Index

A Abbott, Justin E., 79, 98, 99, 220, [[257]] , 312, 322, 409, 410, 459, [[614]] , 712 Abhang, 1 Abhava, 1, 55, 521, 537. See also Philosophy Abhaya Hasta, 1. See also Dance Abhijnanashakuntala, 1–2, 211, [[336]] , 436, 621 Abhimanyu, 2–3, 138 Abhinavagupta, writer, 3, 376, [[524]] , 708 Abhinaya, 3, 171 Abhira. See Ahir Abhisheka, ritual bathing, 3 Abortion, 3. See also Women feticide, 227–228 Achala Ekadashi, 4, 218, 227 Achamana, 4, 658 Achamaniya, 4, 720 Achara, 4–5, 499 Acharya, 5 Achintyabhedabheda, 5, 242 Achyuta, 5 Act of truth, 5–6, 168, 457, 711. See also Truth Actors, Pilgrims, Kings and Gods (Kapur), 389, 562, 651 Adharma, 6 Adhikamasa. See Intercalary Month Adhikara, 3, 6, 116, 266, 398, 411, [[414]] , 446, 492 Adhiratha, 6–7, 352, 400 Adhishthana, architecture, 7, 353 Adhvaryum, 7, 122, 576, 718 Adhyasa, 7–8, 12, 133, 623 Adi, 8, 685 Adigranth, 8–9, 23, 116, 328, 459, [[511]] , 553, 569 Adishesha. See Shesha Aditi, 9–10 Primary references appear in boldface type. Aditya, 10, 538 Adivasi communities, 10–11, 396, [[484]] , 572 Daita, 164–165 Gond, 255 Santal, 597 Adoption, 11, 81, 386, 661. See also Women Adriel, Jean, 435 Adultery, 11–12, 229, 406, 507 Advaita Vedanta, 12–13, 42, 124, [[132]] , 213, 214, 223, 242, 321, [[388]] , 389, 395, 396, 417, 433, [[474]] , 486, 502, 519, 524, 578, [[607]] , 610, 622, 636, 644, 673, [[721]] , 746, 767. See also Vedanta Bhamati branch, 49, 100–101 schools, 7–8, 320 Vivarana school, 486 Advaita Vedanta up to Samkara and His Pupils (Potter), 8, 13, [[320]] , 487, 624, 673 Advani, Lal Krishna, 13, 104 Aerial cars, 13 Aesthetics. See Rasa Agama, 13 Agastya, sage, 13–14, 231, 296, [[392]] , 455 Aghori, 14 Agni, 14–15, 16, 44, 53, 195, 236, [[262]] , 366, 572, 601, 628, 654, [[741]] . See also Fire Agni Akhara, 15–16, 24 Agnihotra, 16 Agnikula, 16, 549 Agnipradakshinam, 9, 15, 16, [[428]] , 601 Agnipravesha, 16 Agnishtoma, 16–17 Agrahara, 17 Ahalya, 17, 245 [[807]] Aham Brahmasmi, 17, 113, 408 Ahamkar, 17–18, 129, 224, 408, [[415]] , 588 Ahimsa, 18, 41, 63 Ahir, 19 Aihole, 19, 51, 751 Aims of Life, 19, 189, 222, 223, 262, [[288]] , 340, 342, 443, 536, 545. See also Life Aippasi, 19, 685 Airavata, 19. See also Elephant Aiteraya Brahmana, 20, 123, 626 Aiyanar, 20 Aiyappa, 20, 20–21, 364, 410, [[443]] , 616 Aja Ekadashi, 21, 93, 218, 227 Ajamila, 21 Ajatashatru, 21, 21–22, 117 Ajita Keshakambalin, 22, 430. See also Philosophers Ajivika school, philosophy, 22, 226, [[258]] , 478, 639 Ajna Chakra, 22, 137. See also Chakras Akasha, 22–23, 217, 220 Akbar, 23, 25, 29, 70, 163, 273, 396, [[422]] , 442 Akhand Path, 23 Akhara, 23–24, 26, 35, 69, 97, 140, 474 Akhyati, 24, 223, 378, 516 Akkadevi, 24 Akrura, 24 Akshakumara, 24, 418 Akshamala, 24–25 Akshar Purushottam Samstha, 25, [[521]] , 626 Akshaya Trtiya, 25, 227, 501 Akshaya Vata, 25–26, 29 Alakananda River, 26, 77, 95, 184, [[242]] , 323, 340, 353, 416, 510, [[576]] , 577 Alakhiya Akhara, 26–27 Alambhusha, 27 Alamkaras, 27, 363 [[808]]

Alandi, 27, 321, 739 Alberuni, 26, 28 Alberuni’s India (Biruni), 28 The Alchemical Body (White), 28, [[437]] , 565, 669 Alchemy, 28, 153, 564, 668 Dhatuvada, 192–193 mercury, 28, 153, 193, 246, [[324]] , 436, 436–437, 486, 564, [[669]] , 771 “Alchemy” (White), 193 Alidhasana, 28 Allahabad, 25, 29, 52, 141, 188, [[239]] , 265, 339, 379, 433, 474, [[526]] , 591, 594, 603, 710 Magh Mela, 398–399 Nasik Mela, 463–464 Allama Prabhu, 29, 391, 402 Allchin, F. Raymond, 302, 713 Alston, A.J., 440, 673 Alvars, 29–30, 37, 115, 135, 185, 200, [[260]] , 377, 431, 457, 459, 466, [[470]] , 490, 508, 515, 586, 644, [[685]] , 695, 698, 702, 703, 704, [[705]] , 728, 746. See also Poets Amalaka, 30 Amalaki Ekadashi, 30, 219, 227, 509 Amarkantak, 30, 463 Amarnath, 30–31 Amarnath cave, 356 Amaru, 31–32 Amaruka, 32 Amarushatakam, 31 Amarushatakam, 32 Amavasya, 394, 659. See also Moon Amba, 32, 111, 628, 664 Ambakeshvar, 32 Ambalika, 32, 33, 111, 194, 210, [[496]] , 610, 749 Ambarisha, 32–33 Ambedkar, Dr. Bhim Rao, 33, [[236]] , 407 Ambika, 32, 33, 111, 139, 194, 449, [[496]] , 610, 749Ammonite, 33–34, 78, 447, 622. See also Shalagram Amritanandamayi, 34 Amrta, 34, 188, 210, 269, 380, 443, [[473]] , 583, 645, 652 An Autobiography (Gandhi), [[139]] , 236 Anahata Chakra, 34, 137. See also Chakras Analogy, 35 Ananda, 35, 578, 593 Ananda Akhara, 24, 35, 474 Ananda Marga Yoga Society, 35 Anandamath, 35 Anandamath, 144, 599 Anandamayi Ma, 36, 347 Anandapala, King, 36, 319 Anandawara group, 36, 74, 113, [[174]] , 248, 325, 503, 582, 643 Ananga, 36 Anant Chaturdashi, 37, 93, 227, 613 Ananta, 36 Anantadas, 36–37, 100, 528 Anasuya, 37, 209, 726 Anatomy of a Confrontation (Gopal), 74, 77 Ancestral spirits, 37, 46, 492, 512, [[599]] , 766 Andal, poet, 29, 37–38, 451, 698 Andersen, Walter K., 105, 182, 255, [[279]] , 314, 517, 566, 619, 762 Andhaka, 38 Andhra brahmins, 38, 407, 491. See also Brahmins Andhra Pradesh, 38–39, 83, 115, [[238]] , 250, 263, 350, 376, 528, [[541]] , 565, 644, 702 Anekantavada, 39, 59, 133, 607. See also Philosophy Anga, 39, 65, 211 Angada, 36, 39–40 Angiras, 40, 70, 370, 426, 530 Angkor, 196 temples, 40 Angkor Wat, 675 Ani, 40, 232, 592, 643, 685 Aniconic image, 40, 237, 778. See also Iconic image Shiva, 30 Anima, 40, 650 Animal sacrifice, 7, 16–17, 18, 41, [[66]] , 118, 128, 335, 337, 350, [[365]] , 513, 548, 572, 579, 733, [[752]] . See also Sacrifice ashvamedha, 41, 66, 288 horse, 581 Animal skins, 58. See also Cow; Leather Animals, 40–41, 62, 86, 115, 124, [[301]] , 456, 505, 508, 589, 754 bull, 129, 460, 506 Dadhikra, 163 deer, 180–181, 263, 425 dog, 96, 201–202, 497 eating, 43 images, 40, 73, 119 lion, 73, 391, 410 mythical, 367 owl, 485, 603 peacock, 413, 508 rat, 183, 354, 567 tiger, 301, 391, 697 Aniruddha, 41, 493 Anirvachaniyakhyati, 42, 223 Anjali hasta, 42, 458. See also Dance Anjana, 42, 271 Ankusha, 42, 236, 498 Annakut, 42, 227, 261, 355 Annaprashana, 147 Annaprashana samskara, [[43]] –44, 591 Anrta, 44, 206, 576 