abandonment (ty ga), 159-60
abhi$eka. See anointment
acarya. See priest
action, ritual (kriy ), 31-32; and karman, 86-87; and knowledge, ix, xii, 32, 34- 35, 73-74, 163-64; as power of con sciousness, 23, 25, 84, 113,133-34, 162 activities, diva’s five fundamental
116; visualization of, 67-68. See also mantras
anointment (abhifeka): of kings, 99,149; of , linga, 64-67, 149; of priests and adepts, 36, 40, 70,100n.14,149
antyesti (cremation), 36, 109-10
anugr ha. See grace
Appayadxksita, 20
(pancakrtya), 42-43, 114; and brahaman
arghya: preparation, 145; uses, 133, 146-48
tras, 48, 51; effects on matter of, 139; ef fects on soul of, 89; and Sadasiva, 115. See also emission; grace; reabsorption adept (s dhaka), 100n.14,152
Adharasakti, 124, 127
adhik rin. See agents
dtsaiva, 41, 69-70, 70n.21
adornment, 150
Advaita Ved nta, 17,44, 85, 135-36 gamas: as genre of Śaiva texts, 9-14; ori gins of, 10-12, 29, 46, 61; and paddhati literature, 16-17; rituals prescribed in, 36; sections of, ix, 10; as diva’s grace, 28-29; temple recitation of, 71; and Vedas, 29n.3
gamin (future karman), 87, 93. See also karman
agents (adhik rin)-. of Siva, 32, 94, 118-19; in temple, 61-62; in worship, 66, 151-52 AGHORA, 48-51, 152. See also brahmaman tras
Aghora iva, 3, 13, 15-17. See also Kriyakramadyotika
Agni, 7, 8; in crematory fire, 46, 110 alphabet: emission and reabsorption of, 46; imposed in ritual, 59, 124,126
amrta (nectar), 141, 143
Ananta (Vidyesvara), 118-19; dominion of, 124, 140; throne of, 124-25, 127; and Visnu’s snake, 124n.22; visualization of, 124
angamantras (“limb” mantras of Siva), 48; and divine perfections, 108-9; imposed in ritual, 48-51,58, 108, 126, 145; in man tra-collection, 158-59; and Sadasiva,
Aiulnanti, 18
ascending pronunciation (ucc rana): in invo cation, 129-32, PI. 6; in protection of soul, 105; in purification of mantras, 143; in services, 147
ASTRA, 47,48-51, 57,68. See also angaman tras asuddhadhvan. See impure domain
atman. See soul
atmarthapuja, 37,40; relation to
pararthapuja, 37n.l5, 147n.7
atmaSuddhi (self-purification), 40, 137, 158; and liberation of soul, 101-4; and
nirvanadikfa, 104; procedures of, 47-60, 104-9; transformation of body in, 52-60, 134-36, PI. 4; transformation of hands in, 47-51, PI. 2
avahana. See invocation
avarana. See entourages
ayudha (weapons): of Sadasiva, 116-17; of World Guardians, 68
bandhatva (bondage), 24, 84, 163-64 bath (snana), 71, 149
bhakti, 7, 135-36
bhavana. See visualization
bhoga: as consumption of karman, 26; as worldly benefits, 7, 34,46,154
bhogyakarman, 87
Bhojadeva, 17
bkutas, five. See elements
bhutas (lesser spirits), 152
body, divine (body of mantras): imposed on worshiper’s body, 52, 58, 108-9; im
posed on linga, 122-23, 125-28,163-64
196 • Index
body, human: in atmasuddhi, 51-61,104-9, 163-64; in cremation, 110; distribution of mantra portions in, 129-31; and Siva, 52; and soul, 101-4, 119; substitute, in initia
tion, 94-98
body, diva’s, 52; linga as, 119, 133; mantras as, 48,115; Sad&iva as, 48,115-17, 133. See also Siva, forms of
bondage (bandhatva) 24, 84, 163-64 bound soul. See paiu
