 281, 466; communications and transportation, 208n, 219; migration, 281, 288; education and popular culture, 327, 394, 449, 465-66, 468. See also Ajain; Guéret
Crime, rural, 51-62, 512
Crimean War, 101, 294
Crise du Midi (1907), see under Midi Croix du Cantal, La, 468
Crop rotation, 120, 122
Croup, 151
Cuisenier, Jean, 126
Damien, Sister, 77 Dampierre family, 265 Dancing, 368-69, 446-51 Daudet, Alphonse, 383n
Dauphiné, 11, 36, 59, 79, 185, 281; economic
activity, 125; communications, 207ff; popular culture, 3830, 393-94, 449. See also individual departments by name Dauzat, Albert, 84, 444 Dax (Landes), I, 234
Death, views of, 14-15
Death rates, 179, 182, 208. See also Infant
mortality
Decauville railroad, 76 Decoux-Lagoutte, Edouard, 177 Deffontaines, Pierre, 176 Degrully, Paul, 129n Déguignet, F. M., 426
De Kératry (Breton leader), 100 Delarue, Paul, 471
Delpon, J.-A., 401
Demoiselles, War of, 159-60604
Demoulin (songwriter), 435
Denain, Rector, 316
Dergny, Dieudonné, 229
Déroulède, Paul, 442
Desprès, Armand, 184f
Destutt de Tracy, Antoine, 326
Deutsch, Karl, 458f
Deux-Sèvres, 38, 111, 184, 196n, 297-98. See
also Mazières-en-Gâtine; Parthenay
Diarrhea, 155
Diderot, Denis, 215
Diet, 133, 299-301, 522ff
Dillon, Comte, 256n
Dinan (Côtes-du-Nord), 45, 97 Diphtheria, 151
Diseases, 151-55 passim
Disettes, 17-18, 130n
Disraeli, Benjamin, 9-10
Ditzamondaires, 225
Doctors, 153-54
Dombasle, Mathieu de, 127, 490
Donkeys, 202f, 399, 402n, 405-6
Door-and-window tax, 156-57, 179
Index
Dordogne, 43, 67, 76f, 185, 454, 511; economic
activity, 118, 122, 139, 214, 466; living conditions, 138, 163; politics, 249f; education, 307, 309, 311, 315, 334, 337. See also
La Coquille; Périgueux; Sarlat Dordogne River, 211
Dore River, 84
Douai (Nord), 196, 442n
Doubs, 24, 47, 84, 101, 108-9, 171n, 449;
military service, 302, 519; education, 307, 322, 334. See also Lantenne Doussinet, Raymond, 175n, 446n Dovecotes, 120
Dowry, 174
Draft evasion, 101-2, 104, 292–93, 295-96,
519; patron saint of draft evaders, 99
Draguignan (Var), 236, 251, 270, 391 Dreyfus Affair, 244
Drobie River, 207
Drôme, 12, 217, 248, 311, 372
Drôme valley, 28
Dropt River, 211
Drumont, Edouard, 467
Dubois, Augustin, 26n
Du Camp, Maxime, 82, 144
Duchatellier, A. M., 248
Duché, Emile, 16n
Duclos, Charles Pinot, 97
Duclos, Jacques, 25, 75, 78, 224, 244n, 312
Du Guesclin, Bertrand, 108f
Dumont, Charles, 177
Dunkirk (Nord), 100, 224, 447
Dupeux, Georges, 271
Dupont, Pierre, 167, 283
Dupront, Alphonse, 95, 111 Durance River, 109
Durand, Claude, 38, 435
Durkheim, Emile, 65, 150n, 370n
Duruy, Victor, 308, 324 Dysentery, 151, 155
Eclairy (Breton songwriter), 432 Edeine, Bernard, 378n, 3820
Education, 5-6, 238, 289, 303-38, 363, 414-15;
spread of French language, 78, 306, 310-14, 489-90; national integration through, 100, III, 330-38, 493-94, 549; social consequences, 173-74, 186, 330, 355-56; methods and curriculum, 305-7, 317, 333-36, 489-90; of women, 307, 314, 547; educational reforms, 307-9, 323-24; cost of, 309, 323-26; peasant attitudes toward, 318-23, 325-30; school attendance, 325-26, 548. See also Schools; Teachers
Elections, 256ff, 540
Electoral participation, 271, 274 Electrification, 165-66
Employment, educational prerequisites for,
328-29
Encyclopédie, L’, 6-7, 215
Endogamous marriages, 168f, 187, 246, 527 Engels, Friedrich, 245, 491n Epinal (Vosges), 243, 410, 457
Etelfay (Somme), 400n, 556
Eure, 187, 229, 246, 293n, 315, 344, 400, 454 Eure-et-Loir, 295, 393, 454, 466; education,
305, 310, 314, 320, 324
Exogamous marriages, 187 Eygurande (Corrèze), 155, 203
Factory system, 212-13
Fagé, René, 225
Fairs, markets and, 13, 407-12
Falloux Law, 271
Fallow fields, 119, 521
Family life, 167-91, 527-30 passim. See also
Children; Marriage; Women
Famine, 17-18, 130
Fanon, Frantz, 490-92
Farmers, peasants distinguished from, 117
Fashions, clothing, 227-31
Faucher, Daniel, 119, 481
Fauvet, Jacques, 159
Favre, Jules, 258n, 403
Feasts and festivals, 366-67, 377-98, 557
Febvre, Henri, 237 Febvre, Lucien, 225 Félibrige, 80, 230 Feret, Edouard, 1, 4
Ferroul, Ernest, 487
Ferry, Jules, 77, 308-9, 494 Fertility, language and, 179n Fertility rites, 378, 383n, 393f, 473, 476 Fertilizer, use of, 118, 120-22, 129, 133,
355-56, 521, 552 Fichte, Johann, 112 Figeac (Lot), 34, 150n
Index
Finistère, 25, 34, 46, 57, 204, 271, 347, 514;
patois used in, 69, 82-83, 88; education, 69, 309, 319f, 324, 327; social and living conditions, 1410, 164f, 171n, 173n, 179, 184n; popular culture, 409, 417, 429, 454, 465. See also Audierne; Brest; Châteaulin; Landerneau; Morlaix; Plozévet; Pouldergat; Quimper; Quimperlé Fireplaces, 160-61, 165
