Appendix

APPENDIX

NOTE 191 Long lists of high functionaries and other officers occur in several inscriptiong. Vide E. I. vol. VII at p. 91 (Kahla plate of Sodhadeva ), E. I. vol. XII at p. 40, E. I. vol, XIV at p. 327 ( grant of Mahipāla). There are about 40 titles in some ins criptions. They are generally arranged in order of dignity and importance, the highest coming first. Sometimes several offices are held by the same man. For example, in the Jesar plate of Silāditya ( dated in Valabhi year 357 ) the high officer Mammaka is styled ‘sandhivigrahadhiksta, divirapati, mahā pratihāra, sāmanta’( E. I. XXII at p. 120 ). It is not claimed that the following is a thoroughly exhaustive list. It is, how over, exhaustive enough. Titles and dignitaries in South Indian languages have been generally omitted. Vogel stands for Dr. Vogel’s work on ‘Antiquities of Chamba State’ where, on pp. 120-136, he furnishes informing notes on some officers. There is difference of opinion among scholars about the exact mean ing of certain office names. The individual functions of several officers are not quite clear. The references given here as to where an office occurs are not exhaustive. Chronologically older references alone are generally given and they are mostly taken ( so far as inscriptions are concerned ) from the Epigra phia Indica (E. I.) and the Indian Antiquary (I. A.). Many official titles have the word ‘maha’ prefixed without any change in meaning in some cases. Vide India Office Plate of Laksmanasena in his 27th year (E. I. XXVI. p. 1 at p.) for many official titles beginning with ‘mahā’. 24te -Vide Mahaksapatalika below. ‘Akṣapatala’ means

• Account office’ (Stein) or ‘Record office’ (Fleet). There is ‘grāmakṣapatalika’ mentioned in the Harsacarita (VII, para 2). Vide Chandela plate dated samat 1108 (E. I. XX at p. 128) and Candravati plate of Candradeva dated saiat 1148 (E. I. IX at p. 305). Kautilya has a section on

the superintendent of akṣapatala’ (II. 7). 878792ea -This is synonymous with ‘aksapatalika’. This

word occurs in Gupta Ins. No. 60 p. 257, and in Rājataran giṇi V. 301, 397-398.

976

( Vol.

314792416787 –Superintendent of records and accounts. Vide

Kautilya II. 7 and p. 143 above for his duties. Har 4 or

Officer in charge of the gambling-hall. Vide Komanda plate of Nettabhanja in E. I. XXIV p. 172

at p. 173 ( about 4th century A.D.). B417919–Superintendent of gambling. He was one of the

• ratnins’ mentioned in the Tai. S. and Sat Br. Vide H, of

Dh. vol. II. p. 1216 and above p. 112. ET Market-master’. Vide Rājat. V. 167. 719 Ur - Official recorder or scribe (who drew up deeds

of sale and the like after having the land sold measured in bis presence ). Vide Rājat. VI. 38 and note 436 above where

Viṣṇu Dh. S. VII. 3 is quoted. 7771913Officer in charge of boundaries. Vide Kautilya I. 12

(one of the 18 tirthas ), II. 21, V. 1, and Kamandaka XII. 5. The word occurs in the Malavikāgnimtra, Act I. OTETTY-Officer in charge of the inner apartments or of the harem. Vide Masulipatam plate of Ammarāja II in

E. I. XXIV p. 268 at p. 276. 8:07 - Officer in charge of the king’s inner apartments or

harem of the king. Vide Candrāvati plate of Candradeva

of Kanoj (in sarat 1148 ) in E. I. IX. at p. 305.

STIEF-A class of royal servants very intimate with the king

(probably same as ūbhyantara). Vide Parikud plate of Madhyamarājadeva of Sailadanta family in E. I. XI at p. 286 and grant of Laksmapasena in E. I. XII p. 91 (of 1122 4. D.). aligram Officer in charge of the inner apartments or harem, Kautilya I. 12 mentions this officer among the 18 tirthas. The word occurs in the Kādambari ( para 88 ), the Dasa

kumāracarita III. p. 71 and is defined by the Amarakoś8. STRATE— A. messenger. The word occurs in the Nalanda

plate of Devapāladeva in E. I. XVII at p. 321.( the words are ‘dūtapraiṣapika-gamāgamika-abbitvaramānaka’) and in the Khalimpur plate of Dharmapala (E. I. vol. IV p. 243 at p. 250). Vide algo Chamba Ins. No. 15 p. 166 for the

same and Vogel (pp. 125-126). 3749-(Prakrit for HIZ). Vide Nasik Ing. Nos. 4 and 5 in

E. I. VIII pp. 71, 73).

ID)

High functionaries and officers

977

BH1-Minister. Vide p. 104 and note 150 above. appy14-YFYA petty officer in charge of the fodder for horses.

Vide Rajat. III. 489. 3914-A cavalry officer. Vide Gupta Ing. No. 61 at p. 259 ( in

the Gupta year 106 ). 317899210 -Officer in charge of the account or record office. Vide

E. I. vol. I pp. 316, 318 (grant of Karna I dated sainvat 1148). The Officer in charge of an agrahāra or agrahāraṣ. Vide

Gupta Ins. No. 12 ( Bihar stone Ins, of Skandagupta ) p. 47

at p. 52 and Mallasarul plate of Vijayasena in E. I. XXIII

· p. 155 at p. 159. The word may also be ‘agrahārika’ or

‘agrahārin’. Vide E. I. XXIV at p. 127 for a note on ‘agrahāra’.

One who communicates at the order of the king the details about a landgrant to local officers (probably the same as dutaka). This word ocours in some of the earliest Ins. of Pallaya Śivaskandavarman (in E. I. VI p. 84 at p. 88 ). Vide algo E I. VIII at p. 146 (plates of the great Pallava queen Cārudevi), JBBRAS vol. X p. 365 of fake 532 (where the ājāapti is Durgāpati), E. I. XII p. 3, E. I. XV p. 70 (plate of Sundara Cola). In the grant of the eastern Calukya king Amma II we have ‘ajñaptih katakādhigo bhattadevasca lekhakaḥ’ (E. I. VII at p. 188 ). Vide p. 184

of the same for a discussion of the meaning. 35-a synonym of 3 . Vide Parle plate of Indravarman in

E. I. XIV p. 360 at p. 362 (of the Ganga year 149 ) where the words are ajāa mahāmahattara-Śivavarma’. When in the Gupta Ing. No. 25 at p. 115 ( of Maharaja Saṅkṣobha ) or in the plate of Dronasimha in the Valabhi year 183 in E. I. XVI at p. 19 the words at the end are ‘svayamājñā’ the meaning is that the king employed no dutaka to convey the details of his grant to the local officers but that he gave the

details in person. 191T9797-Probably the same as ‘ajñapti’ or ‘đūtaka’. Vide

I. A. 14 p. 161 in the record of Vākpatiraja of Dhārā dated

satmat 1036. . 87219-Officer in charge of forest tracts. The word occurs in

Kautilya I. 12 among the 18 tirthas. .

fimOfficer. The exact function cannot be indicated. : : Vide grant of Dharāvarṣa ip sake 70% (E. I. XXIV p. 176

193

978

.

(Vol.

at p. 184 ), Cambay platos of Govinda IV in sake 85% ( E. I VII P. 26 at p. 40), Kautheṁ plate of Vikramaditya V in

fake 930 (1. A. 16 p. 15 at p. 24). 327 -Officers specially intimate or in close contact with the

king. Vide Rājat. VIII. 426.

An officer. The exact duties are not clear. Pāpini II. 3, 40 indicates that he knows the word in the sense of a servant or officer. Vide Gupta Ing. No. 1 p. 1 at p. 8 ( Allahabad Stone pillar Ins. of Samudragupta ) which has

*āyukta-purusa ‘. ang -Same as i. The word occurs in Kāmasūtra V.5.5

and Kamandaka V. 82 (q. in note 73 above). Vide Omgudu grant of Vijayaskandavarman (E. I. XI at p. 250), Pahar pur plate ( E. I. XX p. 59 at p. 61 in Gupta year 159), plate of Drowasimha in Valabhi year 183 (E. I. XI p. 17), grant of Dharagena II in Valabhi year 252 (in I. A. vol. 15 p. 187),

the Maitraka plate in Gupta year 25% ( E. I. XI p. 83). 31121 Prakrit spaget)-occurs in Brahmagiri Rock Inscrip

tion of Asoka ( in Corpus I. I. vol. I p. 175 ). 32797S-lit. guardian of quarters. Acc. to Sukra I. 192 he is a

chief ruling over 10000 villages. 5997-A subordinate officer. Kautilya 1I. 5 has that word. The

duties cannot be specified. 3 -Probably the same as ‘upayukta’. The word occurs in

Karhad plates of Krsma III dated sake 880 (E. I. IV p. 278, at p. 285 ), the Cambay plates of Govinda IV in sake 85%

(in E. I. VII p. 26 at p. 40). 34 -A very high officer, somewhat like a Governor of a

province. Vide Damodarpur plate of Kumāragupta I in the Gupta year 125 (i. e. 443-44 A. D.) whore an uparika is said to have been selected by Emperor Kumāragupta to govern Puṇdravardhanabhukti and where the uparika is said to have appointed the kumārāmātya Vetravarman to govern the distriot (visaya) of Kotivarṣa (E. I. XV p. 130). He is sometimes styled mahāraja and rājaputra. Vide also Gupta Inscriptions pp. 213, 216, the Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyaṇapāla (I. A. 15 p. 304 at p. 306), the Banskhera plate of Harsa ( E. I. IV p. 208 at p. 211) where uparika occurs after ‘kumāramatya’ and before ‘viṣayapati’. Viśvarūpa on Yaj. I 307 quotes a prose passage from

II ] .

High functionaries and officers

999

Bșhaspati where the qualities requisite in an upariku are set out. Vide Dr. R. G. Bhandarkar Festschrift pp. 231-233 for

note and Vogel p. 123. 0416The exact meaning is not certain ; probably an officer

belonging to a body organized in military fashion for collecting revenue or performing police duties. The word

occurs in Rajat V. 241, VII. 1604. कटकेश or कटकराज or कटकाधीश-Superintendent of the royal camp.

Vide E. I. VII at p. 185 ( grant of Amma II who ruled from 945 to 970 A, D.).

Exact function not known. The word occurs in two Tale

śvara plates in E. I. XIII at p. 117. Vide €13below. *afata or 379919 or FTSTCommander-in-chief. Vide Rājat.

V. 447, VII. 1362 and 1366. analgsAn officer connected with the army. Vide Rājat.

VIII. 1430. auf-A clerk. The word occurs in the Irda plate of Kamboja

king Narapāladeva in E. I. XXII p. 150 at p. 155 ( about

10th century A. D.). 759-79RY-A scribe of legal documents. Occurs in Chamba

Ins. No. 25 p. 187 at p. 194. Vide Vogel p. 133. asTur Officer in charge of a State department or office. The

word occurs in the Nālanda stone Ins. of Yasovarmadeva’s

· reign about 530 A. D. in E. I. XX p. 37 at p. 44, in the

Chatsu Ins. of Guhilot Bālāditya of about the 10th century in E. I. XII p. 10 at p. 17, in a grant dated samvut 1203 of Govindacandra’s son in E. I. VIII p. 158 (where we have

‘karanika-thakkura-śrlvivika), in E. I. XX Appendix p. 52

· No. 350 of samvat 1228 ( about the donation of a karanika

brāhmaṇa-Chāhada ). prof. Same as ‘karaṇika’. The word occurs in the Harsa

carita VII para 2 ( sakalı-karani-parikaraḥ). CHAPT-Executive minister. The word occurs in Rudradaman’s

Junagadh Ins. of 150 A. D. in E. I. vol. VIII p. 36. Vide

p. 105 above. AryTM-A scribe or writer in the revenue department of the king.

The oldest references are probably those in Yāj. I. 322, Viṣṇu Dh. S. VII, 3 and Br. Sam. 86. 12. Vide Aśvagbasa.

980

[Vot:

kāyastha above and grāmakayastha in Rajat. V. 175 and Iodian Historical Quarterly, vol. IX p. 12 (a grant of Gupta year 120 i. e. 439-40 A. D.). Vide H. of Dh. vol. II. pp. 75-77 for a note on Kāyastha.

Film Superintendent of all mines and State manufact

ories. Kautilya I. 12 mentions him among the 18 tirthas. Kautilya II. 12 is headed ‘akara-karmāntapravartanam i. e. ‘conducting mining operations and manufactories’.

FAT-A prince younger than a Yuvarāja (the heir apparent ).

The word ‘Kumāla’ occurs in the first separate Rock Edict of Asoka at Dhauli (Corpus I. 1 vol. I pp. 93, 97). Vide also Corpus I. I. vol. II pp. 40 and 48 (Mathurā Lion Pillar

capital). FATTIHY–A high officer below a provincial Governor. Vide

‘uparika’ above. In the Allababad prasasti of Samudra gupta, Hariṣeṇa is described as Kumārūmātya and also sūndhivigrahiku and mahādandanāyaka (Gupta Ins. No. 1 at p. 16). Vide Gupta Ing. No. 46 p. 213 at p. 216, the Banskhera plate of Harsa (E. I. IV p. 208 at p. 211 ), E. I. X at p. 72 in the reign of Kumāragupta in Gupta year 117 (a brāhmapa is described as mantrin, kumārāmatya and maha balādhikrta). Vido Dr. U. N. Ghoshal’s paper on kumārā mātya’ in the proceedings of the 6th All India Oriental Conference pp. 211 ff., p. 117 above and Vogel p. 123. rama hereditary clerk or officer. The word occurs in the

Sūdi Ins. of sake 981 in E. I. XV p. 85 at p. 91.

An officer in charge of ten villages who was granted a kula’ of land for his salary. Vide Manu VII. 119 and Kullūka thereon. In the Damodarpur plate of Gupta year 124 it is said that the head of the district was assisted by the nagara-śreathin, prathama-kulika and prathama-kayastha (E. I. XV at p. 130). In the Nalanda plate of Devapaladeva we read ‘Odra-mālava-khasa-kulika-karnāta-hùṇa-cata-bha tasevakādin’ (E. I. XVII at p. 321). Vide Chamba Ins, No. 15 at p. 166. Vogel says that ‘Kulika’ is a tribe (pp. 126-127 ). Probably the passage means ‘officers in Origsa, Khasa and Malvā and the caṭas and soldiers of Karpaṭa and Hūṇa origin’. Kulika also means ‘an arbi trator as a tribunal’. Vide pp. 280-28% above and Indian Historical Quarterly, vol. 19 p. 12 at p. 14. Vide HETTA

g

EIT)

High functionaries and officers

981

TAK-Officer in charge of a fort. The word occurs in the

Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyaṇapāla (I. A. 15 p. 304 at p. 306) and in the Nalanda plate of Devapāladeva in E. I. XVII at p. 321 where the word is read as kotapala, Chamberlain. Vide p. 111 above. He is one of the ‘ratnins’. According to Manu X. 16 and Yāj. I. 94 the offspring of a ksatriya woman from a sūdra male was called kṣattr and it is probable that such mixed offspring were employed as

door-keepers or chamberlains. 874-A provincial chief. The word occurs in Corpus I. I. vol. II

p. XXXIV and pp. 23, 28 (Taxila plate of Patika of the year 78 ) and in the plate of Vidagdha in ‘Antiquities of Chamba’, Ing. No. 15 p. 164 at p. 166. Vogel says it must be read as ‘ksetrapa’. Vide ‘mahākṣatrapa" below. The word

is probably a Sanskritized form of Persian ‘satrap’. 717–The word occurs in the Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyaṇapāla

(I. A. 15 p. 304 at 306 ). 945-Occurs in the Nalanda plate of Devapāladeya (E. I.

