- -445M Ordovician-Silurian extinction
- 49–60% of marine genera and nearly 85% of marine species
- Diversity gradually recovered to pre-extinction levels over the first 5 million years of the Silurian period.
- -372M Late Devonian
- oceanic anoxia
- Oil source!
- -252 M Permian–Triassic
- 96 percent of marine species died
- massive volcanic eruptions in Siberia.
- global warming left ocean animals unable to breathe.
- -201.4M Triassic–Jurassic (Tr-J)
- -66M Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg)
- Asteroid hit
- 0 Holocene / Anthropocene
- Human driven