Anshavatar, 30, 44, 72. See also Avatars Anshuman, 44, 58, 95, 198, 238, 350 Antahpura, 44 Antal and Her Path of Love (Dehejia), 38 [[809]] Antarala, architecture, 44, 405, 453 Antariksha, 44 Antaryaga, 44, 79, 689 Antinomianism, 45 Antyeshthi, 585 Antyeshthi samskara, 37, 46–47, [[68]] , 116, 154, 441, 591, 599 Anulepana, 46, 720 Anuloma, 46 Anumana, 1, 46–47, 55, 207, 280, [[430]] , 480, 489, 508, 521, 524, [[537]] , 581, 599, 721. See also Inference; Philosophy Anushtubh, poetry, 47, 437 Anyathakhyati, 47–48, 223 Apabhramsha, 48 Apaddharma, 48, 424 Apana, 48, 521, 585. See also Winds Apastamba, sage, 48, 88, 192, [[339]] , 640 Appar, poet, 48–49, 185, 409, 420, [[470]] , 587, 670, 702, 728 Appaya Dikshita, 49 Appleby, R. Scott, 58, 517, 566 Aprashasta marriage, 49, 69, 127, [[233]] , 488. See also Marriage Apsara, 49, 296, 436, 536, 558, [[621]] , 689 Apurva, 49, 537 Aranya, 173 Aranya Dashanami, 49–50, 112. See also Dashanami Sanyasis Aranyaka literature, 50, 126, 645 Aranyakas, 60, 123, 587. See also Vedas Arati, 15, 51, 720 Aravalli Hills, 51, 547, 578 The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia (Allchin), 302 Archana, 51 Archer, W. G., 129, 370, 439, 488, 548 Architecture, 51–52, 78, 182, 612 adhishthana, 7, 353 Aihole, 19 [[810]]

Antarala, 44, 405, 453 Ardhamandapa, 52, 418, 453 Bhogamandapa, 111, 390, [[454]] , 464 caves, 134 Chaitya, 19, 136–137 corbelling, 154 Dampati, 169 deul, 183, 390, 454, 629 Dravida, 51, 147, 204–205, 241, [[340]] , 345, 379, 452, 507, 643, 685 Garbhagrha, 44, 241, 331, 453, 549 Gopuram, 256 Jagamohan, 183, 308, 369, 390, [[454]] , 464, 501, 629, 671 Kalyanamandapam, 340 Kirtimukha, 368 Nagara, 30, 44, 51, 52, 90, 140, [[154]] , 241, 332, 346, 365, 390, [[404]] –405, 417–418, 452–454, [[501]] , 725 natamandira, 390, 454, 464, 484 Orissa, 51, 146, 154, 453, 629 Pradakshina, 331, 453, 517–518 Shikhara, 19, 90, 183, 453, 507, 629 Shilpa shastra, 128, 626, [[630]] –631 Urushringa, 453, 725 Veshara, 51, 452, 747–748 Ardha, 653 Ardha Kumbha Mela, 52, 81, 379. See also Kumbha Mela Ardhamandapa, architecture, 52, [[418]] , 453 Ardhanarishvara, 52, 220, 265, 635 Arghya, 53, 720 Arjuna, 32, 53–54, 93, 106, 111, [[206]] , 210, 219, 234, 236, 318, [[366]] , 382, 400, 495, 501. See also Pandava brothers family, 2, 138, 204 identities, 127 Arranged marriage, 54, 148, 185, [[291]] , 393. See also MarriageArsha marriage, 54–55. See also Marriage Art. See also Bronzes; Dance Indus Valley, 298 The Art and Architecture of India (Rowland), 366 Artha, 19, 55, 106, 222, 340, 443, [[536]] , 545, 626. See also Philosophy Arthapatti, 55, 521, 537. See also Philosophy Arthashastra, 55–56, 139, 142, 360 The Art of Tantra (Rawson), 22, 34, [[137]] , 420, 449, 583, 667, 676, [[677]] , 761 Arundhati, 56 Arya Dharm (Jones), 58 Aryabhatta, 56 Aryan, 56–57, 532 Indigenous Aryan theory, 57, [[294]] –295, 300 language, 48 Arya Samaj, 57–58, 179, 384, 639, 646 “The Arya Samaj in British India” (Jones), 58 Asamanjasa, 58, 365 Asanas, 28, 58–59, 65, 172, 278, 505, [[650]] , 695, 720. See also Yoga Asat, 59 Asatkaryavada, 39, 59, 133, 480, [[606]] , 731. See also Philosophy Ascetic initiation, 585. See also Initiation Asceticism, 59, 60–61, 63, 328, 461, [[478]] , 539, 551, 622, 629, 664, [[671]] , 689, 723–724 Ascetics, 6, 22, 55, 59–60, 66, 69, [[76]] , 79, 101, 143, 144, 310, 354, [[449]] , 633 apsara, 49 ashram, 64 begging, 88–89 burial, 129 Christian, 45 communities, 475 godmen, 253 Gorakhnathi, 257 gosain, 257–258 Jain, 48 Janakpur, 313 jogi, 322 kapalin, 349–350 Kutichaka, 79, 383 mahant, 405 Muslim, 35 Paramahamsa, 79, 172, 173, 403, [[498]] –499 parivrajaka, 502 pilgrimages, 30–31, 85 sadhu, 60, 580 Ash, sacred ash, 578 Ashadh, 61, 305, 537, 612 festivals, 218, 227, 230, 267, 567 Ashaucha, 4, 41, 42, 46, 48, 62–63, [[71]] , 118, 153, 160, 161, 335, [[388]] , 569, 658. See also Purity sutakashaucha, 62, 78, 118, 458, [[570]] , 676 Ashirvad, 63, 585, 603 Ashoka, King, 63, 117, 125, 152, [[304]] , 340, 366, 433, 484, 510, [[527]] , 575, 591, 663 Ashoka Tree, 63 Ashram, 64, 581 Ashrama Dashanami, 64, 104, 166, [[172]] , 173, 603 Ashtachap, poets, 64, 151, 372, [[378]] , 460, 502, 540, 672 Ashtadhyayi, 64–65, 102, 140, [[401]] –402, 497, 506 Ashtalakshmi, 65 Ashtanga yoga, 65, 189, 196, 478, [[525]] , 592. See also Yoga Ashtavakra, 66 Ashutosh, 66 Ashvalayana, 66 Ashvamedha, 41, 66, 288, 536 Ashvattha, 511 [[811]] Ashvattha fig, 66. See also Trees Ashvatthama, 67, 194, 629 Ashvin, 67, 512, 612 festivals, 67, 212, 218, 227, 295, [[455]] , 468, 498, 736 Ashvins, 67, 397, 456, 495, 582 Assam, 41, 67, 252, 341, 473, 620 Asthi-sanchayana, 46, 68, 161 Asthi-visarjana, 46, 68, 161, 273, 600 Astrology. See Jyotisha; Zodiac Asura marriage, 49, 68–69. See also Marriage Asuras, 181. See also Demons Atala akhara, 24, 69, 140 Atharva Veda, 36, 69, 399, 511, 768 Atikaya, 69 Atita, 69 Atman, 4, 12, 17, 69–70, 73, [[93]] , 122, 124, 499, 536, [[553]] , 584, 649, 654, [[691]] , 722 At Play with Krishna (Hawley), 24, [[127]] , 389 Atranji Khera, 70 Atri, sage, 37, 40, 70, 102, 112, 245, [[357]] , 370, 426, 530, 574 Aughar, 70 Aurangzeb, 70, 91, 268, 373, 405, [[425]] , 442, 466, 636, 641 Auspiciousness, 71, 74, 117, 122, [[128]] , 230, 393, 692. See also Inauspiciousness inauspiciousness and, 89, 146, [[161]] , 169, 294, 393, 471, 482 Autobiography of Swami Dayanand Saraswati (Yadav), 179 Autobiography of a Yogi (Paramahamsa), 782 Avadhi language, 71, 202, 558 Avadhuta, 71, 447 Avahana, 71, 720 Avahana akhara, 24, 71–72 Avalon, Arthur, 22, 34, 45, 72, 166, [[381]] , 411, 414, 420, 423, 432, [[812]]