XVII at p. 321 ). CUETES –The word occurs in the Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyapapala

(I. A. 15 p. 304 at p. 306 ), in the Nalandā plate of Deva. paladeva ( E. I. XVII at p. 321 ) and in the Chamba Inscrip tion Nos. 15 and 26. In Antiquities of Chamba. Ins.

No. 25 the form is ‘khadgaraksa’. Vide Vogel pp. 127-128. 039155-Occurs in the Kahla plate of Sodhadeva of sainvat 1134

(E. I. VII p. 85 at p. 91). The form 2054 oocurs in the Panchobh plate of UN (JBORS. vol. V p. 582 at

p. 588). atosOcours in the Khalimpur plate of Dharmapaladeva (E. 1.

vol. IV p. 243 at p. 250 ). The meaning is uncertain. UT-Officer in charge of the elephant arm in an army. The word occurs in the plate of Jayacandra of Kanoj dated

sainvat 1225 in I. A. Vol. 15 at p. 7. 1991- cours in the Taleśvara plate (6th to 8th centuries A. D.)

in E. I. XIII. p. 109 at 115. Seres on beiga 52. 13 says

ramya 791:’. ap(a Persian word for ’treasurer Jamoccurs in the Ins. of . Mahaksatrapa Sodāsa found at Mathurā (in E. I. IX p. 247).

Vide Rājat. V. 177.982

(VoL

TAMTHEThe meaning is uncertain. It probably means some

kind of messenger. It occurs in Bhagalpur plate of Nāra yapapāla (I. A, 15 p. 304 at p. 306 ), the Nalanda plate of Devapāladeva (E. I. XVII at p. 321 ), the Rajor Ins. of Mathanadeva in sarnvat 1016 (in E. I vol. III p. 263 at p. 266), उत्पल on बृहत्संहिता 85.34 explains दूत as गमागमिक. In the Khalimpur plate (E. 1. vol. IV pp. 243, 250 ) the words

दूतखोलगमागमिकाभित्वरमाण occur one after another. meuz-Same as grāmakūta below. Vide Ing. from Hottur in

E. I. XVI p. 74 (of sake 929 ). ausSame as above. It occurs in the Ratta Ios, from Saundatti

of sake 902 ( in JBBRAS, vol. X at p. 208 ). ergia-Officer in charge of a yay, for which see p. 205 above.

It occurs in the Panchobh plate of Sangrāmagupta ( 12th

century) in JBORS. vol. V p. 582 at p. 588. mag –Secret service men. Vide Irda plate of Kamboja king

Narapāladeva in E. I. XXII p. 150 at p. 156 (about 10th

century ). I9qOfficer over five or ten villages. Vide Kaut. II. 35 and

p. 143 above.

Superintendent of woods and forests’ ( Fleet). The word occurs in Gupta Ing. No. 12 p. 47 at p. 50, in the Nalanda plate of Devapāla (E. I. XVII at p. 321), Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyaṇapāla (I. A. 15 p. 304 at p. 306 ), in the grant of Lakṣmaṇasena (E. I. XII p. 6 at p. 9). The word is formed from ‘gulma’ acc. to Vartika 13.( ayasthanebhyaṣthaka ) on Pāṇini IV. 2. 104. Vogel (p. 127) boldly asserts that ’ the words saulkika and gaulmika are unknown in Sanskrit Literature’ in spite of Būhler’s note in E. I. vol. I p. 2 at p.7 that saulkikas are frequently mentioned in inscriptions. But saulkika also occurs in Yāj. II. 173 and both words occur in the Mahābhāṣya. Gulma means a post of guards. Vide p. 141 above. The word ‘gumike’ read in the grant of Pallava Śivaskandavarman (E. I. vol. I p. 2 at p. 5) is

correctly held by Būhler to stand for ‘gaulmika’. Happy Village scribe. Occurs in Rājat. V. 175.. are-Village headman. Vide p. 154 for reference from

Paithinasi. Kaut IV. 4 has that word and the com, on Kamasutra V. 5. 5 explains ‘halotthavrtti’ as ‘grāmakūta’. Vide also Karhad plates of Krsna III dated sake 880.(E. I

ID)

High functionaries and officers

983

IV p. 278 at p. 285), the Sanjan plates of Buddha-varasa (E. I. XIV p. 144 at p. 150), the grant of Karka Suvarpavarsa in sake 746 (E. I. XXIV p. 77 at p. 84), Cambay plates of

Govinda IV in sake 852 (E. I. VII pp. 26, 39). 9192Same as above. This form occurs in Kauthem plate of

Vikramāditya V dated sake 930 (I. A. vol. 16 p. 15 at p. 24).

Village headman. Vide pp. 153-154 above for ancient references. Pāṇini V. 2.78 has this word. Thad-Sanie as above. Occurs in Sukra II. 120. HP-Occurs in the Mit. on Yāj. II. 271.

Occurs in Yāj. II. 271. Hea-Vide Kāmasūtra V. 5.5. Tift —Village headman. Occurs in Manu VII. 116, Kauṭ. III.

10 and in Bhūmara stone Pillar Ins. of Hastin and Sarvanātha in Gupta year 189 (Gupta Inscription No. 24

p. 112 ) E91-Officer in charge of quays or landing places (ghats ).

Occurs in Kabla plate of Sodhadeva in samvat 1134 ( E. I. VII, p. 85 at p. 91). For 915 vide JBORS vol. V pp. 582, 588.

This word has given rise to various opinions. Fleet and Būhler translate as irregular soldiers’. Vogel (pp. 130-132) points out that Chamba is the only place where the ancient word ‘cāta’ is still extant in the modern form ‘chat’ meaning “head of a pargana’. Grants of villages are often expressed as ‘acā tabhatapraveśya’ (not to be entered by cātas and bhatas)’. For example, in the Surat plate of Maitraka Vyāghrasena (E. I. XI at p. 221 ) it is stated that the granted land was not to be entered by cātas and bhatas except for seizing ) robbers and those guilty of harm or treason to the king. Similar words occur in the Betul plates of Saṅkṣobha in Gupta year 199 ( acā tabha tapraveśyam coradrohakavarjam) in E. I. VIII p. 287. The words occur also in the Khoh plate of Mahārāja Hastin in Gupta year 191 (Gupta Ing. No. 23 p. 106). Yāj. I. 336 states that it is the duty of the king to protect people from the harassment caused by catas, robbers and kāyasthas and the Mit. explains cāta’ as persons who deprive people of their wealth after producing false confidence in them. Three quarters of the same verse occur in the Pañcatantra I p. 72 Verse 343. Aparārka (p. 792) quotes Bphaspati that ‘dangers conmon to all are those arising from cātas and thieves’.

984

( Vol.

Prof. Pathak while editing the Abhona plates of Śhaṅkara gapa dated in Kalacuri saivat 347 in E. I. IX p. 296 quotes the words of Saṅkarācārya (tarkika-oāta-bhatarājāpravem śyam) in bis Bhasya on Br. Up. and Anandagiri’s explana tion thereon viz. cātas are those that transgress the rules of conduct for decent people and bhatas are servants telling falsehoods. Vide the Valabhi grant of Dharasana II in 252 Gupta year (I. A. 15 p. 187) and the Palitana plates of the same king and of the same year in E. I. XI. p. 80 at p. 83 and the Banskhera plate of Harsa (E. I. IV p. 208, at p. 211 where we read ‘bhatacā ṭa-sevakādin) for other early occurrences of the word. In the Naihati grant of Ballāla gena we have the words ‘cattabhatta-jātiyān janapadan

(E. I. XIV p. 156 at p. 160 ). 21796-Thief-catcher. The word occurs in Narada (parisista

verse 18) and in Kāt. g. by Aparārka p. 844, a -Probably an officer whose duty it was to secure robbers

with ropes. Kaut, IV. 13 mentions this officer and II. 6

refers to ‘corarajjū’ as one constituent of ‘rāstra’. a ff-Thief-catcher or one who exterminates thieves. This

word occurs in Gupta Ins. No. 46 p. 213 at p. 216, the Valabbi grant of Dharagena II in Gupta year 252 (I. A. 15 p. 187) and the Palitana plate of the same king in the same year (E. I. XI p. 80 at p. 83), the Rāstrakūta grant of sake 697 (JBBRAS vol. 16 p. 105 at p. 108), Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyaṇapāla (I. A. 15 p. 304 at p. 306 ), the grant of Lakṣmaṇasena (E. I. XI p. 6 at p. 9).

Same as above. The word occurs in Yāj. II, 271 and in Kātyāyana quoted by Aparārka p. 844. 978174 -Umbrella bearer. This word occurs in ’ Antiquities

of Chamba’, Ing. No. 15 at p. 166. Vide Vogel p. 128. 075–It appears to have been a mere title and not an office

whereby the holder was entitled to wield some kind of power in the State. The word occurs in samvat 1005 (E.I. XIX p. 243 ), in the plate of Govindacandra in saṁyat 1186 (in E. I. XIII p. 295 at p. 297), the Savadi plate of Cāhamana Ratnapāla in samvat 1176 (E. I. XI p. 304 at p. 310). It

occurs as a title in Rājat. VII. 290, 706, 738. a A Judge (dharmadhikarin). Occurs in Rajat. VIII.

.242%.

m)

High functionaries and officers

985

Seems to mean some officer like “Charged’ affaires”. The word occurs in a record at Sūdi in Ron Taluka of Calukya Someśvara I in sake 973 (E. I. V at p. 77 ) and in Partabgarh Ins. of Pratihāra king Mahendrapāla in sainvat 1003 (in E. I. XIV p. 176 at p. 185), one Madhava being

styled ’tantrapāla-mahāgāmanta-mahādandanayaka’. aefa–Superintendent of all ferries. Vide Nalanda plate of

Devapala ( E. I. XVII at p. 321 ) and Kahla plate of Sodha deva in samat 1134 (E. I. VII at p. 91). In the Nalandā plate ‘tarika’ and ’tarapatika’ come immediately after

one another and must be distinguished as to meaning. a –Probably means ‘one who plies a ferry boat’. Occurs in

Nalandā plate of Devapala (E. I. XVII at p. 321 ), Bhagal

pur plate of Nārāyaṇapāla (I. A. 15 p. 304 at p. 306 ). GOT or 759Meaning uncertain. The word occurs in the Ins.

of Samarasimha of Mewar in saṁyat 1330 (E. I. vol. XX. Appendix No. 579 p. 82). In Punjab a subdivision of high

class khatris is called Talwār. goaza-Meaning not apparent. Bhagayanlal suggested that

it is the same as modern Talaṭi’ (petty revenue officer ). It occurs in the Deo-Baranark Ing. of Jivitagupta (Gupta

Ins. No. 46 p. 213 at p. 216 ). 206919–Commander of an army. In E. I. vol. V. p. 28 at p. 31

mention is made of a Dandanātha Sahadeva under the

Yadava king Jaitugi or Jaitapala (about 1200 A, D.). qugar.- Various meanings are assigned by several scholars.

Stein on Rājat. VII. 951 takes it to mean ‘prefect of police’. In many cases it appears to mean a ‘General or Magistrate’. In E. I. VII, Appendix No. 291, 292 and 296 Ing. of the years 1178 to 1181 A. D. there is one Kesimayya styled

dandanayaka’ lower in rank than mahāmandalesvara. Vide also Ing. of Jayakesi Kadamba of 1125 A. D. in E. I. XIII p. 298 and p. 317 (Dandanāyaka Lakkharasa), JBBRAS XII p. 11 in sake 1145 (Dandanāyaka Puruṣottama of Yadava Singhaṇa), the Abhir Ins, in E. 1. V p. 234 where one Mahā devaraga is styled mahāsāmantadhipati and dapdanayaka and his subordinate. Māyideva is also called ‘daṇdanayaka’ ( about 1153 A. D.), in several Kalacurya Inscriptions ( E. L V p. 24 at p. 28, E. I. V. p. 213 at p. 215). Lakanna and Mādarna were daṇdanāyakas of Devaraya II of Vijaya nagara ( about 1388 sake ) in E. I. XV at p. 15. Vide p. 115 and n. 152 above. E. 1. XIX p. 265 at p. 269 (grant of

124

986

Vol

Dharmarāja) reads " dāṇdanāyaka’. In Br. San. 72.4 the queen, yuvarāja, senapati and dapdanāyaka are placed on the same level in the matter of the staff ( danda) to be

prepared for them. quafa-Commander of forces or a governor. Vide Abu Vimala

temple Ing. dated suinvat 1378 in E. I. IX pp. 148, 156. 208916-An officer in charge of all branches of the army. Vide

Kaut. I. 12 and p. 112 n. 147 above. fat-Officer in charge of punishment i. e. criminal justice. The word occurs in the Palitana plates of Dharagena II dated in Gupta year 25% (E, I. XI p. 83 ), in the Valabhi grant of the same king in the same year (L A. 15 p. 187 ), in the Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyaṇapala (I A. 15 p. 304 at p. 306 which reads ‘dāṇdapāśika’) and Lakṣmaṇasena’s

grant (E. I. XII at p. 9), also in Yaśastilaka I. p. 50. Pusath -( a prakrit form of dandapāśika). Occurs in Chamba

Ins. No. 15 at p. 166. Vide Vogel p. 129. cuciniti Meaning uncertain. The word occurs in Khalimpur

plate of Dharmapala in E. I. vol. IV p. 243 at p. 250. Company-Same as daṇdapāla. The word occurs in the Chittur

plates of Kullottunga Codadeva (I. A. 14 p. 55 in $ake 1056), F OTO-Same as above. The word occurs in a quotation in the

com, on Yaśastilaka I. p. 91 and the Abu Vimala temple Ing. dated samvat 1378 in E. I. IX p. 148 at p. 151. Vide

note 148 above for quotation. glo-Same as “dandavāsika’. Vide Chamba Ing. No. 15 at . p. 166. . quez-Same as 705719. In J. B. B. R. A. S. vol. 15 p. 386 (of

sake 1160 ) there is a commander ( daṇdesa) Biciraya under

Yadava king Singhana. que91797-Same as ‘daṇdapāśika’. This word occurs in the ‘Pancatantra II, Kathā 4 ( as dandapāsaka meaning a watch man), in the grant of Mahābhavagupta I (E. I. XI at p. 94), in the Nalanda plate of Devapāla (E. I. XVII at p. 321 ), in

E. I. XIX p. 265 at p. 269. Vide Vogel p. 129. दाण्डभोगिक-Probably the same as दाण्डपाशिक. The word occurs in

the Wala plate of Guhasena in Valabhi year 246 (E. I.