brahmamantras: and five fundamental activi ties, 48,139; imposed in ritual, 48-51, 58-59, 108, 126-27, 145, Pls. 2, 4, 5; in mantra-collection, 158-59; as Sad siva, 48, 59, 115; as Saktis, 118; visualization of, 67-68
Brahman, 7,123; as K rapesvara, 55, 119, 125,129-30; location in temple of, 63; womb of, 96
brahmans, common and Śaiva, 41,69-70 brahmarandhra, 55
bubhuksu, 27n.2,46-47; and path of emis sion, 50-51, 70-71; and stages of initia tion, 91
Buddhism, 29
Canda, 36; as Ganesvara, 68; as n yanm r, 156n.l4, worship of, 156-57
cary p da section of agamas, x, 10 categories, ontological. See pad rthas catussamsk ra (fourfold consecration), 146 causality, 86-87
cit. See consciousness
Cola period, 4-6,19,43,63
Collingwood, R. G., ix
concealment (tirobh va): as fetter, 86n.2; as form of grace, 89; as fundamental activ ity, 42 , 89; and VAMA, 4 8
consciousness (cit), 23; powers of, xi, 25, 28, 84; requires instruments, 32-33; Siva as, 24, 119,138; soul as, 25, 84; suppres sion of, 25-27, 84-85, 89
cord of fetters (pāsas ttra), 94-98, 100, 108
cosmology, Śaiva, 42-46
cremation (antyetfi), 36, 109-11
Delhi Sultanate, 17-18
diks. See initiation
dismissal (visarjana), 157-59
dravyasuddhi (purification of substances), 39, 52, 143-47
Durv sas, 14n.21,15
dv das nta, 55; Paramasiva located in, 100, 122, 128,131; soul transported to, 100, 105; as target of ascending pronunciation, 131-32
Earth, 44-45; domain visualized, 54-57. See also elements
elements (bh tas), five: and brahmaman tras, 50; as cosmic supports, 106-7; emis sion and reabsorption of, 44-45, 53, 140; purification of, 53-58,106; as services to Siva, 150-51
emission (srffi): of gamas, 10-12,46; as cos mological principle, 42-47, 51, 72-73, 88,140-41; path of, 43-44; as ritual order, 40, 46-47, 49-51, 58-60, 62-69, 72,94-96, 132-35,151-52; Siva’s activ ity of, 139
entourages ( varana) of Siva: inside, 64, 67- 69, 151-52; outside, 63-64, 152
establishment (pratitfh ): of lifiga, 36,122- 23, 155-56; of temple, 60
expiation (pr yascitta), 36,110, 152, 156 expulsion (udghata), 55-57, PI. 3
favor, divine (prasada), 7, 155, 160 fetters (paSa): effect on soul, 25-27, 30-31, 84; ontological category, 22-24, 86-89; removal of, 92-94,100,102-3, 109-10; in ritual, 40, 94, 137-38
flowers: in invocation, 131-32, PI 6; in japa, 153; purification of, 143-46, 155; offering of, 148-50
food (naivedya), purification of, 146 foot-water (padya), 142, 148
GarieSa, 63, 68
GaneSvaras, 65-66, 67-68, 156-57 gift (dana), 137, 159-60
grace (anugraha), Siva’s, 42,48, 72, 82; ef fect on humans of, 7, 27-29, 89, 142, 159-60; and initiation, 89-90, 93-94, 100
granthi (subtle centers), 54-57
gross body (sthulaSarira), 52-58, 105-8, 126-27
gumis (perfections), 99-100, 108-9
homa (fire oblation), 36, 38, 91
householder, 46,49-51
HRD. See angamantras
Index • 197
imposition (ny sa) of mantras, 47; in
Kashmiri Saivism, 17,44
tmasuddhi, 58-60,108-9, PI. 4; in invo cation, 124-27, PI. 5; in karany sa, 47- 51, PI. 2
impure domain (asuddh dhvan), 140; in tmasuddhi, 53; in invocation, 123-25, 127
impurity, 53, 103-4, 140, 143
Indra, 7, 63,96
initiation (diks ), 36, 89; efficacy of, 35, 92-94
initiation, common (samayadis ), 40,90-91 initiation, liberating. See nirv nadisā initiation, special (visesadts ), 91