[[446]] , 448, 492, 583, 667, 676, [[677]] , 689, 761 Avani, 72, 685 Avatar (Adriel), 435 Avatars, 72–73, 82, 308, 493, 542, [[584]] , 635, 731. See also Krishna Avidya, 8, 12, 47, 73, 100, 107, 109, [[389]] , 417, 486, 607, 623 Avimukta, 73–74, 90 Avvaiyar, 74 Ayamatma Brahman, 36, 74, 408 Ayana, 74 Ayodhya, 71, 74, 103, 460, 562, 616, [[654]] , 680 Babri Masjid, 74, 76–77 temples, 13, 560 Ayodhya (Bakker), 74 Ayudhapurusha, 75 Ayurveda, 75, 142, 350, 513, 675, [[708]] , 743 Dhanvantari, 188 Tridosha, 513, 708 B Baba, 76, 474 Babar’s Mosque. See Babri Masjid Babb, Lawrence, 46, 80, 118, 121, [[153]] , 161, 285, 429, 544, 575, [[605]] , 672 Babineau, Edmour J., 552 Babri Masjid, 74, 76–77, 373, [[560]] , 762 Badarayana, 77, 124, 746. See also Philosophers Badrinath, 25, 26, 77–78, 216, 229, [[242]] , 323, 363, 458, 461, 570, 624 Bahi, 78–79 Bahina Bai, 79 Bahina Bai (Abbott), 79 “Bahina Bai: Wife and Saint” (Feldhaus), 79 Bahiryaga, 79, 689 Bahudaka, 79, 498Bahula Chauth, 79–80, 93, 227 Baiga, 80 Baijnath, 80–81 Bairagi Naga, 24, 59, 81, 197, 232, [[452]] , 571, 577, 592, 732. See also Naga Digambara Naga, 40, 197, [[232]] , 476 dwaras, 215 groups, 40, 123–134 Nirmohi Anis, 476 Nirvani Ani, 476 Shri Sampraday group, 145, [[643]] –644 Baird, Robert D., 58, 126, 179, 283, [[307]] , 516, 544, 553, 576, 637, [[682]] , 768 Baisakh, 81, 87, 128, 613, 729 festivals, 25, 81, 230, 380, 443, [[462]] , 501, 632, 651 Baisakhi, festival, 81, 227 Baithak, 81–82 Bajrang Dal, 82 Baka, 82 Bakasur, 82, 110 Bakker, Hans, 74 Baksheesh, 82 Balabhadra, 82–83, 164, 308, 534, [[567]] , 665 Balaji, 51, 83, 435 Balakrishna, 83, 149 Balarama, 24, 83–84, 176, 184, 193, [[249]] , 575 epithets, 82, 269, 595 Bali, 39, 84, 84–85, 85, 196, 368, [[551]] , 557, 711 Bana, dramatist, 85, 276, 349, 540 Bana linga, 85. See also Linga Banaras (Eck), 699 Bana, poet, 85 Bania, 85–86 Banjara, 86 Banking, 86 moneylending, 85, 86 Barahmasa, 86 Barahmasa in Indian Literature (Vaudeville), 86 Barat, 87 Barnett, Lionel D., 387 Barsana, 87, 544 Baruthani Ekadashi, 81, 87, 218, 227 Barz, R. K., 540, 646, 735 Basavanna, poet, 87–88, 185, 314, [[390]] , 402 Basham, Arthur Llewellyn, 22, 94, [[119]] , 226 Basohli, 88, 439, 488. See also Painting Basu, Tapan et al., 182, 255, 279, [[566]] , 762 Bath, Mohenjo-Daro, 88, 298–299 Baudhayana, sage, 48, 88, 192, [[339]] , 640 Bayly, C. A., 86, 444, 696 Beal, Samuel, 290 Begampura, 88 Begging, 36, 88–89, 121, 349, 726, 729 Begram, 89 Bel, 90 Belagave, 90 Bells, 246 Belur, 90, 269, 289, 353 Belur Math, 90 Benares, 16, 21, 36, 70, 90–91, 96, [[102]] , 197, 202, 240, 462, 562, 616 Kabirpanth, 329 Kashi, 356 Manikarnika Ghat, 91, 161, [[419]] –420 names of, 73 Varanasi, 90, 739 Benares Hindu University, 91, 414 Bengal Vaishnavism and Sri Chaitanya (Chakravarti), 136 Bengali, 91, 184 Betel, 91–92 Bhadrakali, 92, 165, 315, 347, 370, [[606]] , 742 [[813]] Bhadrapada, 46, 93, 131, 503, 544, [[583]] , 612, 692 festivals, 21, 37, 79–80, 218, 227, [[237]] –238, 314, 483, 502, 574 Bhadrasana, 93 Bhagabhadra, 93 Bhagavad Gita, 47, 54, 67, 93–94, [[143]] , 234, 321, 322, 370, 486, [[516]] , 532, 623, 637, 656, 695, 698 The Bhagavad-Gita (Miller), 94 Bhagavan, 94 Bhagavata, 94, 493, 731 Bhagavata Purana, 33, 94–95, 112, [[143]] , 219, 276, 370, 460, 516, [[533]] , 646, 665, 673, 718, 731 Bhagirath, 44, 95, 198, 238, 310, [[350]] , 365 Bhagirath, King, 239 Bhagirathi, 95–96 Bhagirathi River, 26, 184, 240, [[242]] , 243 Bhairava, 96, 108, 119, 121, 201, [[221]] , 252, 323, 349, 413, 719 Bhairava akhara, 96 Bhairava Jayanti, 96, 227 Bhairavaprakasha, 96–97 Bhairavi, 97, 409, 563 Bhaiya Duj, 97, 549 Bhajan, 97 Bhakta, 4, 5, 9, 13, 24, 51, 70, [[97]] –98, 522, 523, 529, 540, [[542]] , 566, 584, 616 Bhaktamal, 98, 100, 409, 451, [[460]] , 463 Bhaktavijaya, 98 Bhaktavijaya, 99, 409 Bhakti, 29, 31, 32, 87, 98–99, 402, [[451]] , 540, 644 Bhakti poetry, 9, 64, 86, 98, 100, [[102]] , 137, 164, 180, 231, 249, [[372]] , 409, 437, 460, 467, 470, [[562]] –563. See also Poetry bharud, 107 chaupai, 146, 437 [[814]]

doha, 202, 437 Nanddas, 64, 460 Bhaktililamrta, 98, 409 Bhaktililamrta, 99 Bhaktimarga, 93, 100, 321, 352 Bhaktirasabodhini, 100, 528 The Bhakti Sect of Vallabhacharya (Barz), 540, 646, 735 Bhamati Advaita, 49, 100–101 Bhamati school, 487 Bhandara, 101 Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, 101, 101 Bhandarkar, R. G., 101 Bhang, 101–102, 207, 279, 287, [[694]] . See also Drugs Bhanita, 102 Bharadvaja, 70, 102, 112, 206, [[245]] , 357 Bharat Mata, 105 Bharata, 102, 103, 151, 174, 329, [[460]] , 467, 555, 621 Bharatanatyam, dance, 103–104, [[126]] , 146, 147, 170, 420, 443, [[466]] , 484 Bharati Dashanami, 64, 104, 113, [[173]] , 603 Bharati, Swami Agehananda, 45, [[116]] , 166, 381, 411, 414, 423, [[432]] , 446, 492, 524, 593, 667, [[676]] , 689 Bharatiya Janata Party, 13, 76, [[104]] –105, 159, 283, 314, 561, [[566]] , 611, 633, 653, 762 Bharatmilap, 105–106 Bharavi, 106, 403 Bhartrhari, poet, 106, 261, 363, [[662]] , 719 Bhartrprapancha, 106–107, 109. See also Philosophers Bharud, 107, 220 Bhashya, 107, 109. See also Philosophers Bhaskara, 106, 107–108Bhasmasur, 108 Bhattacharya, Ram Shankar, 224, [[332]] , 520, 536, 589 Bhattacharyya, Sibajiban, 470, 480 Bhava, 108, 170 Bhavabhuti, poet, 108, 139, 333, [[349]] , 413 Bhavani, 108 Bhavas, 108, 564 Bhave, Vinobha, 108–109 Bhedabhada school, 106, 109, 321, [[378]] , 501, 516, 607 Bhil, 109 Bhima, 82, 109–110, 204, 208, 210, [[231]] , 247, 382, 400, 495 Bhima River, 110, 374, 407, 495 Bhimashankar, 110, 325, 407 Bhishma, 32, 110–111, 400, 610, [[628]] , 629 Bhishma Ashtami, 111, 227, 398 Bhogamandapa, architecture, 111, [[390]] , 454, 464 Bhogawara group, 36, 50, 111–112, [[113]] , 174, 248, 325, 519, 643 Bhoja, King, 112 Bholanath, 112, 635 Bhramargit, 112 Bhramari, 112, 468 Bhrgu, sage, 70, 102, 112–113, 120, [[245]] , 357, 574, 581 Bhubaneshvar, 113, 238, 369, 390, [[454]] , 484, 501 Bhudevi. See Earth Bhudevi, Vishnu and, 38 Bhujangavalaya, 113 Bhuriwara group, 17, 36, 104, 111, [[113]] , 174, 248, 325, 603, 643. See also Dashanami Bhushundi, 113–114, 559 Bhut, 114, 492, 515 Bhuta, 115 Bhutalingas, 115, 332, 345, 704. See also Linga Bhutam, poet, 29, 115, 509, 515 Bhutayajna, 115, 492 Bhuts, 80, 83 Bidhai Samaroh, 115 Bihar, 11, 21, 39, 115–116, 117, [[138]] , 