XIII at p. 339). EluS–A police officer. The word occurs in the Gupta Ing. No.

46 p. 213 at p. 216, in the Bhagalpur plate of Narayanapala (I. A. 15. p. 304 at p. 306 ), in the Nalanda plate of Devapala

High functionaries and officers

987

(E. I. XVII at p. 321). In this last dandika’ and

dandapāśika’ come immediately after one another. 31905Appears to be the same as ‘dutaka’. The word occurs in

the grant of Paramāra king Siyakadeva dated samvat 1026 (in E. I. XIX p. 177 ) and in E. I. XIX at p. 243 (dated

sainvat 1005). CITI -meaning doubtful. Probably an officer whose con

cern was with the ten aparādhas of which the king could tako cognisance suo motu. The word occurs in the Nalanda plate of Devapala (E. I. XVII at p. 321) and in the Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyaṇapāla (I. A. 15 p. 304 at p. 306). Vide p. 264

above for the ton aparādlhas. f791)-Probably officers in charge of the borders of a kingdom.

The word occurs in Nārada (Dr. Jolly’s edition, parisista Verse 17 ) q. by the Mit. on Yāj. II 271 and Kat. ( 813) g. by

Apararka p. 844. prata clerk, The Rijat. VIII. 131 makes it clear that. divira’

was distinct from the ‘kayastha’. The word occurs in the Gupta Ing. No. 27 at p. 122 of Maharaja Jayanātha in Gupta

year 177 (where one of the donees is a divira Sarvavadha ). दिवीरपति (or दिविरपति)-chief of clerks. In the grant of Siladitya of

the Gupta year 286 a certain officer is styled ‘sāndhivigraha dhikrta-divirapati’ ( E. I. XI p. 174 at p. 180); vide also Jesar plate of Siladitya in 357 Valabhi year (E. I. XXII p. 114 at p. 117 ) where a person called Mammaka is styled * divirapati’ and also sandhivigrahika-mahāpratihāra and

sāmanta’. दुःसाधसाधनिक–Vide दौःसाधसाधनिक below.

for Superintendent of a fort. Vide p. 112 note 147 above. CAT-meaning uncertain. The word occurs in the Kahla

plate of Sodhadova of samvat 1134 (E. I. VII at p. 91). 9-Messenger, envoy. Vide Viṣṇudharmottara II. 24. 13-14, 28

for his qualifications and pp. 112, 127 above. In the 13th Rock Edit of Asoka at Shahabazgadhi we have ‘duta’ (vide

Corpus I. I vol. I p. 67). 64-A high officer or delegate who conveys the king’s

command about the grant of land to local officers. The word occurs in the Betul plate of Sarksobha in 199 Gupta year (Gupta Ins. pp. 286-289), and in the plate of Mahārāja

Jayanātha of Gupta year 174 (Gupta Ing. No. 26 por 117 at

988

į Vol.

p. 119 where the ‘dutaka’ is Uparikadıkṣita Sarvadatta), in the Banskhera plate of Harsa in E. I. IV p. 208 (dūtakotra mahapramātāra-mabāsāmanta-sri-Skandagupta) and also in the Madhuban plate of Harṣa (E. I. VII at p. 158). In the Daulatpur plate of Bhojadeva I in Harsa sarnvat 100 the dūtaka is said to be ‘Yuvarāja-Nagabhata’. Vide also E. I. VI p. 285, E. I. VIII. 287, XI p. 80. In the Khalimpur plate of Dharmapala (in E. I. vol. IV p. 243 at p. 250 ) the king states that he was requested to make a grant by Mahā. sāmantadhipati Nārāyaṇavarman through the Prince Tri

bhuvanpala as dūtaka. agafar-Meaning doubtful. The word occurs in the Nalanda

plate of Devapāla (E. I. XVII at p. 321 ) and the Bhagalpur

plate of Nārāyaṇapāla (I. A. 15 p. 304 at p. 306 ). EMTA -Prākit ‘desadhikata’)-Governor of a Province. The

Prakrit form occurs in the Ins. of Pallava Siyaskandavar

man in the year 8 ( E. I. vol. I. at p. 5). C:FIFTATE-Meaning doubtful. Probably means ’those who

catch dangerous robbers whom it is difficult to secure’. The word occurs in the Banskhera plate of Harsa (E. I. IV p. 208 at p. 211). The form ‘duhsādha-sādhanika’ oocurs in the Sovadi plates of Cabamāna Ratnapāla in samvat 1176 (E. I. XI at p. 310). Vide also E. I. XXVI at p. 206 and

*mahāsādhanika’ below. a: Probably the same as above. The word occurs in the

grant of Laksmanasena in the 3rd year of his reign (i. e.

1122 A. D.) in E. I. XII at p. 9. Daft-Doorkeeper. Vide Kautilya 1. 12, Lalitavistara p. 136,

Viṣṇudharmottara II. 24. 30. # Officer in charge of a city station or watch tower for

collecting customs duties. ‘Dranga’ means either a town’ (as in E. I. XX, No. 810 of śake 1509 ) or a watch station’ (as in Rajat. VILI, 2010). The word occurs in Valabhi plate of Dharasena II in Valabhi samvat 252 (I. A. 15 p. 187 ), Gupta Ing. No. 38 at p. 169, Palitana plate of Simhaditya in 255 Valabhi year (E. I. XI p. 16 at p. 18), Bhavanagar plate of Dhruvasena I in Valabhi year 210 (E. I. XV p. 257), Wala plate of Guhasena (E. I. XIII at p. 339), the Navalakhi plate of Siladitya (E. I. XI at p. 179).

Guardian of frontiers. Vide Stein’s translation of Rajat. vol. II pp. 291-292 for the meaning of dranga’.

HII.)

High functionaries and officers

989

Tar, atafa, gaira_Superintendent of passes leading into the

kingdom (Stein). Vide Rājat. V. 214. HET 13-Superintendent of morality. Vide Aśoka’s Edicts in

Corpus I. I vol. I p. 96 (first Rock edict at Girnar). gai -Judge. Vide Viṣṇudharmottara II. 24. 24-25.

alfriota-Judge. Vide Matsyapurāṇa 215. 24 and note 167

above. itz_Vide p. 126 above. a-Collector of the royal share of grain. The word occurs in

the Bhinmal Ing. of samvat 1320 (Bombay Gazetteer, vol. I

part 1 p. 477). yamah -Probably the same as above. The word occurs in

Gupta Ins. No. 38 pp. 164-166 (Māliya plate of Dharasena II in Gupta year 252), the Wala plate of Guhasena (E. I.

VII at p. 339 of Valabhi year 246). aiya-City Prefect. The word occurs in the silāra grant of

fake 1016 ( I. A. vol. 9 p. 33 at p. 35). Arc&ta City Magistrate. Vide Kautilya I. 12 for Paura

vyāvahārika and note 147 on p. 112 above. The word Nagalaviyohālaka’ occurs in the First separate Rock Edict

of Asoka at Dhauli (Corpus I. I. vol. I. p. 92). arriga-City Banker or guild president of the town. The word

occurs in the Damodarpur plate No. 4 of the time of Budha. gupta ( E. I. XV at p. 115 ) and in the Paharpur plate ( E.

I. XX at p. 63). Tur or forfaqCity prefeot. Ocours in Rajat. IV. 81, VI.

70, VIII. 3334. auf-Exact function doubtful. The word occurs in the plate

of Jayacandra of Kanoj in sarirvat 1225 (I. A, Vol. 15 p. 6 at p. 7) and in the Panchobh plate of Sangrāmagupta in

JBORS. vol. V p. 582 at p. 588. Amy-Chief Officer of the city. The word occurs in Kautilya

II. 36, Kāmasūtra V. 5. 9 (the com. on which explains nagaraka as dapdapātika). Vide p. 149 above for his

functions. amin-Chief of the police. The word occurs in the Vikramor

vaslya V (after verse 4), the Dasakumaracarita II. pp. 58

· and 59. The Vaijayanti explains the word as ‘kārāpeni,

(Jail Superintendent).

990

(Vol.

al -Head of (ten) villages. The word occurs in Kautilya I.

12, Sukra I. 192. aggiaAn officer, whose exact function is not known. The

word occurs in the grant of Karka dated take 746 (E. I. XXIV p. 77 at p. 81), in the Kauthem plate of Vikramaditya V dated sake 930 (I. A. vol. 16 p. 15 at p. 24), in the Rajor Ing. of Mathanadeva dated samvat 1016 (E. I. III p. 263

at p. 266 ). fala-Governor of some part of a kingdom. In Chamba Ins.

No. 15 p. 164 at p. 166 we read in Vidagdha’s plate. Visaya pati-nihelapati-kṣatrapa’. Vide Vogel p. 124. In Gupta Ins. No. 80 p. 286 at p. 289 the ‘dūta’ of the grant is ’ nihila pati’ Kusala-prakāśa. So ’nihila’ and ’nihela’ probably

mean the same thing. MAIIA-Probably ‘soothsayer or astrologer’. The word occurs

in the plate of Candradeva of Kanoj of samvat 1148 (E. I.

IX p. 302 at p. 305 ). 999)-An officer over a certain number of villages. The word

occurs in the grant of Arjunadeva of Anahillapātaka in Vikrama year 1320 (I. A. vol. 11 at p. 242, where we read

Śrt-Abhayaslhaprabhști-pañcakulapratipattau’), in the Bhinmal Ins. No. 12 dated suinvat 1333 (Bombay Gazetteer vol. I part I p. 480 ) where we read ’tan-niyukta-mah.. Gajaslha-prabhști-pancakula-pratipattau’). In E. I. XXIV at p. 89 (in an Ins. from Udaipur) we have a Pancoli of the Gughāvata family. Here, it appears that ‘pancakula’ was a board of officers of whom Gajasimha was one ( or the

chief ). Vide #19109 prati below. gu A board of five officers or a panchayat. The word

occurs in the Sanchi Stone Ing. of Candragupta II in Gupta year 93 ( vide Gupta Ins. No. 5 at p. 31).

Village headman. The word occurs in the Malva plates of Vakpatirāja in samat 1031 and 1078 (L A. vol. 6 at pp. 51 and 53), in the Mandhātplate of Jayasimha of Dhārd in samvat 1112 (E. I. vol. II p. 46 at p. 48), in the plate of the Paramāra king Udayavarman of saivat 1256 (I. A, vol. 16 p. 25% at.p. 254). Vide p. 154 above for other

references. astarry-Recorder of official documents. Vide Rajat. V. 397. afen-Vide note 150 above.

III)

High functionaries and officers

991

Payaletas probably means ’ an officer who drives away undesir

able persons with a cane’. The word occurs in the plate of

Mahābhavagupta I ( E. I. XI p. 93 at p. 94 ). qile FlatMeaning uncertain. The word occurs in the Belava

plate of Bhojavarmadeva ( E. I. XII p. 37 at p. 40). 969-means ‘inferior servant’ (as in Kautilya II. 5 ) or a balliff

attached to a Court of justice (as in Bs.). Vide p. 278 above, gara. Vide pp. 111-112 and 117 above. The purohita occurs

in the list of functionaries in the Candrāvati plate of Can dradeva of Kanoj in samvat 1148 ( E. I. IX at p. 305) and in

the grant of Lakṣmaṇasena (E. I. XII p. 6 at p. 9). YF913-Keeper of land records. The word occurs in the Damo

darpur plates dated Gupta year 124 and 129 (E. I. XV p. 113, at p. 130 ) and in the Paharpur plates ( E. I. vol. XX.

p. 61 ). TouraE14-Vide p. 112 note 147 above. Compare ’nagala

viyohālaka’ above under ’nagara-vyāvahārika’. sfaadan Herald. This word occurs in Gupta Ing. No. 39 p. 171

at p. 190 dated 766-67 A. D. ( The words are tan-niyukta.

pratinartaka-kulaputrāmātya-Guhena’). gafar-Vide note 150 above. afTET —-Chamberlain or ‘inditer of grants’. In Nasik Ing. No. 5

the word patihāra (pratihāra ) occurs (E. I. VIII p. 73). Bphaspati quoted by Viśvarūpa on Yāj. I. 307 states the qualifications of a ‘pratihāra’. Vide Adiparva 85, 28-29, Viṣṇudharmottara II. 24. 12, Sukra I. 121 for definitions. In the grant of Dhruvasena dated Valabhi year 206 the

dūtaka of the grant is pratihāra Mammaka. der-Same as above. The form occurs in the Vagantagadh

Ins. of Varmalāta (E.I. IX. p. 187 at p. 192 ), in the Candra vati plate of Candradeya of Kanoj in sainvat 1148 ( E. I. IX at p. 305 ); in E. I. IX p. 117 at p. 119 Paramāra king Jayavarına II caugos pratīhāra Gangadeva to give a village

to three brāhmaṇas (in samvat 1317 ). 9441fa-Chief scribe. The word occurs in the Damodarpur

plate 1 of Kumāragupta in Gupta year 124 (E. I. XV at

p. 130 ). sch-Police Magistrate. Vide Kautilya I. 12, IV. 1, IV. 10

(last verse). The word occurs in the Irda plate of the992

History of Dharmatūstm

[Vol.

Kamboja king Nayapaladeva (of about the 10th century )

in E. I. XXII. pp. 150 at p. 156. T-Vide note 150 above. The word occurs in the Silāra plate

of Mahamandalesvara Anantadeya (I. A. 9 p. 33 at p. 35

whers ‘mantrin’, ‘amatya’ and ‘pradhana’ are mentioned). HTAR-Vogel (pp. 122–123 ) holds that this officer was concern

ed with the administration of justice. The word occurs in

the Banskhera plate of Harṣa ( E. I. IV p. 208 at p. 211 ). FATO-Probably ‘civil judge’. The word occurs in the Nalanda

plate of Devapāla (E. I. XVII at p. 321 ) and in the grant of Dhruvasena III in the Gupta year 334 ( E. L. vol. 1 p. 85

at p. 88). Vide also E. I. vol. I at p. 115. StarTat1979Meaning doubtful. Stein conjectures that he is a

subordinate officer of the treasury who received cash pay

ments. The word occurs in Rājat. VIII. 278. CRITET Probably chief magistrate. The word occurs in Kaut. I.

12 ; vide p. 11% n. 147 above. Murar-Medical adviser to the king. Vide Viṣṇudharmottara

II. 24. 33-34 for his qualifications. NIETETA Chief Justice. Vide Manu IX, 234 and p. 272 above. STICHTE— Meaning doubtful. The word occurs in the Valabhi

grant of Dharasena II dated Gupta year 252 (I. A. 15

p. 187). Sir-( sic An officer under Asoka, probably the same as

the mahāmātra. The word occurs in the 3rd Rock Edict of

Asoka at Girnar (Corpus I. I. vol. I. pp. 4-5). 1979 Governor of a Province or guardian of the frontiers.