Fires, threat of, 16-17. See also Bonfires First World War, 28, 143, 215, 228, 268, 544; and spread of French language, 78-79, 477; and women’s liberation, 174; as benchmark between past and present, 475, 476-77; and political participation, 541
Fish and game, 135
Flahaut, Albert-Auguste, 264n
Flanders, French, 81-82, 140, 205, 313, 490;
autarkic characteristics, 100, 218, 485. See also Nord
Flaubert, Gustave, 56, 74, 76, 82, 102, 204n,
316, 318
Flax and hemp, 212, 416, 472f, 476
Flemish language, 69, 81-82, 85
Fleurent, Joseph, 110
Florac (Lozère), 232f, 237
Foix (Ariège), 14, 124, 404
Folklore, 419-28, 437-38, 471-72
Food riots, 17-18, 248
Food supply and diet, 130-45, 150n, 299-301,
522ff
Food trades, 226-27
Forests, crime and, 59-60, 248, 514
Forez, 90, 132, 149, 200, 215, 284, 388-89,
444, 476
Fountains, healing power of, 27-28, 349 Fourier, Charles, 12
Fournier, J.-A., 539
Foville, Alfred de, 136, 160f France, Anatole, 458
Franche-Comté, 79, 279, 383, 476, 480; social and living conditions, 49, 130f, 134, 138, 164, 172; education and popular culture, 90-91, 228, 321, 386n, 392f, 418, 421f, 424, 427, 483; autarkic characteristics, 98, 101, 109, 487; communications and transportation, 207, 215, 223. See also individual departments by name
Francis I, 70, 73
[[605]]
Franco-Prussian War, see War of 1870-71 Francus, Doctor (A. Mazon), 149, 153, 160,
274 Freemasonry, 24n, 224, 261 Free-trade treaties, 214 Frémont, Georges, 371
French language, see under Language Freycinet, Charles de Saulce de, 209, 494 Freycinet Plan, 209-10, 218, 220, 309 Fualdès, Antoine, 465
Funerals and burials, 235, 358-59, 372-74 Furniture and utensils, 163-65
Gabelle, 131
Gachon, Lucien, 177n, 195 Gallos, 46, 82
Gambetta, Léon, 5, 10, 100, 103, 238n, 255f,
274f, 359, 361
Garçonnades, 380-81
Gard, 47, 100, 108, 124, 143, 213, 332, 360,
- See also Nîmes
Garde Nationale Mobile, 292n Garibaldi, Guiseppe, 268, 458-59 Garneret, Jean, 476 Garonne, 5, 176
Garonne River, 211, 216 Garonne valley, 200, 284 Garrier, Gilbert, 187n
Gascony, 41, 237, 247, 269; autarkic characteristics, 46, 59; patois used in, 46, 79, 88, 313; popular culture, 411, 422, 433, 437, 469, 562. See also individual departments by name
Gaskell, Philip, 12
Gelée, Claude, 455
Gemachling, Paul, 184
Geography, teaching of, 333-36
Gers, 16, 46, 64, 74; education and popular cul-
ture, 28, 324, 417, 421-22, 449; autarkic characteristics, 59-60, 296; economic activity, 124, 222-23, 223 (table), 466; social and living conditions, 137n, 179, 240; politics, 244, 250, 256, 274-75. See also Auch; Lectoure; Lombez; Mirande; Plaisance Geselle, Guido, 81
Gévaudan, 35, 55, 199, 295, 488
Gilland, Pierre, 245n, 453
Gille, Charles, 30, 249n Girardin, Emile de, 462 Giret, Jean-Paul, 310 Giron, Aimé, 87
Gironde, 46, 105, 248, 325; Bordeaux, 46, 205,
211, 241, 250
Glanders, 155
Gleaning, 129
[[606]]
Gobineau, Arthur de, 101f
Goguel, François, 241
Goiter, 151
Index
Gorse, M. M., 48, 134, 168, 411, 419; on count-
ing and measures, 32, 34; on peasant use of patois, 77, 94; on conditions of family life, 171
Gossip, 235
Gostling, Frances M., 78n, 445 Gourdon (Lot), 15on, 259 Gouvion-Saint-Cyr, Laurent, 292 Goy, Joseph, 133n Gramont Law (1850), 5 Grand Albert, Le, 25-26, 288n Gravières (Ardèche), 154, 201 Grégoire, Henri, 71f, 98, 345 Greuze, Jean-Baptiste, 416
Grévy, Jules, 201, 389
Guano, 122
Guéret (Creuse), 12, 289, 465
Guerry, A. M., 52, 53n
Guilcher, Jean-Michel, 446, 448, 478n
Guillaumin, Emile, 44, 48n, 49, 135, 152, 238,
285, 295n, 418
Guingamp (Côtes-du-Nord), 86, 444 Guipel (Ille-et-Vilaine), 468f
Guizot, François, 307-8, 323-24, 331
Halbwachs, Maurice, 8, 152n, 244n, 542 Halévy, Daniel, 162, 164, 274, 346, 356, 466 Halley’s comet, 460
Hamerton, Philip G., 251, 345n, 462n, 479n Harvest customs, 476 Harvesting machines, 125
Haussmann, Georges, 1, 9, 198
Haute-Garonne, 10, 46, 121, 133, 163, 185, 203,
- See also St.-Lary; Toulouse Haute-Loire, 5, 76, 307, 360, 545; economic activity, 34, 129, 131, 201, 534; social and living conditions, 139n, 162, 171n. See also Brioude; Le Puy; Yssingeaux
Haute-Marne, 30, 141, 224, 227, 372, 381, 396 Hautes-Alpes, 53n, 56n, 150, 305; social and living conditions, 132, 136, 157, 1710; politics, 538
Haute-Saône, 169f, 171n, 190, 334, 352, 519 Haute-Savoie, 42, 67, 103, 218n, 269 Hautes-Pyrénées, 76, 171n, 368, 383-84, 401,
422, 511. See also Lourdes; Tarbes Haute-Vienne, 4, 20, 38, 76, 108, 299, 363,
459; economic activity, 39, 117, 122, 214; social and living conditions, 141, 15on, 178; politics, 247, 248n; education, 289, 320, 327; popular culture, 465-66. See also Bellac; Limoges
Haut-Rhin, 69, 462
Hayes, Carlton J. H., 96, 112
Health, physical conditions of, 150-55, 347-51.