instruments (k rana), 32-33, 115, 118, 139 invocation ( v hana), 39-40, 112, 137, 163-64; of Canda, 157; of deities into pots, 66; of Siva into the linga, 71, 112, 119— 20, 122-34, 145, 163-64, PI. 6; of soul into the body, 108
Is NA. See brahmamantras
jada. See substance, inanimate
japa (mantra recitations), 152-54
jn na. See knowledge
jn nap da section of agamas, ix, 10 jn nasakti: form of Sakti, 118, 125; power of consciousness, xi, 23, 25
kalas, five, 50,123, 131; and elements, 106-7; and Karanesvaras, 119; purification of, 95-99
kal s, thirty-eight: imposed on worshiper, 58-59; imposed on linga, 126; as Saktis, 118
kal s, twelve (mantra portions), 129-32 K l wikha school of Saivism, 14
kalāsuddhi: and tmasuddhi, 104, 106-8; in cremation, 110; in initiation, 96-99 K mik gama, 3, 19-20; origin of, 11-13; re vision of, 16; rituals discussed in, 36 K p lika school of Saivism, 14, 85 k rana. See instruments
K ranesvaras: preside over mantra portions, 129-31; preside over stainless throne, 125; preside over subtle centers, 54-57; as Siva’s agents, 119, 139
karanyasa (imposition on hands), 47-52, PI. 2
karman: as fetter, 25-26, 86-89; removal of, 93, 97-102,110-11, 153-54; as ritual action, 31-32; types of, 86-88
KAVACA. See aAgamantras
Kirandgama, dated manuscript of, 13 knowledge, ix; limitations of, 25-27,113, 133-34,139; powers of, 23,25, 84; and ritual action, xii, 34-35, 73-74, 162, 163-64; Śaiva, 10,19-21, 29-31; two types of, 163-64
kriya. See action, ritual
Kriyakramadyotika of Aghoraiiva, 3,19-20 kriyapada section of agamas, ix, 10 kriyaSakti: as form of Sakti, 118, 125; as power of consciousness, xi, 23, 25
liberation (mofcya): definitions of, 7, 27, 83, 85; as human goal, 24, 27,46, 83; levels of, 34, 34n.l2; and ritual action, 102-3, 109-11, 154, 163-64; and Siva’s grace, 7, 89,90
liAga: and body of mantras, 125-28; dis missal of Siva from, 157-59; establish ment of, 122-23; invocation of Siva in, 119,128-34; location of, 62, 121; purifi cation of, 123; types of, 120-21
lokapalas. See World Guardians
lordship, Siva’s: and agents, 32,118-19; and anointment, 149; and entourages, 61- 62,151-52; and matter, 139-40; and tem ple, 62-64, 69; and worshiper, 142,148, 153-54, 161
mahamaya: as fetter, 86n.2; as source-sub stance, 44-45, 53
Mahavratin school of Saivism, 85
MaheSvara forms of Siva, 117-18; contradic tory attributes of, 139; and images, 121— 22; as Karanesvara, 119
MaheSvaras, early Śaiva school, 14 maintenance (sthiti), 42-43, 48
mala (primordial stain): as fetter, 25, 86; and nirmdlya, 155. See also fetters Manavacakam Kafantar, 18
mandalas: of elements, 53-57; of throne, 125; of temple, 62
Manonmani, 125, 127
mantras, 33,128-29; ascending pronuncia tion of, 105,129-32, 143,147; as be ings, 26; imposition of, 47-51, 58-60, 108-9,124-27; purification of, 143; reci tation of, 152-54; as ritual instruments, 33; as Siva’s body, 48,115; as Siva’s in struments, 32
198 • Index
mantra-collection (samhitamantra), 158-39 Matanga, sage, 141-43
Matangap ramesvar gama, frame narrative of, 141-43
m y : as fetter, 25, 86-88; purity and impu rity of, 53,105-6, 140, 144; as source substance of world, 44-45, 53, 105-6 Mayamata, 13