141, 146, 196, 239, 489, [[506]] , 546, 597, 654 sites, 182, 245, 347 Bijak, 116, 329 The Bijak of Kabir (Hess/Singh), [[116]] , 329, 593, 720 Bijakshara, 22, 34, 116–117, 137, [[448]] , 480, 583, 613, 677 Bilva tree, 90, 117 Bimbisara, King, 21, 117 Bindu, 117, 587, 641 Bindusara, 63, 117 Birla, Ghanshyamdas, 117, 386 Birlas family, 117, 430 Birth, 3, 4, 62, 78, 117–118, 326, [[458]] , 531, 590 Björkman, James W., 762 Black Yajur Veda, 48, 88, 118, 339 Blessing, 62. See also Ashirvad Blood, 28, 34, 41, 66, 117–118, [[118]] –119, 135, 149, 153, 204, [[208]] , 333, 341, 521, 530, 752 menstruation, 436 Boar avatar, 119, 217, 318, 717. See also Avatars; Vishnu The Book of Ayurveda (Morrison), 75 Bose, Subhash Chandra, politician, [[119]] , 144, 236 Brahma, 25, 37, 96, 119–120, 121, 157, [[163]] , 186, 209, 254, 297, 325, 349, [[462]] , 486, 519, 550, 568, 574 Day of Brahma, 180, 214, 338, [[375]] , 409, 423, 520, 707 epithets, 679 family, 40, 70, 112–113, 121, 347, [[370]] , 426, 530, 531 Vishnu and, 408 Brahmacharin, 120, 135, 166, 249, [[262]] , 364, 456, 585, 591, 598, [[658]] , 721 [[815]] Brahmacharya, 120 Brahmahatya, 120–121, 229, 406, 507 Brahma Kumaris, 121 Brahma marriage, 69, 121–122, [[127]] , 203. See also Marriage Brahma Muhurta, 122, 447, 726 Brahman, 8, 12, 15–16, 17, 21, 36, [[42]] , 66, 70, 74, 74, 77, 93, [[100]] , 112, 121, 122–123, 213, [[389]] , 417, 441, 486, 499, 502, [[519]] , 520, 524, 553, 576, 578, [[582]] , 593, 644, 645, 682, 718 Brahmana, 14–15, 118, 123, 587. See also Vedas Brahmana ideal, 60 Brahmana literature, 7, 20, 41, 50, [[122]] , 126, 536, 626, 629, 639, 718 Brahmanda. See Cosmic egg Brahmarandhra, 123, 283 Brahma sampraday, 61, 123–124, [[145]] , 215, 644, 732 Brahmasutra Bhasya, 124, 623 Brahma Sutras, 77, 124, 124 Brahmayajna, 124, 492 Brahmi, 125 Brahmi script, 366, 527 Brahmins, 70, 105, 115, 120, 124, [[125]] , 131, 186, 197, 258, 405, [[445]] , 509, 566, 571, 596 Andhra brahmins, 38, 407, 491 Chitpavan brahmins, 131, [[150]] –151, 369, 407, 509 communities, 38, 242, 264, 345, [[353]] , 369, 458, 490–491 Deshastha brahmins, [[182]] –183, 407 Dikshitar, 198 Dravida brahmins, 205, 407, [[458]] , 491 Gauda brahmins, 242, 410, 491, 601 Gotra brahmins, 70, 102, 112, [[221]] , 244, 259, 429, 526 Kanaujia brahmins, 131, 242, [[410]] , 491, 503, 601 [[816]]

Karnata brahmins, 353, 407, 491 lineage, 112–113, 259, 526 Mahapatra, 406 Maharashtri brahmins, 150, [[182]] –183, 407, 491 Nambudiri, 78 Nambudiri brahmins, 205, 458, [[483]] , 570, 623 origin, 536 Pancha Dravida brahmins, 183, [[490]] –491 Pancha Gauda brahmins, 410, [[491]] , 601 Saraswat brahmins, 27, 131, [[242]] , 410, 491 Smarta brahmins, 494 social classes, 174, 601 “twice-born,” 215, 245, 259, 262, [[303]] , 513, 578, 591, 594, 598, [[647]] , 663, 715 Utkala brahmins, 242, 410, 491, [[601]] , 725 Vaishya brahmins, 115, 120, [[121]] , 124, 174, 186, 197, 215, [[536]] , 733–734 Brahmo Samaj, 57, 125–126, 179, [[523]] , 552, 575, 614 “The Brahmo Samaj” (Lavan), 126 Braj, 112, 126, 259, 371, 466, 554, [[718]] , 768 Krishna’s home, 24, 82, 315 villages, 87 Braj Bhasha form. See also Hindi; Poetry poetry, 71, 126, 202, 282, 555, [[641]] , 673, 754 Braj (Entwistle), 126, 699 Brent, Peter Ludwig, 253 Brhadaranyaka Upanishad, 21, 50, [[126]] , 141, 226, 253, 315, 722 Brhadeshvar, 126–127, 546 Brhadeshvar temple, 103, 152, [[170]] , 687 Brhannala, 53, 127Brhaspati, sage, 127, 696 Brideprice, 127, 428. See also Marriage The Bridge to the Three Holy Cities (Salomon), 711 Briggs, George Weston, 257, 284, [[341]] , 432, 467, 478, 735 Brindavan, 95, 127, 136, 150, 193, [[242]] , 250, 258, 307, 315, 372, [[373]] , 450, 566, 678, 768 Bronzes, 128–129, 152, 214, 251, [[464]] . See also Metalwork lost wax casting, 392 Brooks, Douglas Renfrew, 45, [[116]] –117, 166, 381, 411, 414, [[423]] , 432, 446, 492, 524, 583, [[587]] , 593, 641, 645, 667, 676, 689 The Brotherhood in Saffron (Andersen/Damle), 105, 182, [[255]] , 279, 314, 517, 566, 619, 762 Brough, J., 659 Brown, W. Norman, 6 Buddha, Vishnu and, 73 Buddha Avatar, 128 Buddha Purnima, 81, 128, 227, 230 Buddhi, 128–129, 224, 408, 588 Buddhism, 33, 59, 350, 571, 639 Bali, 85 Rasayana school, 193 schools, 28 temples, 136–137 Bull, 129, 274, 460, 506. See also Animals Bumiller, Elizabeth, 302 Bundi, 129, 369. See also Painting Burghart, Richard, 313 Burial, 129. See also Cremation Busti, 129 C Calendar, 130–131. See also Year dakshinayana, 74, 130, 156, 167, [[351]] , 411, 727 ekadashi, 218–219 festival, 226–227 intercalary month, 304–305, [[394]] , 412–413, 536, 685 lunar, 61, 67, 74, 227, 304 lunar month, 393–394, 445, 471, [[489]] , 491, 612, 628, 647 solar, 167, 411, 425 Tamil, 8, 355, 425, 685 week, 771 year, 619, 780 Callewaert, Winand, 37, 164, 459, 494 Campantar, poet, 131 Carman, John B., 555, 645, 759 Caste, 29, 33, 78, 116, 131–132, 314, [[553]] , 563, 566, 571–572, 589 aspects of, 11, 69, 82 inter-caste marriage, 87 thief caste, 695 Castration, 132, 280 Causal chain, 132–133, 480, 481 Causal model, 133, 480, 501, 731, [[767]] . See also Philosophy Cauvery River, 133–134, 152, 240, [[250]] , 687, 701 Shrirangam, 38, 205, 451, 554, [[564]] , 643 Caves, artificial, 134 Cekkilar, poet, 134–135, 470, [[508]] , 703 Celibacy, 21, 27, 49, 60, 120, 121, [[135]] , 272, 296, 436, 456, 617, [[646]] , 689, 725, 777 Chaitanya, poet, 5, 61, 123, [[135]] –136, 140, 145, 173, [[242]] , 258, 306, 361, 373, [[395]] , 434, 441, 450, 468, [[516]] , 534 Chaitanya-Charitramrta, 136, 361, [[373]] , 449 Chaitra, 136, 324, 562, 612 festivals, 218, 227, 272, 341, [[468]] , 498 Chaitya, 19, 136–137 Chakora, 137 [[817]] Chakras, 75, 137, 231, 257, 278, [[381]] , 452, 467, 486, 489, 511, [[582]] , 624, 635, 666, 675, 680, [[703]] . See also Tantra; Yoga ajna, 22, 137, 666 anahata, 34, 137, 666 ida nadi, 293, 452 manipura, 137, 420, 666 muladhara, 137, 381, 448–449, [[666]]