See also Hygiene
Hemp and flax, 212, 416, 472f, 476
Hemp oil, 161
Henry IV, 108
Hérault, 81n, 185, 213, 290; education, 67, 311, 324; autarkic characteristics, 100, 105, 108, 293n, 295, 297; popular culture, 422n, 468. See also Agde; Béziers; Montpellier Herder, Johann Gottfried von, 112 Herriot, Edouard, 409
Hervé, Gustave, 390
Higonnet, Patrice, 143n, 201, 254n
History: peasants’ sense of, 108-10; teaching of,
333-36
Hobsbawm, Eric J., 113
Hogarth, William, 458
Horses, 120, 202-3, 3830 Hospitals, 155
Households, number of, 186
Houses and housing, 155-62, 526f Humboldt, Alexander von, 112
Hunting, 60-61, 249, 430, 514
Hygiene, 148-50, 299–301, 330, 525f. See also
Health
Identity, forging of French: in Revolution, 98; dimensions of the problem, 111-14; by conscription, 297-98; by education, 330-38, 546; war and, 477; integration as colonization, 485-96 passim
Ideology, peasant, 248, 420-21
Ille-et-Vilaine, 51, 171n, 178, 196n, 295f, 319f,
423, 468f. See also Rennes Illegitimacy, 177, 179, 182, 1820 Impotence, 151, 525
Indigency, 63, 131. See also Beggars and
vagrancy
Indre, 15, 124, 206, 322-23, 437, 466, 511 Indre-et-Loire, 108, 124
Industrial revolution, local industries and,
211-18
Infant mortality, 179, 182-83, 184 Infanticide, 54, 182-83
Information, peasant access to, 267-68, 465-70 Inheritance laws, 176
Innovation, peasant resistance to, 479-82 “Internationale, L’,” 436 Iron industry, local, 214f
Isère, 79, 151, 209, 328, 366, 392; economic
activity, 30, 212n, 466; politics, 261n, 271. See also La Salette; Morette; Oisans Isolation, rural, 43, 199-200, 261, 276, 290-91 Issoire (Puy-de-Dôme), 243, 259
Italian War (1859), 294
Index
[[607]]
Jacqueries (1868), 250 Jalby, Robert, 1870, 2300 Jansenism, 364, 554
Jasmin (Gascon poet), 250
Jégada, Hélène, 465
Jesuits, 313, 362, 402
Jewelry, 230
Jews, 339, 457f. See also Anti-Semitism
Joan of Arc, 111-12, 520
Jura, 79, 125n, 152, 278n, 322, 385, 542 Justice, La, 242
Justice, peasant attitudes toward, 50-66
Kanter, Sanford, 462n Karnoouh, Claude, 259n Kindergartens, 314
Kinship, politics and, 259n
Labat, Emmanuel, 92, 98, 219, 469; on peasant diet, 142, 144; on family structure, 186, 188; on class roles and politics, 237, 240, 247; on oral tradition, 428n
Labor force, 115-16, 116 (table), 213-14, 534 Labourasse, Henri-Adolphe, 462n Labrousse, Ernest, 116
Labrune, Abbé P., 361n
La Bruyère, Jean de, 4
La Châtre (Indre), 206, 437
Lachiver, Marcel, 200
La Coquille (Dordogne), 355, 395 Lafayette, Charles Calemard de, 22
La Fontaine, Jean de, 70, 357
La Garde-Freinet (Var), 268n, 27on, 438, 558 La Harpe, Jean François de, 97 Lamartine, Alphonse de, 8on, 131, 248 Lancelot, Alain, 271
Land: measures of, 30; social status and land-
ownership, 37, 213n; land-tenure patterns, 117n, 126-27; size and cost of holdings, 239-40
Landerneau (Finistère), 35, 204 Landes, 1, 4, 23, 77-78, 205, 419; economic
activity, 30, 36, 118, 466, 480; autarkic characteristics, 44, 97, 296, 488-89, 492; living conditions, 142, 145, 162; education, 307, 315; popular culture, 448, 467, 476, 562. See also Dax; Léon
Langres (Haute-Marne), 141, 224, 372 Language, 6, 56, 67-94, 516, 546; patois, 7,
46, 56, 67, 69, 76, 92; of politics, 249-51, 265-66; of song, 432-33, 435, 437-41 passim -French language: institutions for spread of,
70, 78, 83-85, 87-88, 288-89, 362, 412; pre- Revolutionary and Revolutionary language policy, 70-72; teaching of, 77f, 306, 310-14, 336-37, 489-90
Languedoc, 7, 233, 419; popular culture, 25, 228, 230n, 395, 414, 422n, 434-35, 447; economic activity, 36, 213, 217; autarkic characteristics, 46, 538; social and living conditions, 164, 170n, 178, 187n; politics, 269. See also individual departments by name Lannion (Côtes-du-Nord), 320, 444 Lantenne (Doubs), 89, 136-37, 397, 477 Lanthemas, Barthélémy de, 72
Laon (Aisne), 23, 223
Laonnais, 164
Lapaire, Hugues, 264 Lard, 132
Largentière (Ardèche), 101n, 201, 262 Larichesse, Abbé, 366
Laroche, Pierre, 429-30, 435 La Salette (Isère), 91-92, 353 Latin, administrative use of, 516 Latreille, André, 361, 364, 370 Laundering, 147-48, 163 Lauragais, 13, 177, 189, 313; economic activity,
39, 321; autarkic characteristics, 42, 262; popular culture, 229, 245, 395, 404f, 430, 435-36, 449. See also individual departments by name
Laurent, François, 84
Laval (Mayenne), 138, 234-35 Lavergne, Léonce de, 10, 18
Lavisse, Ernest, 23, 110n, 196, 332, 334f, 419 Lawyers, hostility toward, 51
Layet, Alexandre, 411 Lebesque, Morvan, 313 Lectoure (Gers), 58, 244
Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre, 248
Leisure activities, 235-36. See also Dancing;
Feasts and festivals; Music; Veillées Lejeune, Edouard, 223
Le Mans (Sarthe), 6, 100, 300, 365 Le Mercier d’Erm, Camille, 490 Lemire, Abbé, 81, 88
Lent, 397
Léon (Landes), 46, 86, 184n, 448
Le Puy (Haute-Loire), 13, 35, 47, 198, 202, 242 Leroux, Pierre, 12
Le Roy, Eugène, 195, 250
Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel, 104, 295, 365n Levasseur, Emile, 52-53, 155n
Libraries, 290, 452f, 454-55
Lighting, house and street, 162, 234-35, 288,