meditation (dhy na), 32-33, 33n.7. See also visualization
Meykant r, 18
Mimāmsakas, 16-17
moksa. See liberation
Mrgendr gama, 20; date of composition, 13 mudr s, 33: of cow, 145-46; mah mudr , 158; of reabsoiption, 57, 68, 158
mukhalinga, 121-22
muktatman (liberated soul), 24; in hierarchy of beings, 26. See also liberation
ascending pronunciation, 147; in invoca tion, 129-32 ; in mantra-collection, 158 -
padarthas (ontological categories), three, 22-23; enacted in puja, 39-40, 137-38, 163-64
paddhatis, 15-17
paka (ripening): of fetters, 26; of mala, 86-89 Pallavas, 12
pahcakrtya. See activities, Siva’s five funda mental
Pancaratra school of Vai$navism, 29, 38 pancaSuddhi. See purifications, five ParamaSiva: in dvadaSanta, 55, 100, 122,
128,131; as highest level of Siva, 113- 14, 140; and liftga, 121-22; meditation on, 132; movements in ritual of, 140
pararthapuja, 8, 37; and atmarthapuja, 37n.l5, 147n.7; competence to perform, 40
ParaSakti, 118, 125, 127
parinama (transformation): through emission MOLA
and reabsorption, 43; of fetters, 86-89 parivaradevatas, 63, 152
pasa. See fetters
5 9 ; in nirv nad ks , 99-100 ; in preparation
of arghya, 145
mul gamas, 10
mumuksu, 27n.2, 46-47; and path of reab sorption, 50-51, 70-71
naivedya (ritual food), 146
Nandin, 63, 68
Narasimhavarman II, Pallava king, 12 N r yanakantha, 13, 16, 17
Natar ja, 43, PL 1
n yanm r poet-saints, 18, 71
nectar (amrta), 141, 143
NETRA. See angamantras
Nirmalamani, 20
nirmalya, 155-57
nirvanadtkfa (liberating initiation), 89-90; and atmaSuddhi, 104; and cremation, 110; effect on soul of, 92-94; prepara
tions for, 90-92; procedures of, 94-100; required for pararthapuja, 40, 70 nifkalar. as level of Siva, 113-14; linga as, 62, 121-22; and Siva’s movements, 132, 135, 158
nityapitja (daily worship). See puja nyasa. See imposition
oscillation, 42; emission and reabsorption, 42-47; as method of study, ix-xii; in puja, 72
paSasutra (cord of fetters), 94-98, 100, 108 paSu (bound soul): as ontological category, 22-24; in puja, 40, 137-38; in relation to Siva, 112, 141-43, 161. See also soul PaSupata school of Saivism, 14, 38, 85 pati (the Lord): as ontological category, 22- 23; in puja, 39-40, 137-38, 161; in rela tion to substance, 138-41; in relation to souls, 141-43. See also Siva
pedestal (pitha): identification with Sakti, 62; location in temple, 62; transformation during invocation, 123-25, 127
pifha. See pedestal
Pope, G. U„ 19
Pralayakevala, 26, 140
prarabdhakarman: in atmaSuddhi, 57, 105; in cremation, 109; definition, 87; in nirvSrutdikfa, 93, 96, 100
prasada (favor), 7, 155, 160
PRASADA mantra. See MOLA
pratiftha. See establishment
Pratyabhijna school of Saivism, 14 prdyaScitta (expiation), 36, 110, 152, 156 presence, Siva’s levels of, 119-20,142; in
linga, 133-34,157-58; and Sadafiva, 126- 27
priests (acarya): as audience for agamas, 10; perform pararthapuja, 135; require ments of, 40-41,69-70; of RajarajeSvara temple, 6
puja (worship): contrasted with sacrifice, 7- 8; efficacy of, 36-37, 101-4, 159-162, 163-63; as Hindu ritual form, 3, 38-39; qualifications to perform, 37,40-41, 69- 71, 102, 159; Śaiva siddhanta formulation of, 36-38, 39-40, 163-64; scholarly study of, x, 3n.l, 158-59; and transac tions with Siva, 122, 137, 159-62