pingala nadi, 452, 511, 667, 675 shrichakra, 117, 587 sushumna, 381, 452, 667, 675 svadhishthana, 137, 666, 677 Vishnu’s chakra, 622, 624, 667 vishuddha, 137, 666, 761 Chakravarti, Janardana, 136 Chakravyuha, 138 Chakravyuha battle formation, 2 Chalukya Dynasty, 19, 24, 138, [[289]] , 306, 377, 409, 462, 490, [[507]] , 530, 565, 659 Chamar group, 88, 138, 720 Champaran, 138–139 Chamunda, 139, 449, 638 Chanakya, 139, 142, 446 Chandas, 139, 187, 339, 403, 449, [[476]] , 629, 769 Chandella Dynasty, 140, 188, 266, [[346]] , 365, 396 Chandi, 140 Chandidas, poet, 140 Chandika, 140, 468 Chandiprakasha, 140–141 Chandogya Upanishad, 141, 226, [[253]] , 525, 609, 649, 691, 717, 722 Chandra Gupta I, 141, 591 Chandra Gupta II, 141, 265, 719, 752 Chandra, Pramod, 221 Chandramati, 142, 275 Chandrayana, 142, 271, 723 “The Changed Mother” (Egnor), 632 Chapters in Indian Civilization (Elder), 61, 639 [[818]]

Charaka, 142 Charaka Samhita, 75, 142. See also Ayurveda Charaka Samhita, 142–143 Charanadas, 143, 647 Charanadasi, 143, 647 Charanamrta, 34, 143 Charas, 143, 148, 207, 279, 305, 581 Charity. See Dana Charvaka school, 143 Chataka, 144, 162 Chatterjee, Bankim Chandra, 35, [[91]] , 144, 599 Chatti, 144–145 Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad, [[143]] , 675 Chatuh-Sampradayi Nagas, 81, [[145]] , 164, 215. See also Nagas Chaturbhujdas, poet, 64, 145 Chaturmas, 187, 219 Chaturmas Vrat, 61, 145–146, 227 Chau dance, 103, 146, 170 Chaupai, poetry, 116, 146, 202, [[272]] , 437 Chaurasi Vaishnavan ki Varta, 146, [[254]] , 275, 672 Chauri, 146 Chayagrahi, 146–147 Chera Dynasty, 147, 643 Chidambaram, 115, 147, 170, 198, [[464]] , 685 Childhood rites, 44, 147–148, 591. See also Samskaras Chidvilasananda, Swami, 147, [[447]] , 681 Child marriage, 16, 57, 148, 179. See also Marriage Child widows, 148 Chillum, 148–149 safai, 148, 581 Chin Mudra, 149 Chinmayanand, Swami, 149 Chinmoy, Shri, 149 Chinnamasta, 149, 150, 409Chintapurni, 149–150, 638 Chir Ghat, 127, 150 Chitpavan brahmins, 131, [[150]] –151, 369, 407, 509 Chitrakut, 102, 151 Chitswami, poet, 64, 151 Chittirai, 151, 685 Chittirai festival, 136, 151, 227, 438 Chokamela, poet, 151–152, 407, [[459]] , 596, 732 “Chokamela and Eknath” (Zelliot), [[152]] , 220 Chola Dynasty, 104, 127, 135, [[147]] , 152, 379, 392, 464, [[496]] , 509, 546, 548, 549, [[643]] , 685, 687 Christianity, 45 Chudakarana, 147, 269 Chudakarana samskara, 118, 152, [[225]] , 449, 591 Chunar sandstone, 152, 197, [[510]] , 575 Churail, 152–153 Churails, 114 Cinnabar, 153, 193 Classical Hindu Mythology (Dimmitt/van Buitenen), [[155]] , 157, 533, 552 Clothey, Fred, 450, 490, 680, [[701]] , 703 Coburn, Thomas B., 187 Collyrium, 153 Commensality, 48, 111, 153, 217 The Complete Illustrated Guide to Ayurveda (Warrier), 75 The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda (Vivekananda), 768 Conch shell, 153–154 Consecration, 154, 522, 546, 548 Coomaraswamy, Ananda, 154, 776 Corbelling, 154 Coromandel Coast, 141, 154, [[265]] , 591 Corpse, 129, 154, 165, 535. See also Cremation characteristics, 4, 62, 160, 424 Coryat, Thomas, 155 Cosmic Egg, 155, 156 Cosmic time, 155–156, 214, 337, 338, [[338]] , 375, 423, 707. See also Time manvantara, 424 Cosmology, 14, 22, 44, 156–157, [[217]] , 220, 254, 415, 437. See also Earth; Elements symbolic, 115 Coulson, Michael, 2, 413, 446, 758 Courtright, Paul, 241 Cow, 129, 157, 193, 271, 311, 341, [[360]] , 364, 414, 447, 500, 601, [[645]] , 731, 746 Godana, 250 goshalas, 157, 258 Kamadhenu, 188 leather and, 388 sacred, 41, 79, 158, 314, 491 slaughter, 158–159, 159, 282, [[355]] , 563 Cow dung, 62, 158, 291 Cow Protection Movement, 157, [[158]] –159 Cow slaughter, 158–159, 159, 282, [[355]] , 563 Coward, Harold, 261 “Cow’s mouth,” 412 Craven, Roy, 369, 671 Creation, 156, 389, 423, 493 Creation Hymn, 159–160, 573 Cremation, 46, 62, 68, 91, 108, 123, [[155]] , 160–161, 600. See also Burial; Death ghats, 202 Manikarnika Ghat, 91, 161 Cremation ground, 161, 275, 333, [[348]] , 419, 748 Cuckoo, 161–162, 369 The Cult of Jagannath (Tripathi), [[534]] , 665 [[819]] The Cult of the Sun God (Mitra), 674 The Cult of Vithoba (Deleury), 152, [[220]] , 257, 312, 322, 459, 496, [[712]] , 740, 765 Culture of a Sacred Town (Jindel), 642 Cunningham, Sir Alexander, [[162]] , 429 Cuntarar, poet, 162 Curses, 1, 14, 17, 19, 37, 42, 63, [[102]] , 103, 113, 120, 162, 166, [[168]] , 174, 210, 231, 297, 328, [[398]] , 400, 457, 496 “Cynics and Pasupatas” (Ingalls), 505 D Dabistan-I-Mazahib, 163 Dabistan-I-Mazahib (Fani), 226 The Dabistan (Shea/Troyer), 163 Dadhichi, sage, 27, 163 Dadhikra, 163 Dadu, poet, 163–164, 328, 494, 596 Dadupanth, 116, 163, 164, 328, [[459]] , 494, 569 Dadupanthi Naga, 164. See also Naga Daita community, 164–165, 309 Daiva marriage, 165. See also Marriage Daksha, 92, 165–166, 169, 329, [[538]] , 575, 605, 635, 660, 754 Daksha Mahadev temple, 347, 606 Dakshina, 53, 165, 166, 169, 585, 658 Dakshinachara, 166, 411, 414, 432, [[446]] , 524, 573, 736 Dakshinayana, 74, 130, 156, 167, [[351]] , 411, 727 Dakshineshwar, 167–168 Dakshineshwar temple, 90, 552 Dalit, 168 Damaru, music, 168 Damayanti, 6, 168–169, 456–457, 680 Damle, Shridhar D., 105, 182, 255, [[279]] , 314, 517, 566, 619, 762 Damodara, 169 [[820]]