413-14
Ligue de l’Enseignement, 472 Lille (Nord), 290, 449, 452 Limagne, 89, 124, 140, 216f Limagne plain, 48n Limestone, 159
Liming, 118-19, 121-22
[[608]]
Limoges (Haute-Vienne), 12, 1380, 244; economic activity, 13, 34; autarkic characteristics, 105-8; religious life, 343, 359, 374; popular culture, 404, 465
Index
Limousin, 4-5, 21, 24, 108, 279, 290; economic
activity, 35f, 117f, 120f, 128, 177, 213, 216, 225; autarkic characteristics, 42, 50, 98, 101f, 248, 479, 494n; patois used in, 74, 76f, 85f, 88, 312; social and living conditions, 133, 136f, 141, 145, 152n, 172, 189; communications and transportation, 205, 211, 217, 532; popular culture, 230, 367, 388, 411f, 421, 449f, 453, 465-66, 468, 476; politics,
246, 247-48, 269, 289, 537; education, 320, 322; religious life, 343, 3450, 346, 358, 368. See also individual departments by name Limoux (Aude), 211, 436
Literacy, 271, 288-89, 298-99, 467
Littré, Emile, 23, 462
Living conditions, 146-66
Livradois, 640, 122, 281, 423
Lizerand, Georges, 1170
Loire, 4, 323, 476, 519; patois used in, 87, 312; social and living conditions, 143, 164, 177; economic activity, 161, 212n, 224, 466; popular culture, 401n, 406n, 472–73. See also St.-Etienne; St.-Germain-l’Espinasse; St.- Haon
Loire-Inférieure, 4, 69, 171n, 1960, 204; autarkic characteristics, 46-47, 511; education, 320, 324. See also Batz; Nantes
Loiret, 12, 18, 105, 195, 295, 466. See also
Orléans
Loir-et-Cher, 63, 271, 295, 466
Loire valley, 70, 124, 211, 467
Loisy, Alfred, 371
Lombez (Gers), 58, 243, 404
Lorraine, 30, 430, 128, 161-62, 167; autarkic characteristics, 98, 485; politics, 259n, 271; popular culture, 374, 377, 383, 3870, 391, 399, 415, 449
Lot, 5, 86, 208, 250, 251-52, 309, 342; autarkic characteristics, 42, 44, 57; social and living conditions, 133, 174; popular culture, 378, 400f, 431, 444, 449, 558. See also Cahors; Gourdon
Lot-et-Garonne, 1, 46, 76, 163, 249, 293n; ed-
ucation, 307, 315, 334. See also Agen; Castelnau
Lot valley, 209
Loubaresse (Ardèche), 136, 409
Loubet, Emile, 459
Louis XIV, 70
Louis Napoleon, 109, 201, 241, 443, 458
Louis Philippe, 109, 131, 196, 203, 211, 293 Lourdes (Hautes-Pyrénées), 44, 74, 353-54
Lovie, Jacques, 103, 203, 258n Lozère, 27, 530, 56n, 85, 110, 118, 201; au-
tarkic characteristics, 43, 45; patois used in, 67, 70, 74; social and living conditions, 149, 171n, 178f; politics, 254n; education, 322, 324; popular culture, 394, 448. See also Florac; Mende; St.-Alban Lyautey, Hubert, 301 Lynch, Hannah, 148n
Lyon, 47, 56n, 167, 212n, 217, 2520 Lyonnais, 163
Macé, Jean, 472
MacMahon, Patrice, 201, 210
Mâconnais, 10, 28, 65, 147, 249, 323, 484;
autarkic characteristics, 48, 50; patois used in, 79; social and living conditions, 133, 161, 164; economic activity, 161, 225; popular culture, 229, 393, 413, 416, 424-25, 4770, 566; religious life, 342, 351n. See also Saôneet-Loire
Maeterlinck, Maurice, 12
Magic, 25-29, 346-49, 394-95, 544
Maine, 1270, 172. See also Mayenne; Sarthe Maine-et-Loire, 17f, 46-47, 64, 196n, 243, 293 Malarce (Ardèche), 201, 382
Malaria, 151
Malon, Benoît, 14, 132, 218, 346, 378, 388-89 Malraux, André, 81
Malthus, Thomas, 183
Manche, 18, 79, 171n, 178, 280, 322, 466
Mantes, 199, 270, 324
Manure, 120-21, 233-34
Marche, 45, 79, 85, 172, 177, 280f, 289, 397. See also individual departments by name Marcilhacy, Christiane, 481
Marcou, 23
Marin, Louis, 415
Marion, Marcel, 209
Market, modernization of, 212-20 Market economy, 36, 40 Markets and fairs, 407-12 Marne, 58, 61f, 65, 111, 413, 476 Marne valley, 423
Marriage, 171-72, 178, 230, 344, 358, 414; as business arrangement, 167-68, 170; endogamous, 168f, 187, 246, 527; dowries, 170; charivaris for, 400-402; as adversary relationship, 528
“Marseillaise, La,” 389, 439-41
Marseilles, 81, 98, 396, 439, 442-43
Marseilles, Academy of, 71
Martin, Henri, 390n
Marx, Karl, 244-45
Masonic movement, 24n, 224, 261
Massif Central, 156, 207, 218, 290, 343, 543
Matches, 165, 513
Matin, Le, 565-66
Maupassant, Guy de, 15, 76, 199, 425n Mauriac (Cantal), 197, 200, 243, 279n Maurienne, 17, 104, 123, 136, 168, 257, 261,
319, 4770
Mauss, Marcel, 113, 485
May Day celebration, 388, 392-93
Index
Mayenne, 121, 138, 148, 156n, 172, 196n, 214,
234-35, 511
Mayer, Paul, 64, 127 Mayeur, Jean-Marie, 115
Mazières-en-Gâtine (Deux-Sèvres), 126, 196,
204n, 224, 226f, 229, 328, 378, 478 Mazon, A., see Doctor Francus
Mazuy, François, 73, 441
Measures, 30-33
Meat, 139-42
Mechanized farming, 124-26
Medical practitioners, 153-54 Medicines, 473
Méline, Jules, 65, 286, 471 Mélusine (journal), 471
Mende (Lozère), 202, 219, 232, 315, 317 Mendras, Henri, 92, 159, 167, 260, 481n Mental illness, 51, 185
Mérimée, Prosper, 24-25
Méry, Gaston, 362
Metric system, 30, 32
Meurthe, 21, 69, III
Meurthe-et-Moselle, 102, 321n, 327, 449, 547
Meuse, 393
Meuse River, 205
Meuse valley, 406
Mézenc, 45, 279
Michel, Louise, 18, 381
Michelet, Jules, 227, 384, 462, 488
Midi, 104, 216-17, 235; crisis of 1907, 74,
99-100, 244n, 276, 299. See also individual departments by name
Midi, Canal du, 198
