कल्पान्तरे विश्वासटिप्पन्यः

List of PLATES Xi
List of FigurES Xİİ
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Xiii

1. INTRODUCTION

Mode of Presentation and Overview of the Contents of the Strī-dharma-paddhati 4
The Author of the Strī-dharma-paddhati 10
The Political Background: the Maratha Rajas of Thanjavur 13
The Intellectual Milieu 16
The Women of the Period 19
The Literary Genre: the Strī-dharma-paddhati in the Context of the Religious Law (dharmaśāstra) 23

2. THE STRĪDHARMAPADDHATI OF TRYAMBAKAYAJVAN 27

I TRYAMBAKA’S INTRODUCTION (Sdhp. 1v.1-2v.5)

II THE DAILY DUTIES OF WOMEN (strīṇām ahnikam;

Sdhp. 2v. 5-21r.3)

IIA BEFORE DAWN (Sdhp. 2v.5-7v.9)

On Waking Up (prabodhanam) 51
Before dawn 51
Before one’s husband 52
Meditation (devatādhyānam) 52
What may or may not be seen (darśaniyānyadarśanīyāni ca) 54
Household Tasks (1) 58
Preparing the grain (dhānyasamskārādi) 58
Cleaning the house (gṛhasammārjanādikam) 59
Smearing with cow-dung (gomayenānulepanam); the goddess Śri 59
Worship of the threshold (dehalīpūjā) 63 Delegating housework 64
The care and worship of cows (gosevanam) 65
Ablutions, etc. 69
Urinating and defecating (mūtrapuriṣotsargah) 69
Cleansing rituals (saucam) 71
The sipping ritual (ācamanam) 75
Cleaning the teeth (dantadhāvanam) 78
The ritual bath (snānam) 82
Getting dressed (vastradharaṇam) 88
Wearing the tilaka mark (tilakadhāraṇam) 96

IIB AT DAWN (Sdhp. 7v.9-10v.1)

Serving the Sacred Fire (agniśuśrūṣā) 102
The role of the wife 107
Where the patni may walk 115
Which wife is the patni? 121
At which point should the wife participate? 129
How important is the presence of either husband or wife? 132
Is the patni the ritual agent of the sacrifice? 141
The Offering of Respect to the Sun (arghyadānam) 149

IIC DAY (Sdhp. 10v.1-19v.4)

Saluting One’s Elders (gurūṇām abhivādanam) 156
Paying homage (pādavandanam) to one’s parents-in-law 161
Personal services 163
Household Tasks (2) (gṛhakṛtyam) 168
General attitude 168
Managing the household accounts 168
Whether the wife may talk to other men (parapuruṣa) 170
Midday Rituals 176
General comments 176
Image worship (devapūjā) 178
The worship of all gods (vaiśvadeva) 180
Paying homage to guests (atithipūjā) 183
General rules 183
The necessity for the ritual; Naciketas and Yama 185
The penalties in store if the ritual is neglected 188
The rewards in store if the ritual is performed 193
Comparison with the fire ritual 196
The role of the wife 198
The distinction between ‘guests" and casual visitors 205
At Meals (bhojanam) 210
The wife’s duty to serve at meals (pariveṣaṇam) 210
A man should not eat in his wife’s presence 214
How the wife should serve the meal 217
The wife’s own meal 221
Her ritual offering (balidānam) to the goddess Jyesṣṭhā 227
Post-prandial duties (bhojanānantarakṛtyam) 229

IID EVENING (Sdhp. 19v. 4-21r.3)

Evening Rituals and Duties 234 Going to Bed (sayanam) 234

III THE INHERENT NATURE OF WOMEN

(strisvabhāvaḥ; Sdhp. 21r. 3-22r. 8) 246

IV DUTIES COMMON TO ALL WOMEN

(strīṇām sādhāraṇā dharmāḥ; Sdhp. 22r.8-48v.6) 273 General rulings on behaviour 273
Things to be avoided (varjanīyāḥ) 274
Women’s property (strīdhanam) 276
In praise of the pativrata 280
General quotations 280
Draupadi and Satyabhāmā 280
Kṛṣṇa and Subhadra 281
Uma and Maheśvara 281
Śāṇḍili and Sumanā 282
The Religious Duties of the Menstruating Woman (rajasvalādharmāḥ) 283
The polluting power of menstrual blood 283
Prohibitions relating to the menstruating woman and defects accruing to the child 284
Special rulings 285
The ritual bath of purification 286
The proper time to make love (ṛtukāladharma) 287
The Religious Duties of the Pregnant Woman(garbhiṇīdharmāḥ) 288
Rulings and prohibitions 288
The pregnant woman’s cravings (dohada) 289
Entry into the lying-in chamber 290
The Religious Duties of the Woman Whose Husband is Away (proṣitabhartṛkādharmāḥ) 291
The injunction relating to dying with one’s husband (sahagamanavidhiḥ) 291
Quotations in favour of the practice 292
The objection that it is a form of suicide 292
The rewards it brings the good wife 293
Sahagamana as a prayaścitta for the bad wife 295
Sahagamana in relation to brahmin women 297
The Religious Duties of the Widow (vidhavādharmāḥ) 298
When sahagamana does not apply 298
The conduct of the widow 299
The question of niyoga 300
The impurity and inauspiciousness of widows 302
Whether or not the widow should shave her head 303
The three kinds of pativratā 304

V TRYAMBAKA’S CONCLUSION

OBEDIENT SERVICE TO ONE’S HUSBAND IS THE Primary ReligiOUS DUTY OF A WIFE (patriśuśrūṣaṇam mukhyo dharmaḥ; Sdhp. 48v.6-88r.1)
She Should Serve Him Without Regard for Her Own Life (prāṇānām avigananaya) 305
Sitā and the demon 305
The brahmin’s wife and the crane-demon 306
The pigeons and the bird-catcher 306
Accepting Even Her Husband’s Sale of Her(bhartṛkṛtātmavikrayāngî (kāra]): Hariścandra 307
Even if it Conflicts with Other Duties(itaraḍharmopamardena) 308
The ascetic Kausika and the brahmin woman 308
Further quotations 309
If her husband requires it, she should even do what is wrong 309
Pandu and Kunti 310
Sudarsana and Oghavati 310
‘Service’ versus ‘Obedience’; Svāhā and Arundhati 312
Sāvitrī 313
Tryambaka’s Summary 314
Concluding Verses and Colophon 316

3. CONCLUSION 318

APPENDIX 331 The text: Collation of manuscripts and Stemma codicum
ABBREVIATIONS 339
BibliographY 343

Texts and translations
Secondary literature

INDEX