Dampati, 169 Dana, 89, 169, 218, 399, 526, 609 Danava, 169 Dance, 87, 91, 95, 126, 128, 132, [[168]] , 169–171, 220, 463, 508, [[529]] , 534, 593 Abhaya Hasta, 1 Abhinaya, 3 Anjali Hasta, 42 Bharatanatyam school, 126, 147 Chau, 103, 146 chin mudra, 149 Danda hasta, 171 Gaja hasta, 231 gesture and, 246 jnana mudra, 321 karanas, 147 Kataka hasta, 277, 357, 651 Kathak, 358–359 Kathakali, 103, 146, 170, 359 Katyavalambita hasta, 359 lasya, 388 ras lila, 255 Suchi hasta, 667 tandava, 466 Tarjini hasta, 690 Varada hasta, 739 Vismaya hasta, 764–765 Danda, 171, 546 Danda Hasta, dance, 171 Dandakaranya, 171 Dandaniti, 171 Dandasana, 172, 370 Dandavat pranam, 172, 458 Dandi, 173, 499 Dandi Sanyasis, 78, 172, 458, 570. See also Dashanami Sanyasis Daniel, E. Valentine, 21, 617 Dan Lila, 172 Dantavaktra, 172–173 The Dark Lord (Shinn), 307 Darshan, 173, 372, 510, 529, 562, [[678]] , 774 Dasa Bhava, 173, 442Dasgupta, Shashibhushan B., 28, [[190]] , 193, 257, 437, 582, 669 Dashamukha, 173 Dashanami, 173-174 Dashanami Sanyasis, 14, 24, 59, [[61]] , 74, 78, 104, 120, 173–174, [[216]] , 232, 258, 458, 499, 519, [[534]] , 570, 623, 625, 691. See also Naga Dandi Sanyasis, 172 Divine Life Society, 199 Giri Dashanamis, 247–248 Kamakotipith, 341–342 Madhusudana Saraswati, 396 Parvata Dashanamis, 503 Sagara Dashanami, 581–582 Shringeri Math, 104, 113, 229, [[260]] , 325, 341, 354, 431, 534, [[603]] , 642, 643 subgroups, 15–16, 17, 26–27, 35, [[36]] , 49–50, 64, 171, 325, 452, 534 Anandawara, 36, 113 Bharati, 64, 104 Bhogawara, 111–112, 113 Bhuriwara, 113 Kitawara, 113, 368–369 Saraswati, 64, 603 Tirtha, 64, 699 Tota Puri, 706–707 Vana Dashanami, 737–738 Dashanami Sanyasi akhara, 30 Dasharatha, King, 74, 103, [[174]] –175, 308, 329, 360, 369, [[384]] , 545, 555, 574, 627 Dashavatar, 175 Dashavatara Stotra, 175–176, 249, [[308]] , 542 Dass, Nirmal, 329 Dasya, 67 Dasyus, 56, 176 Dattatreya, 37, 176, 209, 249, 323, [[405]] , 726 Datura, 176–177, 207, 305. See also Drugs Daughters, 80, 165, 166, 168, [[177]] –178, 302, 614, 661, 664. See also Women in families, 225 as gift, 347–348 for sale, 203 Day. See also Calendar; Year structure of, 178 Dayabhaga, 178–179, 303, 319, [[440]] , 664, 751 Dayanand Saraswati, Swami, 57, [[158]] , 179, 646 Day of Brahma, 180, 338, 409, 423 De Sushil, Kumar, 5, 136, 243, [[258]] , 259 Death, liberation and, 91 Deathbed rites, 180 Death rites, See Antyeshti Samskara Debts, 14, 427 three debts, 695 Deccan, 24, 51, 117, 138, 180, 366, [[407]] , 442, 530, 565 Deccan College, 101 Deer, 180–181, 263, 425. See also Animals Dehejia, Vidya, 38 Dehu, 181 Deities, 181. See also Village deities Deleury, G. A., 152, 220, 257, 312, [[322]] , 459, 496, 712, 740, 765 Demons, 14, 20, 34, 38, 63, 73, 82, [[108]] , 139, 139–140, 146–147, [[163]] , 169, 171, 172, 178, 181, [[186]] , 211, 217, 228, 269, 284, [[328]] , 333, 365, 395, 449, 545, [[557]] , 573, 583, 619, 647, 689, [[711]] , 748. See also Rakshasa Bali, 84 Dhenuka, 193 forms, 112 Kaitabha, 186, 252, 331 paishacha marriage, 49, 427, 488 Deogarh, 182 [[821]] Deogarh temple, 184 Deoghar, 182, 640, 728 Deoras, Balasaheb, 182, 255 Deshastha brahmins, 182–183, 407 Deshnok, 183, 354, 567 “Desired Fruits” (McGee), 768 Deul, architecture, 183, 390, 454, 629 Devadasis, 104, 171, 183–184, [[529]] , 560 Devaki, 83, 92, 184, 315, 344, 370, [[575]] , 595 Devanagari, 125, 184, 282 Devapratishtha, 154, 184, 304 Devaprayag, 26, 95, 184 Devar, 184–185 Devara Dasimayya, 185 Devaram, 49, 185, 470 Devas, 10, 68, 163, 168, 169, 183 Devasena, 185–186, 735 Devayajna, 186, 492 Devdhayani Ekadashi, 61 Devi (Hawley/Wulff), 403 Devi Mahatmya (Coburn), 187 Devimahatmya, 33, 139, 186–187, [[188]] , 208, 212, 251, 331, 333, [[395]] , 403, 405, 408, 410, 426, [[449]] , 460, 469, 477, 502, 550, [[648]] , 733 Devotee. See Bhakta Devotion. See also Bhakta modes of devotion, 259, [[395]] –396, 441–442, 584, [[625]] , 743 The Devotional Poems of Mirabai (Alston), 440 Devotthayan Ekadashi, 145, 187, [[218]] –219, 227, 355, 714 Devshayani Ekadashi, 145, 187, [[218]] , 227 Dhanga, 188 Dhangar, 188 Dhanus, 85, 188–189, 786 Dhanvantari, 188, 706 Dharamshala, 188–189 [[822]]

Dharana, 65, 189, 196, 592. See also Yoga Dharma, 7, 19, 54, 55, 68, 106, [[189]] –190, 222, 340, 438, 443, [[495]] , 536, 545, 626, 628 family, 461 Dharma literature, 3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 93, [[120]] , 131, 142, 165, 166, 171, [[186]] , 189, 190, 203, 229, 233, [[262]] , 267, 386, 441, 462, 472, [[499]] , 507, 532, 546, 578, 580, [[592]] , 631, 637, 638, 656, 657, [[676]] , 728, 741 Dharmaputra, 190–191 Dharmaraja, 191, 777 Dharma’s Daughters (Mitter), [[630]] , 654 Dharmashastra, 191 Dharma Shastras, 43, 49, 54, 61, [[68]] , 121, 124, 147, 189, 190, [[191]] , 192, 360, 423, 461 Manu Smrti, 190, 423, 461 Dharma Sutras, 88, 189, 190, 191, [[191]] –192, 423, 640 Dharna, 192 Dhatuvada, 192–193, 565 Dhatuvada school, 28 Dhavamony, M., 619 Dhenuka, 193 Dhobi, 193–194 Dhrshtadyumna, 67, 194, 206, 207 Dhrtarashtra, King, 32, 33, [[194]] –195, 204, 206, 208, [[210]] , 233, 297, 352, 360, [[367]] , 399, 496, 594, 610, [[621]] , 625 Dhruva, 195, 514 Dhuni, 195–196, 749 Dhupa, 196, 720 Dhushmeshvar, 196 Dhvani, 196 Dhyana, 65, 189, 196, 592. See also Yoga Dhyanashloka, 196Diaspora populations, 196–197, [[228]] , 433, 445, 771. See also South Africa Didarganj Yakshi, 146, 197 Digambara, 40, 197, 232, 476 Diksha, 3, 116, 197, 303, 688. See also Initiation Dikshanama, 197 Dikshitar, 147, 198 Dilip, 44, 95, 198, 238, 350 Dimmitt, Cornelia, 155, 157, 533, 552 Dimock, Edward C., Jr., 140, 582, 750 Dindi, 198, 739 Di Nobili, Roberto, 198 Dipa, 198, 200, 720 Directions, 198–199 Guardians of the Directions, [[262]] –263, 296, 367, 376, 741, [[744]] , 776 The Divine Consort (Hawley/Wulff), 259, 654 Divine Enterprise (McKean), 566, [[611]] , 762 The Divine Hierarchy (Babb), 46, 80, [[118]] , 153, 161, 285, 429, 575 Divine Life Society, 199, 636 “The Divine Life Society Movement” (Miller), 637 Divine Light Mission, 266 Divine powers, 199–200, 209, 272, [[284]] , 290, 368, 395, 667. See also Superhuman powers Divorce, 200. See also Marriage; Women Divya Prabandham, 200 Diwali, 25, 42, 200–201, 227, 232, [[243]] , 355, 385, 471, 613 Dog, 96, 201–202, 497. See also Animals Doha, poetry, 116, 202, 437 Dom, 202 Dorasamudra, 202 Dowry, 54, 122, 127, 203. See also Marriage Dowry death, 203, 203–204. See also Women Draupadi, 53, 82, 110, 194, 204, 207, [[208]] , 211, 318, 400, 514, 621 Dravida brahmins, 205, 407, 458, 491 Dravida style, architecture, 51, 147, [[204]] –205, 507, 685 Dravidian language, 67, 176, 205, [[301]] , 347, 353, 364, 684. See also Tamil language Dreams, 79, 114, 205–206, 309, [[360]] , 419, 715 Drona, 