Migrants and migration, 128-29, 175, 278-91,
296, 343, 542f; modernization carried by, 282-83, 289, 543
Military service, 292-302; and spread of French language, 78, 84, 314; and socialization of peasants, 286, 494. See also Draft evasion Milk and dairy products, 137n, 524 Millau (Aveyron), 45, 232 Millers, 223, 225f
Millevaches Plateau, 43n, 279, 323 Miners, 213
Mirande (Gers), 253, 410
Mireur, Frédéric, 236
Mirrors, 474
Mistral, Frédéric, 80, 230, 239
Mobility, social, 238-39 Money, 33-40 passim Montagne Noire, 189, 410 Montaigne, Michel de, 428
[[609]]
Montauban (Tarn-et-Garonne), 69, 211, 331 Montéhus (chansonnier), 338
Montfort, Simon de, 487
Montluçon (Allier), 237, 383n, 391 Montmorillon (Vienne), 28, 71 Montpellier (Hérault), 316, 439, 442-43 Monzie, Anatole de, 73
Morbihan, 4, 64, 83, 204, 368, 448, 454; cd-
ucation, 5, 69, 309, 320; economic activity, 34, 122; autarkic characteristics, 45, 511; social and living conditions, 148, 171n. See also Vannes
Moréa, Perrin, 434
Morette (Isère), 217, 369
Morin, Edgar, 475, 478
Morlaix (Finistère), 324, 403, 444
Mortality rates, of children, 177n. See also infant
mortality
Morvan, 5, 15, 24, 138n, 249, 278, 346, 537;
patois used in, 69, 84-85, 90; economic activity, 121, 211, 215, 283-84; popular culture, 228, 397, 421, 426, 430, 433, 436, 449, 473. See also individual departments by name “Morvandelle, La,” 436
Moselle, 69, 162, 394, 454
Moselle River, 377
Mosset (Pyrénées-Orientales), 219, 269
Moulins (Allier), 33, 63n, 402, 434
Moureau, Charles, 329
Mourning habits, 173, 374
Moutiers (Meurthe-et-Moselle), 3210, 372 Mules, 202
Murat (Cantal), 136, 243, 288
Music, 4, 429-51, 562. See also Dancing; Songs Musical instruments, 438, 447-48, 450 Musset, Alfred de, 1220, 127n
Musset, Paul de, 34
Nadaud, Martin, 102n, 140, 230, 255, 266n,
282, 284, 306, 326
Naillac, Guillaume de, 348 Nail-makers, 201, 215
Nancy (Meurthe-et-Moselle), 102, 449
Nantes (Loire-Inférieure), 6, 44, 54, 82, 199,
[[4790]]
Napoleon, legends associated with, 109-10, 196
Napoleon III, 109, 201, 241, 443, 458 Narbonne (Aude), 74, 216, 253, 299, 487
Nation, concept of, 95-96, 112, 485
National integration, spread of, 111-14; con-
scription and, 297-98; education and, 330-38, 546; as colonization, 485-96
[[610]]
Navarre, 485
Nelli, René, 36
Nerval, Gérard de, 562 Neufbourg, Comte de, 481
Nevers (Nièvre), 26, 154, 452
Newspapers, impact of, 84, 465, 467-68, 470,
565f
Nice (Alpes-Maritimes), 105, 199, 372, 396,
485, 515, 519
Nicolas, Marie-Anne, 173
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 515
Index
Nièvre, 4, 86, 111, 160, 323, 367; autarkic characteristics, 43, 55; patois used in, 69; social and living conditions, 132, 134, 135, 144, 183; economic activity, 161, 213, 283-84, 542; communications and transportation, 203; popular culture, 415, 423, 453. See also Arleuf; Château-Chinon; Nevers Nîmes (Gard), 47, 315, 371, 442-43 Nisard, Charles, 439, 453, 463
Nivernais, 24, 137, 393
Nive valley, 321
Nord, 56n, 69, 197, 246, 494; economic activity, 125, 213, 224; social conditions, 178, 182; popular culture, 437-38. See also Cambrai; Douai; Dunkirk; Lille Normandy, 289, 344; autarkic characteristics,
46, 102; patois used in, 70, 79; economic activity, 122, 280, 521; social and living conditions, 1420, 161, 185, 523; popular culture, 378, 438. See also individual departments by
name
Norre, Henri, 48, 355-56 Nursing, 183-84, 283-84
Occitan (Oc) region, 69, 85, 104; patois used in,
79-81, 89. See also Languedoc
Odet River, 347
Oil-pressing, 223
Oil region, 85
Oisans (Isère), 136, 207, 215, 284
Oisans plateau, 281
Oise, 394, 476
Olette (Pyrénées-Orientales), 200, 306
Olive oil, 143
Ombrée forest, 59
Oral tradition, 414-15, 419-29. See also
Folklore; Proverbs
Orléans (Loiret), 148, 164, 213, 215n, 231,
2550, 317
Orne, 466, 476 Orphéons, 442 Orsini, Félix, 440
Padgels, 47, 537 Palay, Simin, 516
Pamiers (Ariège), 43, 244
Paris, 37, 142, 184, 1986, 211, 453; Expositions,
76, 164; life-style of rural migrants in, 281-82, 285-86; influence on provinces, 290, 494n; festivals, 396
Paris, Comte de, 259, 458
Pariset, M. F., 39, 189, 229n, 233, 239, 24on,
262n, 310, 487
Paris-Lyon-Méditerranée railroad, 206 Parthenay (Deux-Sèvres), 232, 316 Pascal, Blaise, 29
Pas-de-Calais, 32f, 69, 178, 264, 454, 476 Pasquet, Joseph, 478
Pastourelles, 432-33, 478f
Patois, 7, 46, 67, 69, 76. See also Language;
and individual regions by name
Patrie, concept of, 96, 518 Patriotism and patriotic sentiment, 95-114,
332-36, 494. See also National integration Pays, concept of, 45-46, 96, 229 Peasantry: characterization of, 1-21, 506f; selfsufficiency, 35; distrust of outsiders, 41-49; hostility toward justice process, 50-66; distinguished from farmers, 117; politicization of, 241-77
Pécaut, Félix, 72-73, 76, 99, III, 310, 328, 334,
[[470]]
Peddlers and peddling, 280, 284, 455-57,
460-61, 465ff
Péguy, Charles, 164, 227, 317, 337n, 340f,
[[458]]
Peil, Margaret, 260n Pellagra, 1370, 151 Pellerin, J.-C., 457, 458
Perche, 63, 85, 320
Perdiguier, Agricol, 88, 453 Pereire, Isaac, 205n, 436
