04 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction 1
A World Lit Only by Nanus?: A Colonized Imagination Confronts Its Past 6
A Crack in Our Historiography as Vast as an Ocean: The Forgotten Pluralism of the Early Medieval 29
Ending the Śaiva Age: A Chapter Itinerary 54
Some Necessary Aporia 81
On Archives, Evidence, Tactics, and Ethics 86
PART 1
1 Defamiliarizing the Brāhmaṇical World 129
Undoing the Binary 132
The Past Is Not Precedent: “Secular” Snakes or “Secular” Mongooses? 142
Being Brāhmaṇas? Following the Rules or Adapting to Circumstances “Just as They Are”? 160
The World of Men and the Language of the Gods: Three Brāhmaṇical Reflections on Being in the World and Becoming Brāhmaṇa 229
2 A Beginningless Transactionality: Recovering the Quotidian Institutional Realities of the Early Medieval 307
A Beginningless Transactionality 307
Quotidian Sanskrit in the Sanskrit Cosmopolis: Introducing the Secret of Life of Institutions 321
“I Cannot Bear to Live Without You, Nameless Lover”: Procedure and Poetry in Mass Circulation 327
Before the Law: Writing and Civil Society 334
3 The King Must Protect the Difference: The Juridical Foundations of Tantric Knowledge 347
Captured in Stone: The Guru’s Command (Ājñā) 347
The Differential Establishment of the Dharmas: Legal Pluralism in the Śāstra 357
Tantric Compacts: Rethinking Samayācāra 373
Governing Metaphor? Or Just Plain Old Governing? 387
Situating Difference: The Differential Application of the Law and the Śivadharmavivaraṇa 390
4 Living in the Śaiva Age: Three Embodied Encounters with Authority and Responsibility 468
Not by Birth, but by the Sword: A Śūdra Big Man Makes His Mark 468
From Nāyaka to Īśvara: Worship and Become the God, or What Does It Mean to Be a Hero? 491
Whatever He Says Becomes Mantra: The Kālamukhas and the Śākta Tantras 496
Śivadharma Trumps Rājadharma: The Cāḷukya Kings of Kalyana in Their Own Words 547
5 A Substantive Intervention: Reading the Material Culture of the Western Deccan Across Region and Dynasty 592
Irreconcilable Images in Irresolvable Space: The Changing Cāḷukya Temple 598
Where Is Bhairava? Or, the Changing Place of Power in the Deccan 610
Mainstreaming the Terrifying Lord: From Court to Monastery and Back Again 658
6 Art and Terror in the City of Śiva: Śākta Artisan Imaginaries and the Making of a Material World 677
A World Made Fit for Images 677
Unmaking the Makers: The Sublimation of the Kārukas as a Creative Force within Tantric Imaginaries 702
The Artisan as a Social Agent 750
And That Is Why He Created It This Way: Nondualism and the Culture of Material Images on the Path of Bhairava 763

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How to Learn the Āgama and How Not to Tell a Story: The Piṅgalāmata and the Sociology of Knowledge in Medieval India 773
Charity Starts at Homa: Radical Nondualism, Philanthropy, and the Making of a Śākta World 808
Revealing the Secret: Purity, Generosity, and the Worship of Caṇḍeśvara 836
PART 2
7 Remembering Medieval Maharashtra: The Early Seuṇa Yādavas in the World 893
A Return to the Root: Encountering the Medieval in Folk Culture 901
Follow the Flows: Mahālakṣmī’s Travels in the Deccan 933
Seuṇadeśa: The Seuṇa Yādavas, the Somavaṃśa, and the Somasiddhānta 983
8 Śākta Cosmopolitanism: The Seuṇa Yādava Imaginary Before Hemādri 1062
An Argument in Search of an Archive: Problematizing the Yādava Brāhmaṇical Ecumene 1062
Going with the Flow: Being a Brāhmaṇa Intellectual within a Śākta Imaginary 1118
In the Court of the Lion and the City of the Goddess: Visions of the Bindu 1153
Experiencing Liberation under the Umbrella of Advaita: The Post-Tantric Teachings of the Vivekasindhu 1198
PART 3
9 Universalizing Hindu Dharma: Hemādri and His Legacy 1258
Reinventing the Western Deccan: The Seuṇa Sea Change 1258
Prelude, The Caturvargacintāmaṇi: Encountering the Text through Its “Lost” Division on Tīrtha 1323
Placing and Displacing the Dharmas of Place: Pilgrimage in the Tīrthakhaṇḍa 1333
Exercises in Excising a Śākta Landscape: Hemādri and the Prabhāsakṣetramāhātmya 1387
A Religion for Bureaucrats: Reinventing a Purely Brāhmaṇical Philanthropy 1425
Hemadpanthi: The “Reformation” of Temple Culture under the Law 1459
Outcasting “Difference”: The Making of the Tantric Subaltern 1540
10 Why I Am So Clever, Why I Write Such Excellent Books, and What I Did to the Gods: Hemādri Reimagines Brāhmaṇical Thought 1565
Why I Am So Clever: Autobiography of the Pandit as an Egomaniac 1567
Universalizing Hindu Dharma 1591
Why I Write Such Excellent Books: Reading Like a Pandit, Judging Like a God 1619
What I Did to the Gods: Feeding Your Ancestors while Fending off Mīmāṃsakas 1641
Before the Age of Vedānta: Dharma without Devotion in Twelfth-Century Varanasi 1718
11 Staging Devotional Advaita in Thirteenth-Century Maharashtra: Possession, Poetics, and the Anxiety of Influence 1763
The Essence of the Matter: A Brief Prehistory of Devotion, Non-duality, and the Śākta Tradition of Direct Experience as They Pertain to the Emergence of “Vaiṣṇava” Bhaktiśāstra 1766
Inventing Bhaktiśāstra: Reevaluating the Aesthetic Background of the Muktāphala and Kaivalyadīpikā 1786
The Two Devotions, or How to Render the Spontaneous Banal 1830
The Substance of Advaita: God, Personhood, and Materiality in the Kaivalyadīpikā 1853
Devotional Advaita in Early Medieval Maharashtra and the Fate of the Vīra 1875
Conclusion: Śaivakālasaṃhārasamkṣiptasāra 1956
Gadyānukramaṇikā 1958
Bibliography 1974

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