The word occurs in the Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyanapala (I. A. vol. 15 p. 304, at p. 306) and in ‘Antiquities of

Chamba’ Ing. No. 15 at p. 166. Vide Vogel p. 124. sritgan Officer who watched those that had resolved to . fast unto death. Vide Rājat. VI. 14.

Commander of an army. The word occurs in the Kadambari (para 74) of Bāna (where Balāhaka is so called) and in the Raṣtrakūta (Gujerat branch) grant of take 679 (J. B. B. R. A. S. vol. 16 p. 105 at p. 108 where ‘baladbiksta’

follows ‘senāpati). TP.A class of royal servants (as distinguished from anta.

ranga’. Vide Rajat. VIII, 426, 680, 1542,

PI )

High functionaries and officers

993

TET -Great Governor of a province. The word occurs in

the grant of Lakṣmapasena (E. I. XII p. 6 at p. 9). See

Supažika’ above. H–The word occurs very frequently in conjunction with cāta’

for which see above. Vide also Dudia plates of Pravara sena II in E. I. III p. 258 at p. 261 and Banskhera plate of Harṣa (E. I. IV p. 208 at p. 211), grant of Śivaskanda varṇan (E. I. vol. I. p. 2 at p. 5) where ‘bhada’ stands for

‘bhata’. HT19E-Vide p. 112 above, HTTETA-He who recovers the king’s share of the produce of

land; one of the six officers of each village, acc. to Sukrā

II. 120. HIT-Meaning uncertain. The word has something to do with

‘bhāga’ and ‘bhoga’ which frequently occur in the Gupta Inscriptions (e. g. ‘bhogabhāgam’ in Gupta Ins. No. 40 at p. 194 and No. 41 at p. 198). Vide two Taleśvara plates (E. I. XIII, p. 109 at p. 115 ) and ‘Antiquities of Chamba’ ( Ins, No. 15 p. 166 ) where both ‘bhāgika’ and ‘bhogika’ are found. Mr. Y. R. Gupte renders it as ‘owner of land’.

Vide Vogel p. 130. H|O5TTT77A-The chief of the royal store-house or treasury. The

word occurs in the Ambarnath Ins. of Mamyāṇi in sake

782 ( J BBRAS. vol. 9 p. 219 ). POSI1997-A storekeeper or keeper of royal treasury. The

word occurs as ‘bhandakarikaya’ (‘bhāṇdāgārikasya’, of a store-keeper ) in Nasik Ing. No. 19 ( E. I, VIII p. 91 ) and in the Candravati plate of Candradeva of Kanoj dated

saivat 1148 ( E. I. IX p. 302 at p. 305). 1996-King’s medical adviser. Vide E. I. IX p. 302 at p. 305. HY-Head of a district. It occurs in the Mitāksarā on Yāj.

I. 320, in E. I. IX p. 296 at p. 298 plates of Saṅkarkagana where we read ‘anyairvāgāminspati-bhogapatibhiḥ’, as contrasted with a king and in ‘Antiquities of Chamba’ Ing.

No. 45 at p. 166. 1114Head of a district or Collector of the State share of land

produce taken in kind (Bombay Gazetteer I part 1 p. 82 ). The word occurs in Gupta Ins. No. 21 p. 93 at p. 96 and No. 22 p. 100 at p. 104 (of the Gupta year 163), No. 23 p. 106 at p. 108 ( of the Gupta year 191 ), in the Kavi grant of

125

994

[ Vol.

Jayabhata about the beginning of 5th century A. D. (I. A. vol. V at p. 114), in the Taleśvara plates (E. I. XIII p. 109

at p. 117 ). piiratura-The same as ‘bhogika’ above.

A village headman or ‘freeholder’ (Buhler). The word occurs in the Deo Baranark Ins. of Jivitagupta II (Gupta Ing. No. 46 p. 213 at p. 216 ) and in the grant of Pallava

Śivaskandavarman (E. 1. vol. I. p. 2 at p. 5). HUS ’ Lord of a mandala’, a provincial governor. Vide Rājat.

VI. 73, VII. 996, VIII. 1228, 1814, 2029.

Same meaning as above. The word occurs frequently in the inscriptions of the Rattas of Saundatti. Vide Bombay

Gazetteer, vol. 21 p. 354 and ‘mahamandaleśvara’ below. Afahree-Councillor. The word occurs in the Inscription of

Rudradaman. Vide p. 105 above. Af -Minister or councillor. The word occurs in Kaut. I. 8,

Yāj. I. 312 and in Candrāvati plate of Candradeva of Kanoj dated sainvat 1148 ( E. I. IX p. 302 at p. 305). Vide

pp. 105-106 and n. 150 above.

HET–Meaning uncertain. The word occurs as Mahāmahattaka

in the Bodh Gaya Ins. dated in the 74th year of the Laks maṇa-sena era ( i.e. about 1194 A. D.) in E. I. XII p. 27 at

p. 30. HEHA–Meaning uncertain. The word occurs in the Bhagalpur

plate of Nārāyaṇapala (1. A. vol. 15 at p. 306) and the Rajor grant of Mathanadeva in saivat 1016 (E. I. III p. 263 at p. 266 where both ‘mahattara’ and ‘mabattama’ occur one

after another ) and in Rājat. VII. 438.

HEER-lit. meaning ‘elder’ ( of a town or village ). Stein on

Rājat. VII. 659 transldtes it as chamberlain. The word occurs in the Kavi plate of Jayabhata of the beginning of the 5th century A. D. (I. A. vol. V p. 114, ‘rāsṭragrāma mahattara), Gupta Ing. No. 38 p. 164 at p. 169 (the Maliya plate of Dharasena II), Abhona plates of Śhaṅkaragapa ( 595 A. D.) in E.LIX p. 297, Palitana plates of Simbaditya in the Gupta year 255 ( E. I. XI pp. 16, 18), Valabhi grant of Dharasena II in Gupta year 252 (L. A. 15 p. 187). Vide algo E. I. VIII p. 26 at p. 39 ( sake 852 ), E. I IV p. 278, 285 (sake 880), E. L II p. 263, 266 ( Vikrama year 1016), I. Ad

III)

High functionaries and officers

995

vol. 16 p. 15 at p. 24 ( śake 930). In the Dasakumāra-carita

III p. 77 there is ‘janapada-mahattara’. Vide note 148 above. 61921@12sVide “karanika’ above. The word occurs in the

Benares plate of Cedi king Karnadeva in Cedi era 793 (i.e.

1042 A, D.) in £. I. vol. II p. 297 at p. 309. महाकर्ताकृतिक or महाकार्ताकृतिक—Meaning uncertain. The word occurs

in the Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyanapala (I. A, vol. 15 p. 304 at p. 306 ) and in the Nalandā plate of Devapāla (E.I. XVII at p. 321 ) and the Wala grant of Dhruvasona I in

Gupta year 216 ( I. A. vol. 4 p. 105). HELEGATTATI-Vide ‘Kumārāmatya’ above. The word occurs in

the same two plates as are mentioned under ‘mahākarta

krtika’. HET4719-The great satrap or provincial Governor. The Mathurā

Lion Pillar capital (Corpus I. I. vol. II p. 30 at p. 48 ) and the coins of Rajula are the earliest to mention this word. Vide the Mathurā stone Ins. of Sondāsa (E. I. IX p. 247 )

and Rudradāman’s Ins. (E. I. VIII p. 36 at p. 44). HET19219 -Vide akṣapatatika’ above. The word occurs in

Gupta Ing. No. 39 at p. 120 (in 766 A. D.), in the Bhagalpur plate (I. A. 15 pp. 304, 316 ), Benares plate of Karnadova (A. D. 1042) in E. I. vol. II p. 309, in Lakṣmanasena’s grant (E. I. XII p. 91), E. I. X at p. 100 (Vikrama year 1253 ). In the Madhuban plate of Harga (E. I. VII p. 155 at p. 158) we

have ‘mahākṣapatalādhikaraṇādhiksta’. HETTUAmeaning uncertain. The word occurs in the Naihati grant of Ballālasena (E. I. vol. XIV p. 156 at p. 160).

The functions of this high officer are not clear. See the Nagarjunikonda Ins, in E. I. XX at pp. 6 and 16 where a person is styled mahāsenāpati and mahātalavara. Has the word anything to do with the modern word ’talvār meaning a sword? If it has then it would mean ’ a great Swordsman’. The word ’taravāri’ in the sense of a double

edged sword occurs in the Yaśastilaka I. p. 50. Hargocarya–Vide dandanāyaka’ above and p. 115 note 152. In

the Gupta Ins. No. 1 pp. 10, 15 Hariṣeṇa, the author of the prasasti, is slyled sandbivigrahika, kumārāmātya and mahā. dandanayaka; vide also Gupta Ins. No. 46 pp. 213, 216, Mathurā (Kuṣaṇa ) Ins. of the year 74 (E. I. IX p. 242 ), E, I XVI p. 230 the Kankhera stone

996

[Vol.

Ins. of the year 201 ( 279 A. D.?) where we read ‘mabadandanayakena sakena śridharavarmaṇa’), in Nagarjunikonda Ing. (3rd century A. D.) in E. I. XX at p. 7; in the Wala grant of the Valabhi king Dhruvasena I in the Gupta year 216 there are five titles applied to Dhruvasena of which mahādandanāyaka is one (I. A. vol. 4 p. 105), the other four being mahasāmanta, mahāpratihāra,

mahākārtakṛtika and mahārāja. Hercufa-The great lord of gifts. The word occurs probably

as a title only in the Taxila plate of Patika of the year 78

(Corpus I. I. vol. II p. 23 at p. 28). FEICIP#-Officer superintending the great gifts of the king

called mahadānas. For mahādānas vide H. of Dh, vol. II pp. 869-870. The word occurs in the Kahla plate of Sodha

deva ( E. I. vol. VII at p. 91 ). Haladt–The first wife of a king. The mahādevi or mahārājñi

often heads the list of persons to whom royal grants are addressed. Vide Karnadeva’s plate dated in 1077 A. D.

(E. I. XI. at p. 141). HETI:1 Vide ’ dauḥsādhagadhanika’ above. The word

occurs in Nārāyanapala’s plate (I. A, 15 p. 304 at p. 306 )

and Davapāla’s Nalandā plate (E. I. XVII p. 310 at p. 321). HETUATIETECTIU–The chief justice. The word occurs in the Bena

res plate of Karnadeva in A. D. 1042 (E. I. II p. 309 ) and

also in his Goharwa plate ( E. I XI p. 139 at p. 141 ). HETTA1479–Vide ‘dharmādhyaksa’ above. The word occurs in

Lakṣmapasona’s grant ( E. I. XII p. 6 at p. 9). HETTI –Vide quotes above. The word occurs in Sangrāma

gupta’s Panchobh plate (JBORS. vol. V p. 582 at p. 588). Fergura–The great superintendent of elephants. Mahāpilu

pati Pāśupata was the dutaka of the Abhona plates of Kataccuri Śhaṅkaragana in Kaṭaccuri saivat 347 (i. e. 595-6 A. D.) in E. I. IX p. 296 at p. 298. The word also occurs in

Lakṣmanasena’s grant ( E. I. XII p. 6 at p. 9). Hafar-Superior officer above all doorkeepers., great cham

berlain. The word occurs in the Kadambart of Bana para 97, in the Rajat. IV, 14%. It occurs in the plates of Sangamasimba ( 541 A. D.) in E. I X p. 72 at p. 75, in the Jesar plate of Silāditya in 357 Valabhi year (E. I. XXII p. 117), in Gupta Ing. No. 46 pp. 213, 216, Benares plate of Karnadeva in 1042 A. D. ( E. L Vol. II p. 309 ).

III )

High functionaries and officers

997

HET9477–Great Minister (or Prime Minister). A mahāpradhāna

and dandanāyaka Brahmadeva is found in an ins, of Kala curya Saṅkama’s time in 1178 A, D. ( E. 1. V p. 26 at p. 28). Vide also E. I. XV p. 32 at p. 36, I. A. vol. 9 p. 33 at p. 35 (where a mahāpradhāna Mahadevaiya under mahāmandale

svara Anantadeva is mentioned in sake 1016.) HELTY–Governor. Vide Ehūra record of 1173 A. D. ( E, I. XLI

at p. 335 ). HETSHF19TE (HETTATA )-Vide the Godharva plate of Karnadeva

dated 1047 A. D. (E. I. XI p. 141 ). महाप्रमातार-see प्रमातार above. The word occurs in the Banskhera

plate of Harsa (E. I. IV p. 208 ) and Benares plate of Karna

deva (1042 A. D.) in E. I. vol. II p. 297 at p. 309. HEICOT 5 -Great commander, Vide Gupta Ing. No. 23 at p. 109

in 191 Gupta year, the saine person being also the dutuku of the grant; E. I. X at p.72 (valabhi sarrat 117 in Kumāra gupta’s reign), E. I. VI p. 294 at p. 299 ( 609-610 A. D.), E. I. XI at p. 83 ( Maitraka grant of Gupta year 252), E. I.

XII p. 30 at p. 35. AF1705URE-Vide Bhāndāgārika above. The word occurs in

Karnadeva’s Benares plate (in 1042 A. D.) in E. I. vol. II p. 39 and in his other plate in E. I. XI p. 141 (in 1047 A, D.). For

the Mahābhāndāgāra office, vide Rājat. IV. 142. HETHIA –Vide aflffiata above. Vide Lakṣmaṇasena’s grant in

E. I. XII p. 6 at p. 9. FETHOGO719-Same as mahamandalesvara. The word occurs in

the Waghli ins. of Seuṇa dated sake 991 (E. I. II at p. 227). AFIA14–Same as the next. Occurs in Silāra plate of Ananta

deva in sale 1016 (I. A. vol. 9 p. 33 at p. 35). E T-Lord of a great territory. This title is borne by many of the Rattas of Saundatti ( vide Bombay Gazetteer vol. 21 p. 354 for Belgaum), by Silāhāra chiefs of the Konkan, by the Kadambas of Hangal and other cities and several other chiefs throughout central and south India. Vide E. I. XIII at p. 16 ( for Rattas of Saundatti, 1204 A. D.), E. I. XIII p. 299 (for Kadamba Jayakesi II being so called in A. D. 1125), E. I. V p. 234 at p. 236 and p. 238, E. I. XII p, 250 (for Bhandup plates of Silahāra Chittarājadeva in 1026 A. D.), J BBRAS vol. 9 p. 219. ( Ambarnath Ing. dated sake 782 ), 1. A. vol. 12 p. 119 (Bassein plates of

H

998

(Voi.