Périgord, 15, 76, 138, 140, 211, 325, 476; eco-
nomic activity, 36, 139, 214; autarkic characteristics, 44f, 102, 249, 256, 297; religious life, 355, 358-59. See also Dordogne; Lot-et- Garonne
Périgueux (Dordogne), 76, 81
Pérot, Francis, 296, 444
Perpignan (Pyrénées-Orientales), 74, 269,
[[315]]
Perrault, Claude, 425n, 478
Perrin, Olivier, 144, 173, 246
Perron, Charles, 170
Perrot, Michelle, 442n
Personal hygiene, see Hygiene
Personalization of politics, 108, 241, 255-60
passim
Pertuis, Col de, 198
Peru, personalization of state in, 108 Pétarades (firing guns), 472
Petit Albert, Le, 25-26, 288n Petit Journal, Le, 464, 466ff, 566
Index
[[611]]
Petit Parisien, Le, 468, 470
Philip the Fair, 108
Photography, 231
Phylloxera, 35, 134, 137f, 201, 217, 244, 284,
472f, 511
Picard language, 69f
Picardy, 226-27, 260, 350, 383, 508. See also
individual departments by name
Pic du Midi de Bigorre, 422n Pictures, printed, 455-59, 564 Pie, Monseigneur, 352 Pilgrimages, 349-55, 551f Plaisance (Gers), 244, 258 Planchez forest, 85 Plessis, Alain, 133
Plows, 118, 122–23, 126
Plozévet (Finistère), 57, 293, 316n, 461; education, 330, 548; social and living conditions, 527, 529; politics, 539; popular culture, 566 Pneumonia, 153
Poitiers (Vienne), 157, 198, 2150
Poitou, 15, 85, 152, 284, 358, 544; popular cul-
ture, 406, 421, 430, 438-39. See also individual departments by name
Poitrineau, Abel, 490
Polge, Henri, 28, 222, 554 Police, 55-56, 58, 513
Politics and politicization, 241-77, 402, 427, 537-41 passim; of rural bourgeoisie, 238; local nature of peasant political interest, 241, 243-47, 255-59 passim; revolutions and, 241, 247, 249, 251-54 passim; personalized nature of politics, 241, 255-60 passim; concept of “class” and peasantry, 243-44, 245-47, 267; ideology and, 248; carriers of, 261-70 passim, 274-77, 386-90, 541; language and, 265-66; political songs, 434, 435-38 Pontmartin, Monsieur de, 80 Popular culture, see Charivaris; Dancing; Fairs;
Feasts and festivals; Music; Oral tradition; Proverbs; Reading habits; Songs; Veillées Porcelain industry, 213
Porters, 289
Postal service, 218-19, 267-68
Posters, 464n
Potatoes, 132
Pottery, local, 225
Pottier, Eugène, 436f
Poueigh, Jean, 422n
Pouldergat (Finistère), 325, 467
Poverty, rural, 12-14, 17-19, 507; defined, 22;
and crimes, 58-59, 62-65; reflected in place names, 119; in diet and living conditions, 130-44 passim, 146-66 passim Prades (Pyrénées-Orientales), 60, 200, 219, 269,
[[405]]
Priests, 357-74; magical powers of, 26-27, 346,
551; socioeconomic situation, 357-59, 552f; hostility to popular culture, 368-69, 448,
554; declining recruitment, 371-72. See also Church, Catholic
Privas (Ardèche), 32, 201, 214, 233f, 252, 307,
[[321]]
Propaganda, political, verbal nature of, 266-68 Prost, Antoine, 73
Protestantism, 69, 84, 339, 358, 397 Proudhon, J.-B., 203
Provençal language, 76, 79ff, 85
Provence, 248, 269, 328, 494n; economic activity, 21, 233-34; autarkic characteristics, 47, 57, 59, 99, 485; religious life, 347n, 363n; popular culture, 413-14, 422, 443, 451, 477. See also individual departments by name Proverbs, 427-28; food-related, 130-31, 132f;
marriage-related, 167-70; as ideological statements, 420-21; agriculture-related,
421-22
Puerperal fever, 155
Puy-de-Dôme, 42, 64n, 199, 279, 287-88, 343; autarkic characteristics, 41, 44, 96, 105; economic activity, 213, 466; politics, 275, 289; education, 312, 315, 317; popular culture, 408, 438, 468, 476. See also Ambert; Billom; Brassac; Clermont; Issoire; Riom; St.-Ours; Thiers; Vic-le-Comte
Pyrenees, 248, 284, 440; autarkic characteristics, 47-48, 59, 105, 218, 295, 479, 487-88; economic activities, 56, 127, 211, 214, 216, 281; patois used in, 74, 90; social and living conditions, 135, 138f, 178f, 184; communications and transportation, 199, 201; politics, 244, 259; education, 309, 318, 325; popular culture, 431, 467. See also individual departments by name
Pyrenees, Treaty of the (1659), 70 Pyrénées-Orientales, 53n, 66, 69; autarkic characteristics, 100, 206; politics, 259, 261, 269; popular culture, 388, 422n, 442, 451. See also Arles-sur-Tech; Céret; Mosset; Olette; Perpignan; Prades
Quarries, 213
Quélen, Monseigneur de, 360n
Quercy, 34f, 57, 78, 118, 154, 378, 405, 433,
[[476]]
Quimper (Finistère), 33, 83n, 200n, 246, 324,
[[461]]
Quimperlé (Finistère), 324
Quinet, Edgar, 462
Rabies, 15-16, 155 Racine, Jean, 71
Railroads, 46, 61, 204–10, 218, 221; integrative
effect of, 42, 205-6, 493, 569; and improved
[[612]]
Index
food supply, 122, 139, 239; and increased wine consumption, 145, 216-17, 511; development of network, 196-97, 205, 209-10; negative impact on traditions, 210, 409, 481-82; migration and, 284-85; pilgrimages and, 352, 354, 552
Ralliement, 390
Rambaud, Placide, 168, 477n
Rats, 90
Reading habits, 452-70
Redfield, Robert, 117
Religious life, 339-56, 357-74, 455-57. See also
Church; Priests
Rémond, René, 361, 364, 370
Renan, Ernest, 85, 97, 112, 49In
Renard, Jules, 19, 46, 134, 139, 176
Rennes (Ille-et-Vilaine), 82, 100, 234, 305,
313, 479n