pur nas: cosmogonic texts of temple Hindu ism, 7, 20; narratives of Siva, 117, 139 pure domain (Suddh dhvan), 140; in atmaSuddhi, 53; in invocation, 126-27 purifications, five (pancasuddhi), 39, 52, 143; of linga, 123; of mantras, 143; of place of worship, 64, 143; of substances, 143-47. See also atmaSuddhi
Purusa, 6, 123
putraka, 91, 101
R jar ja 1,4-6, 9,43
R jar jesvara temple, 4-6, 5n.8,43 R jendra I, 6
R makantha, x, 17
reabsorption (samh ra): as cosmological principle, 42-47, 51, 72-73, 88, 140-41; path of, 43-44; as ritual order, 46-47, 49-51, 53-58,71,96-98, 110, 123-25, 128-32,134-35, 147, 149; as Siva’s ac tivity, 110, 139, 157
renouncer, 46,49
ripening (p ka): of fetters, 26; of mala, 86- 89
ritual: and exchange theories, 159-60; and microcosms, 72-73; Śaiva theory of, 22, 72-74; scholarly study of, ix-x
Rudra (K ranesvara), 55,119,125 Rudras, eight, 65-66
sacrifice, 7, 34, 38
Sad siva: and brahmamantras, 48; as form of Siva, 11, 48, 115-17, 125, 132-34, 152; as K ranesvara, 55, 119; and lingas, 121-22, 125-28
s dhaka (adept), 10, 27n.2
SADYOJāta. See brahmamantras
Sadyojyoti, 16-17
Śaiva br hmanas ( disaivas), 41, 69-70 Śaiva siddhanta, ix, 3-4, 3n.2; as historical order of Saivism, 12, 14-15, 17-19; as school of thought, 3-4, 19-21, 85, 134- 36, 137-38, 155, 156n.15, 160
Śaiva siddhanta, Tamil, 18-19
Index • 199
sakala: as level of Siva, 114; images as, 62, 121-22; Siva’s movements, 132, 135, 158 sakalas, category of beings, 26
Sskta tantras, 9
Sakti: and divine throne, 127; fall of, 90- 92; as pedestal, 62; as pot, 66; and Siva, 22, 32, 118, 139
Sakti, forms of: Ādh rasakti, 124; eight Saktis of Vidyesvaras, 118,125,127; Jnana, Kriya, and Iccha, 118,125; Manonmani, 125,127; ParaSakti, 118, 125, 127; thirty-eight kalas, 59; throne coverings, 124; VagJSvari, 91, 97
Saktinipata (fall of Sakti), 90-92 samaydcdra (code of conduct), 40, 102, 159 samayadtkfa, 40, 90-91
samhara. See reabsorption
Siupkhya, 44, 45n.2, 85
samsara, 22, 45, 92
samskdras, 91, 98, 146
sahcitakarman, 87, 93. See also karman SaAkara, 14
Santi (pacification), 36
self-purification. See atmaSuddhi services (upacdra), 8; lists and gradations of, 148; pattern of, 147-154; role in puja of, 39, 133, 137; transactions involved in, 137-38, 143, 147-48, 159-62
SDCHA. See aftgamantras
SilpaSastras, 20
SIRAS. See aAgamantras
Siva, 6; and agamas, 10-12, 29; and five fundamental activities, 28-29,42-43, 93-94, 89, 139; levels of, 113-14, 119- 20, 133-34; lordship of, 9,22-23, 26, 64,119,125, 147-48, 154; movements during ritual of, 40, 71-72,122-34, 157- 59, 160-61, 163-64; perfections of, 24, 116, 138; relation to bound souls of, 28- 29, 112, 134-36, 141-43; relation to sub stance of, 138-41; supports for, 120-22; and temple, 61 64, 69, 117-18
Siva, forms of: MaheSvara, 117-18, 121- 22, 139; Nataraja, 43; ParamaSiva, 113— 14, 121-22, 132, 140; SadaSiva, 11, 54, 115-17, 125, 132-34; VagKvara, 97 Sivagrayogin, 17
Sivajhdna: effects of, 31, 88; enactment of, 32,41,163-64; superiority of, 14-15, 29-31; unity of, 10-11, 16-17, 20-21