Yādava Seupacandra II, sake 991 ), I. A. vol. 11 p. 9 for Kakatiya Maha-Rudradeva in sake 1084, E. I. VIII P. 205 for the Vaghela chiefs Lavanaprasāda and Viradhavala being called Mahā-), E. I. XIV pp. 265-66 (Sinda chief Rācamalla II of Kurgod in śake 1095 and 1103), E. I. XIX p. 75 at p. 80 (Haihaya king Pșthvideva I is styled Mabā

though he ruled over 20000 villages of Mahākosala. RETA 77-‘Great Minister or councillor’. Occurs in the Benares

plate of Cedi king Karpadeva (E.I. vol. II p. 309 in 1042 A. D.) and his Goharwa plate dated 1047 A. D. (E. I. XI

p. 141 ). FEIFETE-Vide mahattaka above. The word occurs in the Bodh

Gaya Ing. dated in Lakṣmaṇagena year 74 ( E. I. XII p. 27

at p. 30). HETHETTY-Vide mahattara above. The word occurs in the Purle

plate of Ganga year 149 (E. I. XIV p. 362, where we read

ājñā mahāmahattara-Śivasarmā. HETHE777-Occurs in the Kahla plate of Sodhadeva in saruut

1134 ( E. I. VII p. 85 at p. 91 ). HT1916–Great or Prime Minister’. Vide note 148 above and

Vogel p. 122. Occurs in Ambarnath Ins. of sake 782 (JB BRAS, vol. 9 p. 219), Bhadana plates of Silāra Aparajita in sake 919 ( E. I. III p. 267 at p. 290 ), plate of Karpadeva in 1042 A. D. (E. I. vol. II. p. 309), I A. vol. 11 p. 242 in Vikrama year 1320 equal to Valabhi year 945 where inahānītyarāṇaka-Māladeva is said to have done all the business of the seal of Veraval Ins. of Arjunavarṇadeva of Analillapātaka and where a Mahomedan donor from Hurmuz grants some income to a masjid built by him, Mussul

man congregations of Somanātha being appointed trustees. #FIAT-High Officer. Vide Kautilya I. 12, V.1 &c. and Kama

sūtra V. 5. 17, 33 and 35. The word occurs frequently in the Asoka inscriptions e. g. the two separate Rock Edicts at Dhauli are addressed to the Mahāmātras of Tosali (Corpus I. I. vol. I pp. 92, 95, 97, 99 and 175 ). In the Sohagpur plate (of about 300 B, C.) also the ‘Mahāmatas’ of ‘Savasti are mentioned (E. I. XXII p. 1). In Nasik Ins. No, 22 in E I. VIII p. 93 (about 1st Century B. C.) the word *mahimatepa’ is interpreted as mahāmātyena in Bombay Gazetteer vol. 16 p. 592, but it is better to take it as mahāmātrena. Manu employs the word mahāmātrah

III]

High functionaries and officers

999

(in IX. 259, which Medhātithi explains as ‘mantrins, purohita and others’, while Kullūka explains it as meaning

those whose profession is to tame elephants ). H aranay Officer in charge of the Royal seal. Occurs in the

grant of Laksmanasena in E. I. XII p. 6 at p. 9. HETTE–King or feudatory’. This is not an official under a.

king, but in some inscriptions an emperor addresses his order as to a grant of land to ‘mahārāja mahārājñi-mahārā japutra’ &c. Vide Banskhera plate of Harsa (E. I. IV p.

208 at p. 211). HET ISTE’Great prince’-occurs in Benares plate of Karpadova

(E. I. vol. II p. 309 of 1042 A. D.) and his Goharwa plato in 1047 A, D. ( E. I. XI p. 141 ) and Kahla plate of Sodhadeva

in sainvat 1134 (E. I. VII p. 85 at p. 91). #UTTIṢ-Vide E. I, VII p. 85 at p. 91. HETTIMA-Vide I. A. vol. 18 p. 214 ( of samvut 1216 ). H ala Chief Master of battle arrays’. Occurs in the plate

of Bhojavarmadeva in E. I. XII p. 37 at p. 40. HET -Great banker. Occurs in Kahla plate of Sodhadeva

(E. L. VII pp. 85, 91 ). HETSTES-One of the five high offices instituted by Lalitāditya

of Kashmir. Vide Rājat. IV. 142. Flagra -Commander of a cavalry force. Occurs in the

Benares and Goharwa plates of Karnadeva ( in E. I. vol. II p. 309 and E. I. XI p. 141), Kharha plate of Yasahkarnadeva

(E. I. XII p. 205 at p. 213). Hafalante-Great Minister of peace and war. Occurs in

Benares plate of Karnadeva in 1041 A, D. ( E. I. II. p. 309 ). FEIFT-alaga -Great minister of peace and war. Occurs in

the Palitana plate of Dharagena II in Gupta year 252 (E. I. XIN. 80), in plate of Buddharāja (E. I. VI at p. 299 in 609-10 A.D.), in the Pimpari plate of Dhruvarāja (E.I. X at p. 89) in sake 697. In the Harsacarita (VI) Harṣa is said to have dictated his proclamation of digvijaya to ‘Mabā…krta’ who sat near him, In E.I. IX at p. 290 (plates of Śhaṅkaragana) and E. I. XII p. 30 at p. 35, we have ‘mabāsandhivigra

hādhikaraṇādhikrta. RETETE Great Commander. Occurs in Kabla plate of Sodha

deva in Vikrama 1134 (E. I. VII p. 85 at p. 91 ).

1000

[ Vol.

HETETT7737777~One of five high officers instituted by Lalitāditya

of Kashmir. Vide Rājat: IV. 142-43.

महासान्धिविग्रहिक-Same as महासन्धिविप्रहिक. Occurs in Gupta Ins.

No. 22 p. 100 at p. 104 (the Khoh plate of Gupta year 163 ), the Ambarnath Ins. dated sake 782 (JBBRAS. vol. 9 p. 219), the Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyaṇapāla (I. A. 15 p. 304 at p. 306), E. I. XI p. 141, E. I. XII p. 6 at p. 9 (Lakṣmaṇasena’s grant).

HET7147-Great chieftain. The Yādavas of Sindinagara ( vide

E. I. II p. 217 of sake 922, I. A. 17 p. 120 of sake 948) and the Rattas of Saundatti were often 80 styled (Bombay Gazetteer vol. 21 p. 354). The Valabhi king Dhruvasena is called mahārāja and mahāgāmanta in E. I. XI p. 107 ( in Gupta year 206 ) and E. 1. XV at 256 (in Gupta Year 210 ) and E. I. XIX p. 302 and p. 304. The word occurs in the Banskhera plate of Harsa in his 22nd year i. e. about 628-29 A. D. ( E. I. IV p. 208, at p. 211 ) and in the Madhuban plate of the 25th year of Harṣa’s reign (E. I. vol. I pp. 63, 67 ). Vide also Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyaṇapāla (I. A. vol. 15 pp. 304, 306 ), Rāstrakūta grant of sake 679 (JBBRAS. vol. 16 pp. 105, 108 ), E. I. XV P, 85 in sake 981 (where one Nāgadeva is both mahāsāmantādhipati and dandanāyaka of Someśvara I), E. I. vol. II p. 309 ( Benares plate of Karnadeva).

महासामन्ताधिपति-Probably means the same thing as महासामन्त. In

E. I. IV p. 259 one Bhogadevarasa is styled inahāsāmantā dhipati and dandanayaka (Kelavadi Ins. of the time of Someśvara I in 1053 A. D.), E. I. VI pp. 285, 292 (plate of Maha-Dandivarma of Gujerat in sake 789), E. I. XX p. 61 (one Kesavayya is dandanayaka and mabā- of Belvola 300 in sake 934), E. I. V p. 234, I. A, vol. 48 p. 1, E. I. IV. p. 243 at p. 250.

AETATIGreat Commander of arinies. The word occurs in the

Nasik Ins. No, 24. We have a mahāsenāpati Bhavagopa (E. 1. VIII at p. 94 ) and in Nasik Ins. No. 3 of Vasithiputa Siripuļumāvi ( Bombay Gazetteer vol. 16 p. 556 ); in the Nagarjunikoṇda Ins. (of 3rd century A. D.) Chantisiri is said to have been married to a person entitled mahāo and mabātalavara ( E. I. XX p. 1 and pp. 6 and 16), in E.I. XII p. 6, 9 (Lakṣmapasena’s grant).

III)

High functionaries und officers

1001

Arta Guardian of frontiers or passes. Occurs in Nalanda

stone Ins. of Yaśovarmadeva’s time about 530 A. D. in E. I.

XX pp. 37, 41. #1179185-Same as above. Occurs in Narada quoted by the Mit.

on Yāj. II. 271. Vide dikpāla above for the reference. gimstaff bearer’, an attendant on a king. Vide Rājat. VI.

203. The word is derived from yasti’ acc. to Pāṇ. IV. 4. 59 (meaning’ yaṣṭiḥ praharanam-asya’).

An officer, whose exact function is not known; but in the inscriptions of Asoka it is said that yuklas are to receive orders from the pariṣad ( council of ministers). Vide the 3rd Rock Edict at Girnar (Corpus I. I. vol. I p. 4). The

word also occurs in Kautilya II. 5 and 9. 97-Same as above. Occurs in the Cambay plates of Govinda

IV in sake 852 (E. I. VII pp. 26, 39 ) and the Karhad plates

of Krsna III of sake 880 (E.I. IV. pp. 278, 285 ). 1973Crown Prince. Occurs in Kauṭ. I. 12 among the 18

tirthas. The word occurs in the Mathura Lion pillar capital (Corpus I. I. vol. II p. 40 ) and in the Candrāvati plates of

Candradeva of Kanoj (E.I. IX p. 302 at p. 304 ). रजुक (or लजुक) or रज्जुक–An officer of land survey and revenue

department. The word occurs ( as rajuka) in the 3rd Rock Edict of Asoka at Girnar in Corpus I. I. vol. I pp. 4-5 and in

E. I. XXIV p. 52 (under Vākāṭaka Emperor Pravarasena II) EFATHA—Private Secretary. The word occurs in the Pallava

Śivaskandavarman’s grant (E. I. vol. I p. 2 at p.7), in the Vilavatti grant of Pallava Simhavarman (E. I. XXII p. 296

at p. 298), in a Kadamba plate (E. I. VI p. 13). GEAR-A prince. Occurs in the grant of Śivaskandavarman

(E. I. vol. I p. 2 at p. 5). TIFTET-( modern Raval or Rāu!). Vide E. I. XX Appendix

No. 324 for the Ins. of mahamandalesvara-rājakula-Rana sideva in Vikrama year 1223, E. I. XXV at p. 156 Mayūra bhañja grant (where rājakula Heramba is said to be the

lekhaka ). 15146-Occurs frequently in the Inscriptions of the Rattas of

Saundatti (Bombay Gazetteer, vol. 21 p. 354 for Belgaum ) and in the plate of Yadava Seupacandra (I. A. vol. 12 p. 119 at p. 120 ).

126100%

History of Dharnafāstra

( Vol.

TOTIEither a mere title or a feudatory’. This is often the

first among the several persons addressed in several grants. The word occurs in Abhona plates of Śhaṅkaragaña in 595 A, D. (E. IX p. 297 ), in the Candravati plate of Candra deva of sainvat 1148 ( E. I. IX p. 305 ), in Lakṣmanasena’s grant ( E. I. XII at p. 9). Vide Vogel p. 121.

(1974-ra ksatriya chief. It occurs in Lakṣmaṇasena’s grant

(E. I. XII p. 6 at p. 9). pagalit. ‘a prince’, but in many inscriptions it has some

technical meaning such as ’ nobleman’ or ‘knight’. The word occurs in the Nālandā plate of Devapāla (E. I. XVII at p. 321 where the order is ‘rāja-rānaka-rājaputra-rājāmātya), in Gupta Ing. No. 46 at pp. 213, 216, Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyanapāla (I. A. vol. 15 pp. 304, 306 ), in Lakṣmapa sena’s grant ( E. I. VII p. 6 at p. 9). Vide Vogel p. 121 and

Fleet’s note 1 on p. 218 of Gupta Ins. TulKing’s banker or chief of bankers. Occurs in Com. on

Yasastilaka I p. 91. Vide note 148 above. TIFIYExact function uncertain. In Gupta Ing. No. 35 at

p. 157 he appears to be a high officer, but a low one in Gupta Ing. No. 38 at p. 170. In the Rājat. VIII. 2618 he appears to be chief justice. Būhler in I. A. vol. V p. 207 takes the word to mean ‘an officer who carries out the object of protecting the subjects’. In J. R. A, S. 1895 p. 382 rājas thāniya Bhatti is the dūtaka of the grant. In the plates of Simhāditya in Gupta-Valabhi year 255 (574 A, D.) the order is ‘rājaputra-rajasthāniyāmātya’. Vide the Banskhera plate of Harsa (E. I. IV pp. 208, 211), Gupta Ing. No. 46 pp. 213, 216, Vasantagadh Ins. of Varmalāta in samvat 682 (E. I. IX p. 192), Palitana plate of Dharasena (E. I. XI P 83), the Gujerat Rāṣtrakūta grant of sake 697 in J BBR AS vol. 16 pp. 105, 108, Vogel p. 122 and explanation in

E. I. XI p. 176.

TITA minister. The title occurs frequently in the Rajat.

(vide VI. 117, 261). It was given for services to the king and survives in the form ‘Rāzdān’ as a family name among Kashmir brāhmaṇas. The word oocurs in the Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyanapāla (I A. vol. 15 pp. 304, 306 ), in the Parikud plate of Madhyama-rājadeya of Sailodbhaya dynasty (E. I. XI pp. 281, 286). Vide Vogel p. 121 who

ma)

High functionaries and officers

1003

remarks that the vagsals of the Chamba king designated

themselves in this way. TISTRY-King’s minister. In the Nasik Ins. No. 19 (E. I. VIII

p. 91 ) this word occurs in the Prakrit form rāyāmaca’. The word also occurs in Gupta Ing. No. 46 (pp. 213, 216 ), Nālandā plate of Devapāla (E.I. XVII at p. 321), Bhagalpur

plate of Nārāyaṇapāla (I. A. vol. 15 pp. 304, 306 ). Trst-Queen. Vide Candravati plate of Candradeva in sarvat

1148 ( E. I. IX at p. 305 ), the grant of Laksmanasena in E. I. XII at p. 9 ( the order being aśesa-raja-rājanyaka-rājñi rānaka-rajaputra-rājāmātya &c.) and the plate of Vijaya

sena ( E. I. XV at p. 283 ). Trup-A nobleman. Occurs in Nalandā plate of Devapāla (E. I.

XVII at p. 321 ), in Lakṣmanasena’s grant (E. I. XII at p. 9), in the Ins. of Kalacuri Narasimhadeva of Dahala in Vikrama year 1216 ( I. A. vol. 18 p. 214). Viradhavala and Lavapaprasāda of the Vaghela line are styled mahamanda leśvara and rānaka in Abu Ins. No. 2 dated 1123 A, D. (E. I.