53, 67, 194, 206, 207, 210, [[219]] , 353, 400 Dropsy, 207, 576, 741 Drshtanta, 47, 207, 280, 489, [[524]] , 581, 599, 755. See also Philosophy Drugs, 193, 207, 305, 349. See also Intoxicants Drupada, King, 53, 194, 204, 206, [[207]] –208, 210, 629 Duhshasana, 110, 194, 208, 211, [[400]] , 621 Dumont, Louis, 20, 535 Durga, 61, 96, 131, 140, 186, 188, [[208]] , 212, 252, 365, 386, 391, [[433]] , 469, 486, 563, 620, 665, [[697]] . See also Goddess epithets, 140, 467–468 nine Durgas, 468 temples, 19 Durgasaptashati, 208–209 Durvasas, 6, 19, 33, 37, 102, [[209]] –210, 211, 302, 382, 397, [[456]] , 495, 496, 582, 635 Duryodhana, 53, 110, 111, 194, [[204]] , 206, 208, 210–211, 289, [[353]] , 374, 400, 535, 594, 621 Dushana, 171, 211, 366, 649 Dushyanta, King, 1, 102, 210, 211, [[234]] , 621 Dussehra, 67, 212–213, 227, 279, [[281]] , 469, 562, 613, 751, 774 [[823]] Dvadashakshara mantra, 213 Dvaitadvaita Vedanta, 213, 213, [[745]] . See also Vedanta Dvaita Vedanta, 213–214, 396, 447, [[477]] , 686. See also Vedanta Dvapara yuga, 156, 214, 338, 409 Dvarapala, 214–215 Dvija, 215 Dvipas, 157, 215, 311, 513, 601 Dwara, 215 Dwaraka, 64, 216, 229, 264, 267, 341, [[440]] , 454, 577, 609, 616, 624 Dyaus, 216, 217 E Early History of the Vaishnava Faith and Movement in Bengal, from the Sanskrit and Bengali Sources (De), 5, 136, [[258]] , 259 Earth, 15, 37, 53, 56, 84, 115, 151, [[167]] , 176, 200, 217, 220, 532, [[628]] , 662. See also Elements; Moon; Planets cosmology, 22, 44, 119, 168 creation of, 156, 532 deities on, 72, 73, 90 destruction, 214 destruction of, 338 epithets, 529 Eating, 101, 108, 131, 142, 153, 192, [[201]] , 217, 324, 399, 535. See also Purification; Vegetarianism meat, 157, 159, 434 utensils, 355 Eck, Diana, 699 Eclipse, 56, 217–218, 294, 383, 527, [[545]] , 574. See also Moon; Sun Egnor, Margaret Thrice, 632 Eighteen minor works, 218 Ekadashi, 4, 218–219 Ekalavya, 53, 206, 219 Ekmukhi Rudraksha, 219, 576 [[824]]

Eknath, poet, 99, 107, 219–220, [[488]] , 596, 732 Ekoddishta, 46, 220 Ekoddishta shraddha, 46, 220, 503 Elder, Joseph, 61, 639 Elements, 14–15, 18, 115, 217, 220, [[480]] , 523, 607, 662, 704. See also Cosmology akasha, 22 kalahasti, 332 tanmatras, 18, 22, 34, 137, 220, [[224]] , 381, 415, 583, 588, 666, [[687]] –688 Elements of Hindu Iconography (Rao), 447 Elements, subtle, 220, 224. See Tanmatras Elephant, 14, 87, 220, 231, 274, [[290]] , 296, 385, 498, 635. See also Animals; Ganesh Airavata, 19, 210, 220 Elephanta Caves (Chandra), 221 Elephanta temple, 51, 134, 137, [[220]] –221, 407 Eliade, Mircea, 193 Ellora, temples, 51, 119, 134, 137, [[220]] –221, 221, 247, 331, 407, [[449]] , 565, 746 Embree, Ainslee, 28 Encyclopedia of Religion (Eliade), 193 Endogamous groups, 221, 245, [[264]] , 350, 363, 381, 391, [[407]] , 413, 424, 429, 455, [[470]] , 493, 549, 601, 660, [[692]] , 694, 695, 720. See also Jatis Entwistle, A. W., 126, 699, 724 Erndl, Kathleen, 139, 149, 325, 455, [[638]] , 733 Erotic love, 31, 32, 249, 542, 671, [[674]] , 741, 743 mithuna, 40, 169, 440 Eroticism, 108, 221–222 Erotic texts, 222–223Error, theory of, 24, 42, 47, 223, [[378]] , 477, 515, 755–756 Eschmann, Anncharlott, 534, 665 Ethics. See Dharma Evil eye. See Nazar “The Evil Eye” (Pocock), 294, 471, [[575]] , 773 Evolution, 223–224, 554, 579, 588 Expiation. See Prayashchitta F Fables. See Panchatantra Fairservis, Walter Ashlin, 88, 300 Falk, Nancy, 118 Fallacies, 225. See also Philosophy infinite regress, 302–303 self-residence, 225, 303, 570, 613 tarka, 690–691 vicious circle, 749 Fallacies of inference. See Hetvabhasa Family. See also Daughters; Sons devar, 184–185 Family custom, 225 Family deity. See Kuladevata Family relationships, 225–226 planets, 513 Fani, Muhsin, philosopher, 163, [[226]] . See also Philosophers Faqir, 226, 396 Thomas Coryat, 155 Fasting. See Upavasa Fatalism, 214, 226, 258, 607. See also Philosophy Fathers, World of the, 226 “The Feast of Love” (Marriot), 287 Feldhaus, Anne, 79, 406 Festival calendar, 226–227. See also Calendar Feticide, 227–228. See also Abortion Fiji, 196, 228 Fire, 23, 35, 48, 115, 217, 220, 228, [[325]] , 662, 718. See also Agni; Elements agnihotra, 16 agnipradakshinam, 9, 15, 16 agnipravesha, 16 dhuni, 195–196 ordeal, 483, 551 sacred, 7, 9, 36, 492, 579 sacrifice, 57, 206 Shakti, 28, 193 Fires of Love––Water of Peace (Siegel), 32 Fischer, Louis, 139, 236 Fish avatar, 228–229, 424. See also Avatars; Vishnu Five Forbidden Things. See Panchamakara Float Festival, 227, 229, 398 Fluid Signs (Daniel), 21, 617 “A Folk Deity of Tamil Nad” (Dumont), 20 Four dhams, 78, 216, 229, 534, [[560]] , 570 Four great crimes, 96, 121, 229, [[267]] , 406, 507, 664, 668, 671. See also Intoxicants Four states of consciousness, [[229]] –230 Frawley, David, 302 Friday, 230, 598, 747, 771 Friedlander, Peter G., 37 Fruitful Journeys (Gold), 46, 69, [[114]] , 153, 161, 527 Fuller, C. J., 530 Full moon, See Moon Fundamentalism (Björkman), 762 Fundamentalisms Observed (Marty/Appleby), 58, 517, 566 G Gada, 75, 137, 231, 486, 500, 624 Gadge Maharaj, teacher, 231 Gahadavala Dynasty, 231, 489 Gait, E. A., 291 Gaja hasta, dance, 231 Gajendramoksha, 231–232, 297 [[825]] Galta, 232 Gambling, 201, 204, 208, 232, [[386]] , 400 Gana, 165, 233 Ganapati, 233 Gandaki River, 138, 233, 622, 729 Gandhari, 194, 210, 233, 360 Gandharva, 14, 231, 233, 290, 297, [[328]] , 621 Gandharva marriage, 1, 49, 102, [[233]] –234. See also Marriage Gandhi (Fischer), 139, 236 Gandhi, Mohandas K., 18, 33, 54, [[94]] , 108, 117, 119, 139, 192, [[226]] , 234–236, 253, 255, 263, [[279]] , 283, 387, 578, 609, 611, [[615]] , 639, 662 Gandhi, Rajiv, 76 Gandhi Jayanti, 130, 236 “Gandhi and Women” (Kakar), 236 Gandiva, 236 Ganesa (Courtright), 241 Ganesh, 42, 61, 69, 131, 220, 233, [[236]] –237, 241, 394, 413, 500, [[505]] , 515, 567, 597, 640, 655, [[656]] , 734, 750. See also Elephant Ganesh Chaturthi, 93, 227, [[237]] –238, 583, 613, 698 Ganga, 238, 239, 240 Ganga Dashahara, 227, 238, 613 Ganga Dynasty, 238, 369, 484, 671 Gangaikondacholapuran, 152, 239, [[548]] , 687 Ganga Sagar, 239 Ganges River, 6, 21, 29, 68, 90, 117, [[134]] , 188, 228, 238, 239, [[239]] –240, 250, 379, 398, 433, [[534]] , 610 epithets, 310 mythical, 25, 44, 95–96, 198, [[262]] , 350, 462, 581, 635, 669 sites, 385 tributaries, 26, 77, 242, 337, 416, [[826]]