Renouard, Dominique, 209n Rentiers, 237
Reuch, Doctor, 381
Reuchsel, Amédée, 442
Revolution, French: and urban-rural antag-
onism, 10-11; and diffusion of French language, 72; as historical benchmark, 109; and politicization of peasantry, 241, 247, 253, 255; hostility to military service during, 295; Revolutionary calendar, 341; effect on religious life, 342, 345, 555; creation of festivals during, 387
Revolution of 1848, 241, 249, 251-52, 254, 403,
[[538]]
Revue celtique, La, 471
Revue des deux mondes, La, 489
Revue des langues romanes, La, 471
Revue du clergé français, La, 360
Revue du Limousin, La, 489
Revue du traditionalisme français et étranger,
La, 471
Revue pédagogique, La, 83, 489
Reynier, Elic, 409
Rhône, 47, 187n, 212n, 297, 411n Rhône River, 379
Rhône valley, 149, 208-9, 211, 217, 3830
Ricard, J. H., 44, 480, 489
Richelieu, Cardinal, 280 Rieffel, Jules, 490, 494
Riom (Puy-de-Dôme), 34, 42, 258-59, 390 Riotée, 383
Rioux, Gaston, 266n
Roads, 55n, 195-204, 531; integrative effect of,
42, 206-9, 220, 493; and improved food supply, 118-19, 207-8, 217-20; development of network, 195-96, 203-5, 209-10; poor condition of, 197-200, 531; negative impact on traditions, 408-9, 481-82
Sabots, 226
Saccols (carrying devices), 201f Saint-Agrève (Ardèche), 45, 208 Saint-Alban (Lozère), 228, 285 Saint-Andéol, lake of, 384 Saint-Brieuc (Côtes-du-Nord), 313, 466 Saint-Chély (Aveyron), 284f
Sainte-Menehould (Marne), 58, 61f, 65 Saint-Etienne (Loire), 5, 47, 202, 3270
Saint-Flour (Cantal), 74, 85, 232, 259, 388,
394; Collège de, 199
Saint-Germain-l’Espinasse (Loire), 228, 301,
472, 476
Saint-Girons (Ariège), 131, 205, 404 Saint-Haon (Loire), 228, 320
Saint-Jeannet (Alpes-Maritimes), 396, 401 Saint-Just, Louis Antoine de, 41
Saint-Lary (Haute-Garonne), 249n, 539 Saint-Marcel-d’Ardèche (Ardèche), 353, 451 Saintonge, 86, 119, 358, 461, 479n, 507; social
and living conditions, 134, 137n, 149; migration, 284; popular culture, 393
Saint-Ours (Puy-de-Dôme), 146, 163 Saint-Palais (Basses-Pyrénées), 60, 62, 65, 514 Saint-Pierreville (Ardèche), 20of Saint-Priest, Monsieur de, 403 Saints, 347-50, 455-56, 551 Saint-Simon, Claude-Henri, comte de, 12 Saintyves, Paul, 386n
Salt and salt substitutes, 131, 215n Samoa, 220
Sand, George, 12, 101, 263n, 430, 437, 472 Sanguinetti, Alexandre, 113
Saône, 65
Saône-et-Loire, 10, 16, 212n, 323, 415f, 454,
466, 566
Sarcey, Francisque, 73
Sarlat (Dordogne), 45, 256n
Sartage, 120
Sartène (Corsica), 55, 541
Sarthe, 4, 30, 42, 111, 172, 196n; politics, 255, 257; autarkic characteristics, 296, 511; education, 319, 322f. See also Le Mans Saumurois, 47, 367
Saussure, Ferdinand de, 191 Savings banks, 37-38
Savoy, 11, 53n, 64f, 78, 139n, 288n, 290, 296; economic activity, 33, 122f, 139, 212f, 281; autarkic characteristics, 42, 103, 295, 485, 489; communications and transportation, 203, 207, 218n; politics, 274, 289; education, 315, 319; popular culture, 377, 416 Sayad, Abdelmalek, 487, 492 Schonen, Monsieur de, 402
Schools: construction of, 209; physical condi-
tion, 304, 545; typical, 306; inspectors, 307;
Index
number of, 307, 309; attendance figures, 308,
320-21, 3220, 323; libraries, 453f. See also Education; Teachers
Scrofula, 23, 155
Scythes, 123-24, 125, 508, 521
Sébillot, Paul, 135, 185, 357n, 414, 464
Ségala plateau, 118-19, 208, 279
Ségalen, Martine, 170, 344
Séguin, Jean-Pierre, 460
Ségur, Countess of, 458
Seignolle, Claude, 347n Seine, 179
Seine-et-Marne, 105, 454
Seine-Inférieure, 295, 454, 466
Seine River, 211
Self-sufficiency, see Autarky Semouse valley, 215 Sens (Yonne), 368, 372
Separatist tendencies, 97
Serres, Olivier de, 122
Sewing machines, 225
Sexual behavior, Church’s attitude toward, 365.
See also Family life
Sforza, Caterina, 170 Sharecropping, 117, 126-27 Shoe industry, 226
Shops and stores, 223, 226-27 Sickles, 123-24, 423 Siegfried, André, 241, 341
Silkworms, 481n
Sillon, Le, 467
Simon, Jules, 442
Skiing, 474
Smallpox, 151, 155
Smuggling, 56
Snuff, 227
Soboul, Albert, 95, 254, 537
Socialism, 12, 254, 275, 286, 416
Société des Traditions Populaires, 566
Society for National Ethnography and Popular
Arts, 471
Sodomy, 185
Soissonnais, 101
Solle valley, 383
Sologne, 49, 160, 344, 450n, 489, 534-35; pop-
ular culture, 25, 378, 406, 557
Somme, 111, 387, 400n, 454, 475, 556
Songs, 101n, 438, 445, 482
Sorcery, 25-26
Sorrel, 131
Soubirous, Bernadette, 74, 77, 353-54 Soule, 383
Soupe, 131
Soutein (Ariège), 358, 369
Souvestre, Emile, 11, 25, 66, 242 Spinning, 212-13, 416
Spinning songs, 431, 438 Spirits, 23-25
Stamps, postal, 219
Steam engines, 215, 221
Stendhal, 6, 295, 297n, 350n
Stevedores, 289
Stevenson, Robert Louis, 220
[[613]]
Storms, bell-ringing and, 28f, 43n, 361, 367 Strasbourg (Bas-Rhin), 403, 439
Sugar, 143
Sugarbeet refineries, 213 Suicides, 152, 244, 544
Superstition and supernatural beliefs, 23-29
Tableware, 227
Tailors, 225
Taine, Hippolyte, 1, 95, 233 Tanneries, 213
Tannin, 138-39
Tarascon (Ariège), 58, 99, 205, 440, 480 Tarbes (Hautes-Pyrénées), 244n, 368 Tarde, Gabriel de, 16n
Tarentaise, 123, 319