VIII at p. 205). Vide J. B. O. R. S. vol. V p. 582 at p. 588. TRTHead of a district ( on the analogy of grāmakūta ). Vide

JB BRAS vol. 16 at p. 117. Ted-Ruler of a province. The word occurs in E. I. VII p. 39

in 852 A, D., in the Karhad plates of Krsna III dated sake 880 ( E. I. IV pp. 278, 285 ), in the Kauther plate of Vikram

aditya V in sake 930 (I. A. vol. 16 pp. 15, 24). Tieqa-Head of a province. The word occurs in Kaut. V. I. TT -Ruler of a province. In the Prākrit form ‘ratthika’ the

word occurs in the grant of Śivaskandavarman ( E. I. vol. I

p. 2 at p. 5). treg.-Ruler of a district or province. Vide p. 117 and note

155a above and Sāntiparva 85. 12. EY E xaminer of coins. The word occurs in Kauṭ. II. 5, for

which see note 184a. In E, I, XXII p. 30 there is a state ment that in the Jogimāra inscription rūpadakha (rūpadarsa or rūpadakṣa ?) occurs. Prof. D. R. Bhandarkar takes it to

mean “banker’. praee-Writer of an edict or order. The word occurs in the

Brahinagiri Rock Ins. in Corpus I I vol. I at p. 176. Panini II. 2. 21 teaches the formation of ’lipikara’.

1004

I Vol.

Scribe or clerk in a public office. The word occurs in Nasik Ing. No. 16 and No. 26 (Bombay Gazetteer vol. 16 pp. 582 and 605), in the Viṣṇudharmottara II. 24. 26-28,

Sukra II. 120. Sal -Letter-carrier. Occurs in Rājat. VI. 319. da A Secretary. Occurs in Rājat. III. 206. fagrafia Director of education. In the Kondavidu Ins. one

Srinātha is said to have been the Vidyadhikārin of Vema in

E. I. XI p. 313 at p. 314. farew-An officer, whose functions are not clear. The word

occurs in the Bhavnagar plate of Dhruvasena I in 529 A. D. (E. I. XV p. 256 ), in the Valabhi grant of Dharasena II in Gupta year 252 (I. A. vol. 15 p. 187 ), in the Gupta Ing. No. 38 p. 164 at p. 169 ( the Maliya plate of Dharasena II in Gupta year 252 ), the Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyaṇapāla (1.

A. 15 pp. 304, 306 ), fara . Same as above. The word occurs in the grant of

Dharagena II in Gupta year 252 ( E. I. XI pp. 80, 83 ), in the Nalanda plate of Devapāla in E. I. XVII at p. 321 (where

the word is preceded by ‘āyuktaka’). angala–Ruler of a district. The word occurs in the Kapi grant

of Jayabhata (I. A. 5 p. 114, in the beginning of the 5th century A. D.), in the Abhona plates of Śhaṅkaragana in E. I. IX p. 297 ( in 595 A, D.), in the Banskhera plate of Harsa (E. I. IV pp. 208, 211), in the Karhad plate of Krspa III dated sake 880 ( E, I. IV pp. 278, 285 ), in the Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyanapāla (I. A. 15 pp, 304, 306 ), in E. I. VII

p. 39 ( in 852 A. D.). fapier-Same as above. The word occurs in the grant of Śiva.

skandavarman (E. I. vol. I at p. 5). efthGTTProbably elder of a vithi ( a district). Occurs in a

grant of Gupta year 120 (Indian Historical Quarterly vol.

19 p. 12 at pp. 16, 21 ). aire . Person belonging to a military expedition’. The

word occurs in Chamba Ins. Nos. 15, 25, 26. Vide Vogel

p. 129. als Meaning uncertain, but it may mean ‘bearer of a Vitika’

(betel). It occurs in Chamba Ing. No. 15 at p. 166. Vide Vogel p. 128,

ITI

High functionaries and officers

1005 atler-Meaning uncertain. The word occurs frequently in the

Rājat. (V. 226, VI 73, 106, 127 ). 11—Function unknown. It occurs in E. I. XXVI at p. 206

(six Saindhava grants from Ghumli) of about 9th century

A. D. FEITE_Meaning uncertain. It occurs in the plate of Jayanāga

from Karna-suvarṇa ( E. I. XVIII pp. 60, 63 ). ISTITIA-Superintendent of cowpens. It occurs in the 12th Rock

Edict of Asoka at Girnar in the form ‘vacabhumika

(Corpus I. I. vol. I p. 20). 7919 or TOE-Guardian of the bed-chamber. Vide ‘Inscrip

tions from Baroda’ edited by Mr. A. S. Gadre p. 72 (a village was donated to a Nāgara-brāhmapa Prabhākara

who was saygāgrāhaka of Karpūradevi’). 7THF-It occurs in the Nālanda plate of Devapāla ( E. I. XVII

at 321 ) and in Chamba Ins. No. 15 at p. 166 ( where it is read as ‘sarobhanga’. Vide Vogel p. 123 and ‘Indian Cul ture’ vol. VII p. 305 at p. 309. Has the word anything to do with the words ‘sarayantra’ and ‘sarayantri’? The latter was a title bestowed in Mithilā upon a very learned man who faced the ordeal of answering satisfactorily all questions on any śāstra put to him by learned ācāryas and also the questions put by common people. Vide a paper

Declaration of sarayantri’, contributed to the All India Oriental Conference at Benares (in 1943 ) by Pandit Ramānātha Jha of Darbhanga, TE-An official who recovered tolls or customs duties.

Occurs in Sukra II. 120. il -Superintendent of tolls or customs duties. The word

occurs in Yāj. II. 173 and in Gupta Ing. No. 12 pp. 50, 52, in the grant of Dharagena II of Gupta year 252 ( I A. 15 p. 187), in Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyanapāla (I. A, 15 pp. 304,

306). Vide note on ‘gaulmika’ above px -A scribe. The minister Hemādri is styled ‘sarvaśrīkara

na-prabhu’. Vide H, of Dh. vol. I p. 356 n, 849. श्रीकरणाधिप or श्रीकरणाग्रणी-Head of all scribes or head of all depart

ments. In E. I. XIII at p. 17 one Bicaṇa or Bicirāja is said to have been the Srika- of mahamandalesvara Kārtavirya IV of Hangal. Hemādri is styled ‘samastakaraṇādhiśvara’ or ‘samastakaraṇādhipati’. Vide H. of Dh. vol. I pp. 356 357 notes 850-851.

Nāra upta

gaur

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[Vol.

ifra-Officer who collected the royal share viz. 6th of the

crops. If occurs in the Khalimpur plate of Dharmapala in

E. I. IV p. 243 at p. 250. Ha-Minister. Vide p. 105 and note 150 above.

779A spy. It occurs in the grant of Śivaskandavarman (E. I. vol. I p. 2 at p. 5). In I. 12 Kautilya speaks of

sañcāras ( wandering spies like tikśna, rasada &c.). theta.Vide p. 111 above. hagle-Minister for peace and war. This form of the word

occurs in Vispudharmottara II. 24. 17 and in Santiparva

85, 30. sifauna-The Superintendent of the construction of the royal

treasury, store houses &c. The word occurs in Kauṭ. II. 5, 1.12 and in the plate of Mahabhavagupta (E.I. VIII pp. 138,

141 and E. I. XI pp. 93, 94). Vide p. 143 above. HI -Collector-General. The word occurs in Kaut. I. 12 and

II. 6, Sabara on Jai. XII. 1.28 and in the plate of Mahābhava gupta ( E.I. VIII at p. 141 and XI at p. 94). Vide p. 143

and note 184 above. pracusa -Commander-in-chief of all forces. The word occurg

in I. A. vol. 8 p. 19, vol. 9 at p. 167, vol. 10 p. 129. Hairat –Prime Minister. Occurs in Rājat. VII. 568. Halla –Probably the same as above. The word occurs in the

Purle plate of Indravarman in the Ganga year 149 i. e. 605

A. D. (E. I. XIV pp. 360, 362 ).. HECH-Astrologer. Occurs in Viṣṇu Dk. S. III. 75, Bṭhatsam.

hitā 2.9. Vide p. 126 above. niacin-Astrologer. Occurs in Paithinasi. Vide note 193

above. Fre4973-Bailiff who summoned parties and witnesses. Vide

p. 278 above. Filmfagle+—Minister for peace and war. Occurs in Viṣṇu

dharmottara II. 24. 17 and in the Mit. on Yāj. I. 320 ( which quotes a verse to the effect that the sandhivigrahakārin is to issue a royal grant) and in Gupta Ins. No. 1 at p. 15

(the prasasti of Samudragupta ). Am -feudatory chief. Under the Rattas of Saundatti certain

high officials are often so called ( Bom, Gazetteer vol. 21 P. 354 for Belgaum ). The word occurs in Abhona plates of

III ]

High functionaries and officers

1007

Śhaṅkaragāna in 595 A. D. (E. I. IX p. 297), in Madhuban plate of Harsa (E. I. VII at p. 158 ), E. I. VI p. 298 (plate

of Buddharāja in 609-10 A. D.). HIEATE & Occurs in Sukra I. 120. FitF -Officer who looked to the work of boundaries. Occurs

in Gupta Ins. No. 46 pp. 213, 216. 5477–Vide p. 114 and note 150. F9-One of the rutnins. Vide p. 111 above. 79a79fa-Head cook. The word occurs in Taleśvara plates (E.

I. XIII pp. 109, 115). ATHUITEMeaning uncertain. It occurs in the plate of Danti

varman of Gujerat in sake 789 ( E. I. VI p. 285 ). gara-Commander-in-chief. Vide p. 127 above and Br. quoted

by Viśvarūpa on Yāj. I. 307. Pusyamitra, the founder of of the Sunga dynasty and Bhatarka, the founder of the Valabhi dynasty, and his son Dharasena were styled senāpati; vide I. A. 15 p. 187 (plate of Dharasena II in Gupta year 252 ), E. I. vol. I p. % at p. 5 (grant of Pallava Śivaskandavarman), JBBRAS vol. 16 pp. 105, 108, E. I. IX

at p. 305. atquiga.State goldsmith. Vide pp. 144-145 above. F —A petty officer, probably head of the village administra.

tion. Vide Rājat. V. 175. 717 1717-Officer superintendent of the harom. The word

occurs in the 12th rock Edict of Asoka in a prākrit form

(Corpus I. I. vol. I at p. 20). Fara Architect. Vide Viṣṇudharmottara II. 24. 39. F a n-Chief architect. Occurs in Karitalai plates of

Mahārāja Jayanātha (Gupta Ins. No. 26 of the Gupta year

174 at p. 119). FITFY.–Officer in charge of a police post. Vide p. 149 above. Fl-An officer in charge of a ward of a city or a district,

Vide pp. 143 and 149 above, Carl ig0Officers in charge of the elephant arm, cava

lry, camel corps of an army. This occurs in Chamba Ins. No. 15 at p. 166. In the Nalanda plate of Devapala (E. I. XVII at p. 321) we have ‘hastya vostra-nau-bala-vyāpr taka’.

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NOTE 342a-अत एवाह पितामहः।

छलानि चापराधांश्च पदानि नृपतेस्तथा । स्वयमेतानि गृहीयान्नृपस्वावेदकैविना॥ पाथिभनी कराक्षेपी प्राकारोपरिलङ्घकः । निपानस्य विनाशी च तथा चायतनस्य च ॥ परि खापूरकश्चैव राजच्छिद्रप्रकाशकः ॥ अन्तःपुरं वासगृहं भाण्डागारं महानसम् । प्रविशत्यनियुक्तो यो भोजनं च निरीक्षते ॥ विमूत्रश्लेष्मवातानां क्षेप्तुकामो नृपाग्रतः। पर्यासनबन्धी चाप्य प्रस्थाननिरोधकः ॥ राज्ञोऽतिरिक्तवेषश्च विधृतः प्रविशेत्तु यः। यश्चापद्वारेण विशेद वेलायां तथैव च ॥ शय्यासने पादुकयोः शयनासनरोहणम् (रोहणे?) । राजन्यासन्नशयने यस्तिष्ठति समीपतः ॥ राज्ञो विद्विष्टसेवी चाप्यदत्तविहितासनः । वस्त्राभरणयोश्चैव सुवर्णपरिधायकः ।। स्वयंप्राहेण ताम्बूलं गृहीत्वा भक्षयेत यः । अनियुक्तप्रभाषी च नृपाक्रोशक एव च ॥ एक वासास्तथाभ्यक्तो मुक्तकेशोऽवगुण्ठितः । विचित्रिताङ्गः स्रग्वी च परिधानविधूनकः ॥ शिरः प्रच्छादनश्चैव छिद्रान्वेषणतत्परः । आसनी मुक्तकेशश्च यश्च कर्णाक्षिकर्शकः (दर्शकः ?) दन्तो लेखनकश्चैव कर्णनासाविशोधकः । छलान्येतानि पञ्चाशद्भवन्ति नृपसनिधौ | quoted in स्मृतिव. II. pp. 27-23, शुक्रनीति• IV. 5.73-82 (except the name and the first verse) with variant readings.