Siva-ness (Sivatva): of souls, 84,99-100, 109; of substances, 141, 143
200 - Index
Siv rcan candrik , 20
Siv karana, 47
Skanda, 63,68
Somaiambhu, 13, 17, 20
soul ( tman), 24-25; and body, 103-4,119; career of, 24,26-27, 83-85, 163-64; con straints upon, 25, 84-85, 85n.l; libera tion of, 24, 27, 85,110-11; powers of, 25, 28, 84, 109; in p j , 101, 103,137, 153-54
space, ritual, 60-72
Sr Vaisnava school, 38
sffti. See emission
sth nasuddhi, 52,64. See also purifica tions, five
sthiti, 42-43, 48
stotras, 141-43, 154
substance, inanimate (jada), 23-24; body as, 24, 103-4; linga as, 119, 133; material world as, 23-24,138-41; participation in puja of, 137-38, 150-51; transformations of, 143-47,154-57
subtle anatomy, 54-55
subtle body, 52-53,105-6,126-27 subtle centers (granthi), 54-57
suddhadhvan (pure domain), 53,126-27,140
ucc rana. See ascending pronunciation udghata (expulsion), 55-57, PI. 3 Um pati, 18
upacaras. See services
upagamas, 10
vacaka (signifier) of mantra, 33, 128- 29
vacya (signified) of mantra, 33, 128-29 VagiSvara, 97
VagKvari, 91,97
Vaikhinasa school of Vai$navism, 38 Vaisnava samhitas, 9
VAMA. See brahmamantras
varnas (classes), 41, 90
Vedas: and agamas, 29n.3, 30; emitted by Sadasiva, 29; restrictions of, 41; temple recitation of, 71
Vedism: gods of, 63, 123; rituals of, 34; and temple Hinduism, 6-9
VidyeSvaras, 22, 26; as agents of Siva, 22, 118-19, 139-40, 152; as partici pants in puja, 60, 65-66, 67-68, 125, 152
VijnSnakevalas, 26, 140
ViraŚaiva school of Saivism, 14, 18 visarjana (dismissal), 157-59
TATPURUSA. See brahmamantras
tattvas: and brahmamantras, 50; and divine throne, 123-25, 127; emission and reab sorption of, 44-45, 140; and five kal s,
95; and mantra portions, 129-31; purifica tion of, 53,105-6
temple: as Hindu religious institution, 8-9; organization of, 60-64, 121, 118,156; and puja, 37, 69-72, 134-35; and Siva, 61-64, 69, 71-72, 117-18
temple Hinduism: as ideological formation, 6-9, 19; schools of, 38-39
theology, Śaiva, 112-19
throne, divine (divy sana), 123-25, 125n.25, 127
timbh va. See concealment
Tirum lar, 12
transformations, ritual: of body through tmaSuddhi, 52-61, 104-9; of fetters, 86-89; of hands through karany sa, 47- 51; in initiation, 90-94,100; of lifiga and pedestal, 123-28; of substances, 141, 143-47, 154-57; of worshiper and Siva, 134-36
Trika school of Saivism, 14
ty ga (abandonment), 159-60
viSefadikfa, 91
Vi$nu: as image in Śaiva temple, 63; as inter locutor in Ajitagama, 61; as KaraneSvara, 55,119,125,129-30; as primary god in temple Hinduism, 6
visualization (bhavana), ix; in ascending pronunciation, 131; in atmaSuddhi, 53- 54, 58n.l0,107; in imposition of man tras, 47; in invocation, 123-25, 126, 132; in nirvanadiksa, 96-98; of SadaSiva, 115— 16; in services, 150; in worship of the en tourages, 64, 67-69
VYOMAVYAMN, 59-60, 126
weapons (ayudha): of Sadasiva, 116-17; of World Guardians, 68
World Guardians (lokapalasy. as Siva’s agents, 61-62, 119, 139; as Siva’s entou rage, 67-68; in temple, 63-64
worship. See puja
worshiper: motivations of, 159-62; qualifica tions of, 40-41; relation to Siva of, 134- 36
yajha (sacrifice), 7-8
yogapada section of agama, x, 10