The standard biography of Nietzsche in English is R. J. Hollingdale, Nietzsche: The Man and his Philosophy, recently published in a revised and updated second edition (Cambridge University Press, 1999). Lesley Chamberlain’s Nietzsche in Turin: An Intimate Biography (Picador, 1997) gives a vivid picture of his life in the period during which he was at work on The Gay Science. There are two excellent general introductions to Nietzsche’s philosophy, a short book by Michael Tanner, Nietzsche (Oxford University Press, 1995) and a slightly longer and more technical book by Henry Staten, Nietzsche’s Voice (Cornell University Press, 1990). Readers interested in Nietzsche’s epistemology and metaphysics should consult Maudemarie Clark’s Nietzsche on Truth and Philosophy (Cambridge University Press, 1991), John T. Wilcox, Truth and Value in Nietzsche: A Study of his Metaethics and Epistemology (University of Michigan Press, 1974), and Ken Gemes, ‘Nietzsche’s Critique of Truth’, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 52 (1992), 47–66. Those with an interest in Nietzsche’s moral philosophy should consult Alexander Nehamas, Nietzsche: Life as Literature (Harvard University Press, 1987). There are two recent helpful discussions of Nietzsche’s political and social thought: Bruce Detwiler, Nietzsche and the Politics of Aristocratic Radicalism (University of Chicago Press, 1990) and Mark Warren, Nietzsche and Political Thought (MIT Press, 1988). See also Peter Bergmann, Nietzsche, ‘the Last Unpolitical German’ (Indiana University Press, 1987). For an interesting discussion of some aspects of Nietzsche’s legacy, see Steven E. Ascheim, The Nietzsche Legacy in Germany 1890–1990 (University of California Press, 1992).