NOTE 492 नार्थसम्बन्धिनो नाप्ता न सहाया न वैरिणः । न दृष्टदोषाः प्रष्टव्याः साक्षिणः प्रतिदूषिताः ।। दासनकृतिकाश्राद्धवृद्धस्त्रीबालचाक्रिकाः । मत्तोन्मत्तप्रमत्तातंकितवग्रामयाजकाः ।। महापथिकसामुद्रवणिक्प्रव्रजितातुराः । व्यकश्रोत्रियाचारहीनक्कीबकुशीलवाः ।। नास्तिकत्रात्यदारामित्यागिनोऽयाज्ययाजकाः । एकस्थालीसहायारिचरज्ञातिसनाभयः ।। प्रागृदृष्टदोषशैलूषविषजीव्यहितुण्डिकाः । गरदानिदकीनाशशद्रापुत्रौपपातिकाः ।। क्लान्तसाहसिकश्रान्तनिर्धनान्त्यावसायिनः । भिन्नवृत्तासमावृत्तजडतैलिकमूलिकाः ।। भूताविष्टपद्विष्टवर्षनक्षत्रसूचकाः । अघशंस्यात्मविक्रेतहीनाङ्गभगवृत्तयः ॥ कुनखी श्याम(व?) दन्तश्च मित्रध्रुक् शठशौण्डिकाः । ऐन्द्रजालिकलुब्धोग्रश्रेणीगणविरोधिनः ।। वधकश्चर्मकृत्पङ्गुः पतितः कूटकारकः । कुहकः प्रत्यवसितस्तस्करो राजपूरुषः ।। मनुष्यपशुमांसास्थिमधुक्षीराम्बुसर्पिषाम् । विक्रेता ब्राह्मणश्चैव द्विजो वाधुषिकश्व यः।। च्युतः स्वधर्मात्कुलिका स्तावको हीनसेवकः । पित्रा विवदमानश्च भेदकृच्चेत्यसाक्षिणः ।।

नारद (ऋणादान 177-187) NOTE 509 ननो मुण्डः कपालेन भिक्षार्थी क्षुत्पिपासितः । अन्धः शत्रुगृहं गच्छेद्यः साक्ष्यमनृतं वदेत् ॥१ नमो मुण्डः कपालेन परद्वारे बुभुक्षितः । अमित्रान्भूयशः(स) पश्येद्यः साक्ष्यमनृतं वदेत् ।। २ यो रात्रिमधिविना स्त्री यां चैवाक्षपराजितः। यां च भाराभितप्ताको दुर्विवक्ता स तां वसेत् ॥ ३ साक्षी साक्ष्ये समुद्दिशन्गोकर्णशिथिलं वचः। सहस्रं वारुणान्पाशान्भुङ्क्ते स बन्धनाद्ध्वम् ॥ ४ तस्य वर्षशते पूर्णे पाश एव प्रमुच्यते । तदा पाशाद्विनिर्मुक्तः स्त्री संभवति मानवः ।। ५ एवं संबन्धनात्तस्मान्मुच्यते नियताच्च सः । पशुगोश्वपुरुषाणां हिरण्यं भूर्यथाक्रमम् ॥ ६ यावतो बान्धवास्तस्मिन् हन्ति साक्ष्येनृतं वदन् । तावतः संप्रवक्ष्यामि शृणु सौम्यानुपूर्वशः ।। ७ पञ्च पश्चनृते हन्ति दश हन्ति गवानृते । शतमश्वानृते हन्ति सहस्रं पुरुषानृते ॥८ हन्ति जातानजातांश्च हिरण्यार्थेऽनृतं वदन् । सर्वे भूम्यनृते हन्ति मास्म भूम्यनृतं वदीः ।।९

II]

Appendix (on exhorting witnesses )

1009

एकमेवाद्वितीयं तत्प्राहुः पावनमात्मनः । सत्यं स्वर्गस्य सोपानं पारावारस्य नौरिव ॥ १० अश्वमेधसहस्रं च सत्यं च तुलया धृतम् । अश्वमेधसहस्रात्त सत्यमेव विशिष्यते ।। ११ वरं कूपशताद्वापी वरं वापीशतात्क्रतुः । वरं क्रतुशतात्पुत्रः सत्यं पुत्रशताद्वरम् ॥ १२ भूधारयति सत्येन सत्येनोदेति भास्करः। सत्येन वायुः लवते सत्येनापः स्त्रवन्ति च ॥ १३ सत्यमेव परं दानं सत्यमेव परं तपः । सत्यमेव परो धर्मः लोकानामिति नः श्रुतम् ॥ १४ सत्यं देवाः समासेन मनुष्यास्त्वनृतं स्मृतम् । इहैव तस्य देवत्वं यस्य सत्ये स्थिता मतिः ।। १५ सत्यं ब्रह्मनृतं त्यक्त्वा सत्येन स्वर्गमेष्यसि । उक्त्वानृतं महाघोर नरकं प्रतिपत्स्यसे ॥ १६ नरकेषु च ते शश्वजिह्वामुत्कृत्य दारुणाः । असिभिः शातयिष्यन्ति बलिनो यमकिङ्कराः ।। १७ शूलैमत्स्यन्ति चाक्रम्य कोशन्तमपरायणम् । अवस्थितं समुत्कृत्य क्षेप्स्यन्ति त्वां हुताशने ॥ १८ अनुभूय च तास्तीवाश्चिरं नरकवेदनाः । इह यास्यसि पापासु गृध्रकाकादियोनिषु ॥ १९ ज्ञात्वैताननृते दोषाज्ञात्वा सत्ये च सद्गणानू । सत्यं वदोद्धरात्मानं नात्मानं पातय स्वयम् ॥ २० न बान्धवा न सुहृदो न धनानि महान्त्यपि । अलं धारयितुं शक्तास्तमस्युप्रे निमज्जतः ।। २१ पितरस्त्ववलम्बन्ते त्वयि साक्षित्वमागते । तारयिष्यति किन्त्वस्मान् (किंन्वस्मान् ?) किं चायं

पातयिष्यति ॥ २२ सत्यमात्मा मनुष्यस्य सत्ये सर्व प्रतिष्ठितम् । सत्यमुक्त्वात्मनात्मानं श्रेयसा संनियोजय ।। २३ यस्यां रात्रावजनिष्ठा यस्यां रात्रौ मरिष्यसि । वृथा तदन्तरं तुभ्यं साक्ष्यं चेदन्यथा कृथाः॥२४ ब्रह्मनस्य तु ये लोका ये च स्त्रीबालघातिनाम् । ये च लोकाः कृतघ्नस्य ते ते स्युब्रवतो वृथा॥२५

नास्ति सत्यात्परो धर्मो नानृतात्पातकं परम् । साक्षिधर्म विशेषेण सत्यमेव वदेत्ततः ।। २६ पुराणोक्तौ द्वौ श्लोकौ भवतः । यः परार्थे प्रहिणुयास्वां वाचं पुरुषाधमः । आत्मार्थे किन

कुर्यात्स पापो नरकनिर्भयः ।। २७ वाच्या नियताः सर्वे वाङ्मूला वाग्विनिश्चिताः। यो हि तां स्तेनयेद्वाचं स सर्वस्तेयकृतरः।। २८

. नारद (ऋणादान 201-228) Seven verses out of these occur elsewhere also. Verse 1 is the same as Manu 8. 93 and Vas. 16. 33%; verse 3 is the same as Udyoga 35. 31; verses 7-9 are the same as Manu 8. 97-99, while verses 8-9 are the same as Udyogaparva. 35. 33-34 and verse 8 occurs also in Baud. Dh. S. I. 10. 35 and Vas. 16, 34 ; verse 11 is the same as Adiparva 74, 103, Santiparva 162.26 and Anusasana. 75.29; verse 25 is almost the same as Manu 8. 89. NOTE: 1168 on घटस्फोट

क्वचिज्जीवतोऽप्यन्त्यकर्म विहितं यथा प्रायश्चित्तानिच्छोः पतितस्य घटस्फोटे । तथाहि । महापातकेनोपपातकेन वा पतितो यदि प्रायश्चित्तं न करोति तदा तं गुरूणां बान्धवानां राजश्व समक्षमाय तत्पापं प्रकटीकृत्य तं पुनः पुनरुपादिशेत् प्रायाश्चत्तं कुरुष्वाचारं लभस्वेति । स ययेवमपि नाङ्गीकरोति तदा रिक्तादिनिन्द्यतिथौ सायाह्ने सपिण्डा बान्धवाश्च सम्भूय दासी हस्तेनानीतममेध्यकुत्सितजलादिपूर्णघटं सर्वतो दास्याद्यन्वारम्भं कुर्वन्तो दास्या दासस्य वा वामपादेन न्युजं छिन्नारदर्भेषु कारयित्वा दासीसहिता वदेयुरमुमनुदकं करोमीति नामग्रहण पूर्वकं प्राचीनावीतिनो मुक्तशिखाश्च सन्तः । ततोऽधिकारी कर्ता दाहवजे जीवन्तमेवोद्दिश्य पिण्डोदकदानादिप्रेतकार्याण्येकादशाहान्तानि नाम्नैव कुर्यात् । मिताक्षरायां प्रेतकार्योत्तरं घट

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निनयनमुक्तम् । एकाहमाशौचं सर्वेषाम् । यस्य घटस्फोटः कृतस्तेन सह सम्भाषणस्पर्शादि संसान केनापि कार्यः । करणे पतिततुल्यता। धर्मसिन्धु, परिच्छेद III, उत्तरार्ध p. 453. This is a summary of a longer passage on the same subject from the निर्णयसिन्धु, परिच्छेद III उत्तरार्ध p. 567.

As to taking back into the social fold a man who repents after ghatasphota is performed the following pro cedure is prescribed in the Dharmasindhu: घृतघटस्फोटस्य पुंसोनुतापे तरपापप्रायश्चित्तान्ते संग्रहविधिरुच्यते । तत्रादौ शुद्धिपरीक्षा । कृतप्रायश्चित्तो ज्ञातिसमक्षं गोभ्यस्तृणभारं दद्यात् । गोभिस्तृणे भक्षिते शुद्धिः । भक्षणाभावे पुनः प्रायश्चित्तं चरेत् । एवं निश्चितसंशुद्धौ समानेयुर्नवं घटम् । हैमं वा मृन्मयं वापि पवित्रजल पूरितम् ॥ ततः सपिण्डास्तं घटं संस्पृश्याभिमन्त्र्य तज्जलैः पावमानीभिरापोहिष्ठेत्यादिभिस्तर समन्दीभिश्च पापिनमभिषिच्य तेन सह सर्वे स्नाता तं जलघटमस्मै दद्यः । स च शान्ता द्यौः शान्ता पृथिवी शान्तं विश्वमन्तरिक्ष यो रोचनस्तमिह गृह्णामीति यजुभिस्तं घटं गृह्णीयात् । ततस्तदुदकं तेनैव साकं सर्वे पिबेयुः । ततः स कूष्माण्डमन्त्रैराज्यहोमं कृत्वा सुवर्ण गां च दद्यात् । ततस्तस्य जातकर्मादिव्रतबन्धान्ता विवाहान्ता वा संस्काराः कार्याः । एवं कृते शुद्धन तेन संस्पर्शसंभोजनादिव्यवहारं कुर्यात् । एवमुपपातके महापातके च कृतघटस्फोटस्य शुद्धि ज्ञेया। इति संक्षेपतः कृतघटस्फोटशुद्धिः । धर्मसिन्धु III उत्तरार्ध p. 454. The निर्णय सिन्धु (III उत्तरार्ध p. 568) has a similar but more elaborate note, quotes and relies on Gaut. 20. 10-17, Manu XI. 186, Yāj. III. 295, Vas. 15. 17-21, the Mit., Aparārka and Hemadri.

NOTE 1302-The बौ. गृ. शेषसत्र (II. 6. 1-10) is as follows:–

अथातः पुत्रप्रतिग्रहकल्प व्याख्यास्यामः । शोणितशुकसम्भवो मातृपितृनिमित्तकस्तस्य प्रदानपरित्यागविक्रयेषु मातापितरौ कर्तारौ भवतो न त्वेकं पुत्रं दद्यात्प्रतिगृह्णीयाद्वा स हि सन्तानाय पूर्वेषाम् । न तु स्त्री पुत्रं दद्यात्प्रतिगृह्णीयाद्वान्यत्रानुज्ञानाद्भर्तुः । पुत्रं प्रतिग्रहीष्यन्नुप कल्पयते-द्वे वाससी द्वे कुण्डले अङ्गुलीयकं चाचायें च वेदपारगं कुशमयं बर्हिः पर्णमयमिध्म मिति । अथ बन्धूनां मध्ये राजनि चावेद्य परिषदि वागारमध्ये वा ब्राह्मणानन्नेन परिविष्य पुण्याई स्वस्त्यूद्धमिति वाचयित्वाथ देवयजनोल्लेखनप्रभृत्याप्रणीताभ्यः कृत्वा दातुः समीपं गत्वा पुत्रं मे देहीति भिक्षेत ददामीतीतर आह । तं पुत्रं प्रतिगृह्णाति धर्माय त्वा गृह्णामि सन्तत्य त्वा गृह्णामीति । अथैनं वस्त्रकुण्डलाभ्यामङ्गुलीयकेन चालङ्कृत्य परिधानप्रभृत्यानिमुखात्कृत्वा पक्काज्जुहोति । यस्त्वा हृदा कीरिणा मन्यमानः’ इति पुरोनुवाक्यामनूच्य ’ यस्मै वं सुकृते जातवेदः’ इति याज्यया जुहोति । अथ आज्याहुतीरुपजुहोति-व्यातिभिर्हवा स्विष्टकृत्प्र भृति सिद्धमाधेनुवरप्रदानात् । अथ दक्षिणा ददात्येते एव वाससी एते एव कुण्डले एतच्चाङ्गु लीयकम् । ययेवकृते औरसः पुत्र उत्पद्यते तुरीयभागेष भवतीति ह स्माह भगवान्बोधायनः । This is quoted in the दत्त. मी. pp. 152-153, सं. को. p. 177, धर्मसिन्धु III पूर्वाध p. 161 (partly) and Buhler published it with a translation in the Journal of the Bengal Asiatic Society vol. 35 pp. 161-164.

III ]

Appendix ( Saunaka’s verses om adoption)

1011

NOTE 1302–

शौनकोऽहं प्रवक्ष्यामि पुत्रसमहमुत्तमम् । अपुत्रो मृतपुत्रो वा पुत्रार्थ समुपोष्य च ॥१ वाससी कुण्डले दत्त्वा उष्णीषं चाङ्गुलीयकम् । आचार्य धर्मसंयुक्तं वैष्णवं वेदपारगम् ॥ २ मधुपर्केण संपूज्य राजानं च द्विजाचीन् । बर्हिः कुशमयं चैव पालाश चेममेव च ॥ ३ एतानाहृत्य बन्धूंश्च ज्ञातीनाहूय यत्नतः । बन्धूनन्नेन संभोज्य ब्राह्मणांश्च विशेषतः ॥ ४ अन्वाधानादि यत्तन्त्रं कृत्वाज्योत्पवनादिकम् । दातुः समक्षं गत्वा तु पुत्रं देहीति याचयेत् ॥५ दाने समर्थों दातास्मै ये यज्ञेनेति पञ्चभिः । देवस्य खेति मन्त्रेण हस्ताभ्यां प्रतिगृह्य च ॥६ अङ्गादझेत्याचं जप्त्वा चाघ्राय शिशुमूर्धनि । बस्त्रादिभिरलङ्कत्य पुत्रच्छायावहं सुतम् ॥ ७ नृत्यगीतैश्च वाद्यैश्च स्वस्तिशब्दैश्च संयुतम् । गृहमध्ये तमादाय चरुं हुत्वा विधानतः ॥ ८ यस्त्वा हृदेत्यूचा चैव तुभ्यमग्र ऋचैकया । सोमो दददित्येताभिः प्रत्यूचं पञ्चभिस्तथा ॥ ९ स्विष्टकृदादिहोमं च कृत्वा शेषं समापयेत् । ब्राह्मणानां सपिण्डेषु कर्तव्यः पुत्रसंग्रहः ॥ १० तदभावेऽसपिण्डो वा अन्यत्र तु न कारयेत् । क्षत्रियाणां स्वजातौ वा गुरुगोत्रसमोपि वा ॥११ वैश्यानां वैश्यजातेषु शूद्राणां शूद्रजातिषु । सर्वेषामेव वर्णानां जातिष्वेव न चान्यतः ॥ १२ दौहित्रो भागिनेयश्च शूद्रस्यापि च दीयते! ब्राह्मणादित्रये नास्ति भागिनेयः सुतः क्वचित् ॥१३ नैकपुत्रेण कर्तव्यं पुत्रदानं कदाचन । बहुपुत्रेण कर्तव्यं पुत्रदानं प्रयत्नतः ॥ १४ दक्षिणां गुरवे दद्याद्यथाशक्ति द्विजोत्तमः । नृपो राष्ट्राधमेवापि वैश्यो वित्तशतत्रयम् ॥ १५ शूद्रः सर्वस्वमेवापि अशक्तश्चैद्यथाबलम् । १६