Tarn, 18, 45f, 219-20, 239n, 263; popular culture, 25, 385, 415; economic activity, 32, 37, 208, 213n, 281; patois used in, 76, 517-18; social and living conditions, 132, 134-35; education, 325
Tarn-et-Garonne, 46, 211, 363; social and living conditions, 49, 151, 179, 184, 189; education, 69, 311f, 331
Tarn River, 211
Tarn valley, 45, 208
Tarot cards, 26
Taverns, 268-70
Taxes, 64n, 104, 179
Taxil, Leo, 427
Teachers, 84, 314-18; and spread of patriotism,
III; training of, 304f, 314-15, 547; socioeconomic status, 305, 315-16, 317, 547; number of, 307; leadership role, 317-18, 361-63
Telegraph, 219-20
Tenant farming, 117, 127f
Ténot, Eugène, 254-55
Tétaires, 225
Textile industry, 212-13
Thabault, Roger, 126, 196, 204n, 226, 328 Theater, 235
Théron de Montaugé, Louis, 22, 185, 203, 263 Thibaudet, Albert, 416
Thibon, Gustave, 477n
Thiérache, 156n, 196
Thierry, Augustin, 96, 97
Thiers (Puy-de-Dôme), 190, 213-14, 253, 256,
[[259614]]
Thiriat, Xavier, 417, 441
Thônes valley, 261n
Thonon (Haute-Savoie), 103n, 218n Thuillier, Guy, 132, 137, 213
Tiersot, Julien, 444
Tile works, 213
Tilly, Charles, 385
Time, 108-10, 482-84
Tissot, Claude-Joseph, 218n
Tithes, 249
Tobacco, 227, 235
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 176
Toulon (Var), 80, 99, 267, 394n
Toulouse (Haute-Garonne), 18, 46, 60, 63,
198f, 211, 216, 238n
Touraine, 76, 123. See also Indre-et-Loire Tournon (Ardèche), 232-33
Tournus (Saône-et-Loire), 10, 416, 566 Towns, rural, 232-40 passim, 261-62 Tradition, La, 471
Traditions, disappearance of, 471-84 passim Transportation, 195-220. See also Railroads;
Roads; Waterways Travel conditions, 198-99
Trébucq, Sylvain, 448
Trégorrois, 46, 431, 438, 448
Treignac (Corrèze), 13, 35, 522
Trempé, Rolande, 2130
Tropmann (mass murderer), 464f
Tulle (Corrèze), 4, 233, 237, 246, 372, 404,
465, 494
Tusseau, Vicomtesse de, 204n
“Two France” theory (d’Angeville), 494 Typhoid fever, 151, 155
Undergarments, 147
Union Philharmonique, 270n
Unity, national, 95–114 passim, 276–77 Urban-rural antagonisms, 10-12, 42-43, 97 Usury, 38-40
Vaccination, 153
Valence (Drôme), 217, 372
Valgorge (Ardèche), 133, 207 Vallès, Jules, 242, 286
Van de Walle, Etienne, 178-79
Index
Van Gennep, Arnold, 48, 73, 86, 113, 290, 477n Vannes (Morbihan), 44, 82, 2970, 308 Vannetais, 86, 384
Vans (Ardèche), 382, 397
Var, 207, 234, 241, 270n, 306, 386, 400f. See
also Draguignan; La Garde-Freinet; Toulon Varagnac, André, 392, 471 Varenne, Alexandre, 258-59 Vauban, 135
Vaucluse, 67, 108, 2120, 312
Vaud, 45
Veillées, 413-18, 473, 476, 560
Velay, 35, 47, 87, 421, 444; autarkic character-
istics, 100; living conditions, 132, 162, 230; communications and transportation, 199; education, 308
Vendée, 7, 11, 196n, 204, 257, 284, 300n; economic conditions, 34, 121, 1280, 226, 423; autarkic characteristics, 43, 293, 511; living conditions, 146, 185-86; education, 300, 323, 326, 337; popular culture, 352, 430, 433-34, 438, 440. See also Chanzeaux
Vercors, 207
Verdon valley, 270
Vermenouze, Arsène, 335n, 359, 440 Vexin, 101, 164, 417
Vézelay (Yonne), 380-81, 401-2
Vézère River, 211
Vianney, Curé Jean-Marie, 369n Vic-le-Comte (Puy-de-Dôme), 77, 160, 232 Vidalenc, Jean, 127
Vienne, 28, 71, 157, 198, 215n, 2610 Vigier, Philippe, 241, 246, 254 Vinzelles, 84, 90
Violet, Emile, 4770
Vivarais, 35, 108, 202, 476, 477n; economic
activity, 31, 217, 224; social and living conditions, 47, 132, 138, 143, 149, 162; communications and transportation, 198ff, 201; politics, 257, 266n; autarkic characteristics, 262n; education, 308; popular culture, 382, 392, 395, 409. See also Ardèche Vogüé, Léonce de, 102, 235–36, 265 Vogüé, Louis de, 359
Vogüé, Melchior de, 235-36, 265f Vosges, 15, 21, III; economic activity, 35, 212, 466; patois used in, 78f; social and living conditions, 137, 139, 141; politics, 257, 269; education, 310, 331; popular culture, 393, 395, 400, 417, 462f. See also Epinal Vraiville (Eure), 187, 246, 400
War of 1870-71: rural reaction to, 100-103,
251, 519; and growth of national sentiment, 334-35; as force for change, 476-77 Wars, see Crimean War; First World War; Italian War of 1859; War of 1870-71 Watches, 483
Water supplies, 146-47 Waterways, 210-11
Weather, proverbs about, 421-23 Weaving, artisanal, 212-13 Weaving songs, 431, 438 Weber, Max, 391
Weights and measures, 30-33 Wet-nursing, 183-84, 283-84
Wheelbarrows, 208n
Wife beating, 62
Wind, proverbs about, 421-22
Index
Wine, production and consumption of, 144-45,
146, 216-17
Witches, 23, 25
Wolves, 15, 509
Women, rural role of, 125, 171, 173-75, 202,
528; in pilgrimages, 351-52. See also under Education; Family life Woodcutting, 214
Work and employment, rural, 19-20, 115-29
passim, 482-84. See also Labor force
World War I, see First World War Wylie, Laurence, 85, 373, 473
[[615]]
Yonne, 13, 24, 157, 251, 283-84; autarkic characteristics, 41-42; education, 304; religious life, 343, 357-58, 364, 368; politics, 436; popular culture, 454. See also Avallon; Sens Yonne River, 211
Young, Arthur, 97, 195
Yssingeaux (Haute-Loire), 198, 232
Zeldin, Theodore, 115
Zola, Emile, 12, 252, 360, 481