The above text of Saunaka is based on the व्यव, मयूख, नि. सि. ( which does not quote all verses), दत्त. मी., दत्त. च., सं. कौ. and Dr. Buhler’s text prepared from several mss. and published in the Journal of the Bengal Asiatic Society, vol. 35 at pp. 158-159. The शौनकीय text printed at Trivandrum, 1935, has 14t verses on पुत्रग्रहणविधि (I.8). The principal various readings are noted below. Verse 1-~-सं. कौ. reads ‘वन्ध्या वा मृतपुत्रा वा’; शौ. reads वन्ध्यो वा. The half verse 3a मधुपर्केण &c. is omitted by Bihler, व्यव. मयूख, नि. सि., सं. कौ. In 5a दत्त. मी. and दत्त. च. read अग्न्याधानादिकं तत्र, and शौ., सं. कौ. and Bihler अग्न्याधानादि ; and शौ. reads पवनान्तकम् . In 6a शो. reads समक्षस्थो ददेत्तस्मै. The नि. सि. omits rband 8a and सं. कौ. reads छत्र छायागतं सुतम् in 7b and शो. छत्रछायावहम्. In 8b सं. कौ. and शौ. read गृहमेत्येममाधाय. In 9a सं. कौ. and शौ. read यस्त्वा हृदेति द्वाभ्यां च and in 10a, स्विष्टकृदादिशेषं च कृत्वा होम. In 11b दत्त. मी., Buhler and दत्त. च. read गुरुगोत्रसमेपि. In 13a Buhler and सं. कौ. read दौहित्रं भागिनेयं वा शूद्राणां चापि दापयेत् दत्त. मी. reads शुदैस्तु क्रियते सुतः and also recognizes the reading शुदाणां विहितः सुतः. The स्मृतिमु. (वर्णाश्रम) p. 102 and शौ, read दौहित्रं भागिनेयं वा शुद्राणां त्वापदो यदि and omits ब्राह्मणादि… क्वचित् . 13b (ब्राह्म. … क्वचित् ) is omitted by the व्यव. मयूख., सं. को., and Buhler. In 15b सं. कौ. and शौ. read रत्नशतत्रयम्. The order of the verses also slightly varies in some of the works.1012

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NOTE 1751-वनपर्व 188. 30-64

सहस्रान्ते नराः सर्वे प्रायशोनृतवादिनः । यज्ञप्रतिनिधिः पार्थ दानप्रतिनिधिस्तथा ॥ ३० व्रतप्रतिनिधिश्चैव तस्मिन् काले प्रवर्तते । ब्राह्मणाः शूद्रकर्माणस्तथा शूद्रा धनार्जकाः॥ ३१ क्षत्रधर्मेण वाप्यत्र वर्तयन्ति गते युगे । निवृत्तयज्ञस्वाध्याया दण्डाजिनविवर्जिताः ॥ ३२ ब्राह्मणाः सर्वभक्षाश्च भविष्यन्ति कलौ युगे। अजपा ब्राह्मणास्तात शहा जपपरायणाः ॥३३ विपरीते तदा लोके पूर्वरूपं क्षयस्य यत् । बहवो म्लेच्छराजानः पृथिव्यां मनुजाधिप ॥ ३४ मृषानुशासिनः पापा मृषावादपरायणाः। आन्ध्राःशकाः पुलिन्दाश्च यवनाश्च नराधिपाः॥३५ काम्बोमा बाल्हिकाः शूरास्तथाभीरा नरोत्तमान तदा ब्राह्मणः कश्चित्स्वधर्ममुपजीवति ॥३६ क्षत्रियाश्चापि वैश्याच विकर्मस्था नराधिप। अल्पायुषः स्वल्पबलाः स्वल्पवीर्यपराक्रमाः॥३७ अल्पसाराल्पदेहाश्च तथा सत्याल्पभाषिणः । बहुशून्या जनपदा मृगव्यालावृता दिशः ॥ ३८ युगान्ते समनुप्राप्ते वृथा च ब्रह्मवादिनः । भावादिनस्तथा शुद्रा ब्राह्मणाश्चार्यवादिनः ॥ ३९ युगान्ते मनुजव्याघ्र भवन्ति बहुजन्तवः । न तथा घ्राणयुक्ताश्च सर्वगन्धा विशांपते ॥ ४॥ रसाश्च मनुजव्याघ्र न तथा स्वादुयोगिनः । बहुप्रजा ह्रस्वदेहाः शीलाचारविवर्जिताः।

मुखेभगाः स्त्रियो राजन् भविष्यन्ति युगक्षये ॥ ४१ अदृशूला जनपदाः शिवशुलाश्चतुष्पथा: । केशशूलाः स्त्रियो राजन् भविष्यन्ति युगक्षये ॥४२ अल्पक्षीरास्तथा गावो भविष्यन्ति जनाधिप। अल्पपुष्पफलाश्चापि पादपा बहुवायसाः ॥ ४३ ब्रह्मवध्यानुलिप्तानां तथा मिथ्याभिशसिनाम् । नृपाणां पृथिवीपाल प्रतिगृह्णन्ति वैद्विजाः।। ४४ लोभमोहपरीताश्च मिथ्याधर्मध्वजावृताः। भिक्षार्थे पृथिवीपाल चञ्चूर्यन्ते द्विजैर्दिशः ॥ ४५ करभारभयागीता गृहस्थाः परिमोषकाः । मुनिच्छग्राकृतिच्छन्ना वाणिज्यमुपजीविनः ॥ ४६ मिथ्या च नखरोमाणि धारयन्ति तदा द्विजाः। अर्थलोभानरव्याघ्र तथा च ब्रह्मचारिणः ॥ ४७ आश्रमेषु धृथाचारा पानपा गुरुतल्पगाः । इहलौकिकमीहन्ते मासशोणितवर्धनम् ॥ ४८ बहुपाषण्डसङ्कीर्णाः परान्नगुणवादिनः । आश्रमा मनुजव्याघ्र भविष्यन्ति युगक्षये ॥ ४९ यथर्नुवर्षी भगवान तथा पाकशासनः । न चापि सर्वबीजानि सम्यग्रोहन्ति भारत ।। ५० हिंसाभिरामश्व जनस्तथा संपद्यतेऽशुचिः । अधर्मफलमत्यर्थे तदा भवति चानघ ।। ५१ तदा च पृथिवीपाल यो भवेद्धर्मसंयुतः। अल्पायुः स हि मन्तव्यो न हि धर्मोस्ति कश्चन ॥५२ भूयिष्ठं कूटमानैश्च पम्यं विक्रीडते (विक्रीणते ?) जनः (ना.)। वणिजश्च नरव्याघ्र

बहुमाया भवन्त्युत ॥ ५३ धर्मिष्ठाः परिहीयन्ते पापीयान्वर्धते जनः । धर्मस्य बलहानिः स्यादधर्मश्च बली तथा ॥ ५४ अल्पायुषो दरिद्राश्च धर्मिष्ठा मानवास्तथा । दीर्घायुषः समृद्धाश्च विधर्माणो युगक्षये ॥ ५५ नगराणां विहारेषु विधर्माणो युगक्षये । अधर्मिष्ठेरुपायैश्च प्रजा व्यवहरन्त्युत ॥ ५६ सञ्चयेन तथाल्पेन भवन्त्याब्धमदान्विताः। धनं विश्वासतो न्यस्त मिथो भूयिष्ठशो नराः॥५७ हतुं व्यवसिता राजन् पापाचारसमन्विताः । नैतदस्तीति मनुजा वर्तन्ते निरपत्रपाः ॥ ५८ पुरुषादानि सत्त्वानि पक्षिणोथ मृगास्तथा । नगराणां विहारेषु चैत्येष्वपि च शेरते ॥ ५९ सप्तवर्षाष्टवर्षाश्च स्त्रियो गर्भधरा नृप। दशद्वादशवर्षाणां पुंसां पुत्रः प्रजायते ॥ ६० भवन्ति षोडशे वर्षे नराः पलितिनस्तथा । आयुःक्षयो मनुष्याणां क्षिप्रमेव प्रपद्यते ॥ ६१ क्षीणायुषो महाराज तरुणा वृद्धशालिनः। तरुणानां च यच्छीलं तदू वृद्धेषु प्रजायते ।। ६२

IIII

Appendix (verses on Kalivarjyn)

1013

विपरीतास्तदा नार्यो वञ्चयित्वाहतः पतीन् । व्युच्चरन्त्यपि दुःशीला दासैः पशुभिरेव च ।। ६३ वीरपल्यस्तथा नार्यः संश्रयन्ति नरान्नृप । भर्तारमपि जीवन्तमन्यान् व्यभिचरन्त्युत ॥ ६४ NOTE 1783

विहितान्यपि कर्माणि धर्मलोपभयाद बुधैः । १ समयेन निवृत्तानि साध्वभावात्कलौ युगे। २ विधवायां प्रजोत्पत्ती देवरस्य नियोजनम् । ३ बालिकाक्षतयोन्योस्तु वरेणान्येन संस्कृतिः। ४ कन्यानामसवर्णानां विवाहश्च द्विजातिभिः। ५ आततायिद्विजाग्र्याणां धर्मयुद्धेन हिंसनम् । ६ द्विजस्याब्धौ तु नौयातुः शोधितस्यापि सइन्ग्रहः । ७

सत्रदीक्षा च सर्वेषां कमण्डलुविधारणम् । ८ महाप्रस्थानगमनं गोसंज्ञप्तिश्च गोसवे । ९ सौत्रामण्यामपि सुराग्रहणस्य च संग्रहः । १० अग्निहोत्रहवण्याश्च लेहो लीढापरिग्रहः । ११ वानप्रस्थाश्रमस्यापि प्रवेशो विधिचोदितः । १२ वृत्तस्वाध्यायसापेक्षमघसङ्कोचनं तथा । १३ प्रायश्चित्तविधानं तु विप्राणां मरणान्तिकम् । १४ संसर्गदोषः स्तेयान्यमहापातकनिष्कृतिः। १५ वरातिथिपितृभ्यश्च पशुपाकरणक्रिया। १६ दत्तोरसेतरेषां तु पुत्रत्वेन परिग्रहः । १७ सवर्णान्याङ्गनादुष्टैः संसर्गः शोधितैरपि । १८ अयोनौ संग्रहे वृत्ते परित्यागो गुरुस्त्रियाः। १९ परोद्देशात्मसन्त्याग उच्छिष्टस्यापवर्जनम् । २० प्रतिमाभ्यर्चनार्थाय सङ्कल्पश्च सधर्मकः । २१

अस्थिसञ्चयनादूर्वमङ्गस्पर्शनमेव च। २२ शामित्रं चैव विप्राणां सोमविक्रयणं तथा । २३ षड्भक्तानशनेनानहरणं हीनकर्मणः। २४

शेद्रषु दासगोपालकुलमित्रार्धसीरिणाम् । २५ भोज्यानता गृहस्थस्य तीर्थसेवातिदूरतः। २६ शिष्यस्य गुरुदारेषु गुरुवद् वृत्तिशीलता। २७

आपदवृत्तिर्द्विजाप्रयाणामश्वस्तनिकता तथा। २८ प्रजार्थे तु द्विजाप्रयाणां जाताराणपरिग्रहः । २९ ब्राह्मणानां प्रवासित्वं मुखाग्निधमनक्रिया। ३० बलात्कारादिदुष्टस्त्रीसंग्रहो विधिचोदितः। ३१ यतेस्तु सर्ववर्णेषु भिक्षाचर्या विधानतः । ३२ नवोदके दशाहं च दक्षिणा गुरुचोदिता। ३३

1014

[Vol.

ब्राह्मणादिषु शूद्रस्य पचनादिक्रियापि च । ३४ भृग्वाग्निपतनाद्यैश्च वृद्धादिमरणं तथा । ३५ गोतृप्तिमात्रे पयसि शिष्टैराचमनक्रिया। ३६ पितापुत्रविरोधेषु साक्षिणां दण्डकल्पनम् । ३७ यतेः सायंगृहत्वं च सूरिभिस्तत्त्वदर्शिभिः । ३८ एतानि लोकगुप्त्यर्थ कलेरादौ महात्मभिः। ३९ निवर्तितानि कर्माणि व्यवस्थापूर्वकं बुधैः । ४० समयश्चापि साधूनां प्रमाणं वेदवद्भवेत् । ४१ शपथाः शकुनाः स्वप्नाः सामुद्रिकमुपश्रुतिः । ४२ उपयाचितमादेशाः सम्भवन्ति कलौ क्वचित् । ४३ तस्मात्तन्मात्रलाभेन कलौ कार्य न कारयेत् । ४४

तथाधर्मसमावेशादन्यान्यपि कलौ युगे। ४५ A few important readings have already beon noted in the toxt and notes there. The most extensive lists of Kalivarjyas occur in Sm. C., Hemadri (parisesakhanda, vol. III. part 2 pp. 666-668), Par. M. vol. I part 1 pp. 134-137, Madanaratnapradipa (Samayanirṇaya) Ms. No. 146 of Vis. collection I (now in the Govt. Mss. Library at B.O. R. Institute, Poona), Udvaha tattva (p. 112-113) and Suddhitattva pp. 273-274 (Jiv.), Nirnaya sindhu, Samayamayūkha, Bhattoji on Caturvimsatimata and Smrti-kaustubha. Detailed explanations are given in the last four of these and in Krsnabhatta’s com. on the Nir. S.

2. Some works such as the कलिवर्यवि. read समापने निवृत्तानि, which कलिवर्ण्यवि. explains as जनमेजययज्ञसमाप्तौ and कृष्णभट्ट on नि. सि. p. 1392 explains similarly.

3. मदनरत्नप्रदीप (folio 209a) reads बालायाक्षतयोन्याश्च. 18. The समयप्रकाश reads ‘सवर्णानां तथा दुष्टैः संसर्ग: ’ &c.

20-21. These are omitted in स्मृतिच., परा. मा., उद्वाहतत्त्व and some other works, though found in हेमाद्रि, भट्टोजि, कलिवर्ण्यवि. and निर्णयसिन्धु.

26. स्मृतिमुक्ताफल (आह्निक p. 447) reads भोज्यानता कलौ नास्ति तीर्थसेवा च दूरतः।

27. भट्टोजि and कलिवज्यवि. read विधिचोदिता for गुरु०.

28. परा. मा., समयमयूख p. 109, कलिवर्ण्यवि. and भट्टोजि read यत्रसायं गृहत्वं च.

___42-45. These are omitted by many of our authorities, though they occur in हेमाद्रि, समयमयूख, स्मृतिको., समयप्रकाश.