[[433]] , 510, 577, 594, 711 Gangotri, 25, 78, 95, 240–241, 242, [[243]] , 363 Ganika, 241 Ganpatya, 236, 241 Garbhadhana, 527, 591 Garbhadhana Samskara, 241 Garbhagrha, architecture, 44, 241, [[331]] , 453, 549 Garhmukteshvar, 241 Garhwal, 241–242, 273, 340, 353, [[397]] , 439, 459, 488, 494, 576, 577 Garibdas, 242, 243 Garibdasi community, 242, 243 Garuda, 114, 243, 329, 357, 462, 754 Gauda brahmins, 242, 410, 491, 601 Gaudapada, 242. See also Philosophers Gaudiya Vaishnava school, [[242]] –243, 421, 441, 474, 516, [[563]] , 582, 732. See also Chaitanya philosophy, 5, 123, 135, 136, [[140]] , 145, 258, 306, 315 Gaumukh, 240, 243 Gauna, 243 Gaura, 243 Gaurava, 244, 470 Gauri, 244 Gaurikund, 244 Gauri-Shankar, 244, 576 Gautama, 17, 70, 102, 112, 132, [[192]] , 244–245, 296, 357, 480, [[525]] , 609. See also Philosophers Gautama Buddha, 549 Gaya, 116, 135, 245, 571, 605 Gayasura, 245 Gayatri Mantra, 16, 245, 423, 477, [[611]] , 674, 722 Gayawal, 245–246 Gemstones, 246, 412, 486, 514 Gesture, 593. See also Dance abhinaya, 3in dance, 246, 465, 485 Ghanta, 246 Ghat, 137, 180, 246, 287 Ghatika, 178, 246–247 Ghatotkacha, 110, 247, 729 Ghora, 247, 610 Ghose, Aurobindo, 70–71, 91, [[144]] , 640 Ghosts, 115, 152–153, 206, 247, 574, [[589]] , 752 “Ghosts, Greed, and Sin” (Parry), 402 Ghrneshvar, 196, 247, 325, 407, 746 Ghurye, G. S., 61, 120, 124 Giri, 173 Giri Dashanamis, 247–248 Giridhara, 248–249 Girnar, 249 Gitagovinda, 84, 128, 175, [[249]] –250, 308, 363, 370, 484, [[542]] , 732 Goa, 250, 636 Gobind Deo Mandir, 127, 250 Godana, 250 Godavari River, 39, 134, 240, [[250]] –251, 407, 463, 488, 708 Godbole, Narhar R., 98, 257, 312, [[322]] , 409, 459, 614 Goddess, 42, 85, 95, 131, 137, 139, [[149]] , 251–253, 290, 385, 405, [[449]] , 455, 512, 515, 645. See also Kali; Women animal vehicle, 391 avatars, 475–476 birth of, 410 Devimahatmya, 186–187 earth as, 217 epithets, 33, 92, 620, 626, 782 festivals, 227, 468, 562 forms, 112, 212, 247, 299, 331, [[346]] , 395, 408, 467, 638, 648, [[656]] , 697, 734, 783 Jada, 308 Kamakhya, 41, 67, 252, 290, [[337]] , 341 Karni Mata, 354 Mahavidyas, 409 manifestations, 409, 411, 415, 641 Mariyammai, 426 Maya Devi, 433–434 Minakshi, 151, 438 mountains, 459–460 of night, 472–473, 568 objects, 500, 625 Santoshi Ma, 230, 365, 598 Saraswati, 172, 173, 252, 379, [[408]] , 540 Shakti Pithas, 67, 252, 283, 290, [[324]] , 336, 341, 415–416 Shitala, 415, 632 Shiwalik goddesses, 252, 281, [[324]] , 346 Tarapith, 690 Vajreshvari Devi, 346 Venus, 230 Vindhyavasini, 754, 755–756 worship, 34, 36, 41, 67, 85, 301, [[345]] , 539, 550, 610, 620, 676 Godman, 253, 583 Godmen of India (Brent), 253 Gods on Earth (van der Veer), 61, [[74]] , 564, 644 Gods, World of, 253, 319 Godse, Nathuram, 234, 253, 255, [[283]] , 611 Gokarna, 254 Gokhale, Gopal Krishna, 150, 254, [[564]] , 697 Gokulnath, 146, 254, 275, 540 Gold, Anne Grodzins, 46, 114, 153, [[161]] , 527, 699 Gold, Daniel, 58, 517, 566 Golden Embryo, 156, 254, 518 “Golden Handprints and Redpainted Feet” (Jacobsen), 118 Goldman, Robert, 162, 558 Golwalkar, Madhav Sadashiv, 182, [[254]] –255, 761 Gond, 255 [[827]] Gopal, Sarvepalli, 74, 77 Gopala, 255 Gopichand, 255–256 Gopis, 95, 112, 127, 135, 150, 172, [[255]] , 371, 567, 661, 718 Gopurams, 51, 126, 147, 204, 256, [[379]] , 643 Gora, poet, 256–257 Gorakhnath, sage, 61, 256, 257, [[321]] , 322, 347, 432, 438, 466, [[478]] , 719, 735 Gorakhnath and the Kanphata Yogis (Briggs), 257, 284, 341, [[432]] , 467, 478, 735 Gorakhnathi, 257 Gorakhshatakam, 257 Gosain, 257–258, 466 Gosala Maskariputra, 22, 258 Goshala, 157, 258. See also Cow Goswami, Jiva, 5, 136, 258, 373. See also Philosophers Goswami, Rupa, 136, 173, 242, [[258]] –259, 373, 378, 395, 441, [[584]] , 625, 743 Goswami, Sanatana, 136, 242, 258, [[259]] , 373 Goswami, Satsvarupdas Dasa, 516 Goswami, Shrivatsa, 259 Gotra, 70, 102, 112, 221, 244, 259, [[429]] , 526 Gotra brahmins, 70, 102, 112, 221, [[244]] , 259, 429, 526 Govardhan Math, 50, 112, 229, [[260]] , 325, 430, 534, 643 Govardhan mountain, 259 Govardhan Puja, 42, 227, [[260]] , 355 Govinda, 260. See also Krishna Govindswami, poet, 64, 260 Grace, 49, 98, 143, 199, 214, [[236]] , 241, 260–261, 307, 340, [[389]] , 451, 454, 456, 478, [[501]] , 523, 540, 635, [[646]] , 672 [[828]]

Grace and Mercy in Her Wild Hair (Seely/Nathan), 563 Graham, Bruce Desmond, 314 Grammarians, 261, 662. See also Philosophy Grand Bassin, 262, 433 Grhastha, 261–262, 663 Grhastha, 598 Grhya Sutras, 48, 66, 88, 102, 191, [[192]] , 262, 640 Grierson, George A., 256, 387 Gross, Rita M., 118 Gross, Robert Lewis, 61 Guardians of the Directions, 14, [[262]] –263, 296, 367, 376, 741, [[744]] , 776 Gudimallam linga, 263, 390, 509. See also Linga Guha, King, 263 Gujarat, 16, 138, 234, 263–264, [[393]] , 407, 528, 547, 660, 680 sites, 216, 249, 298, 377, 463 temples, 166, 660 Gujarati brahmins, 25, 184, 263, [[264]] , 407, 490–491 Gujjar, 264 Guler, 264–265, 439, 488 Gunas, 224, 265, 520, 546, 587, [[684]] . See also Rajas; Sattva; Tamas Gupta Dynasty, 141, 182, 265, 276, [[377]] , 591, 735 Gupta, Kumara I, 377 Gupta, Murari, 136, 361, 449–450 Gupta, Samudra, 141, 265, 591 Guptakashi, 265–266, 719 Gurjara-Pratihara Dynasty, 266, [[345]] , 489 Guru, 11, 28, 53, 60, 120, 143, [[149]] , 193, 219, 229, 266, 324, [[488]] , 647 Shri Guru Granth Sahib, 8 “Guru brother,” 36–37 Guru Purnima, 166, 227, 267Gurutalpaga, 267, 406, 507 Guruvayur, 267 Gyan Vapi, 267–268, battle of, 268 H Hair, 56, 84, 152, 204, 269, 292, [[307]] , 512, 640, 645, 650, 696, [[772]] . See also Shaving jata, 316 jatamakuta, 316 shaving, 449 Hala, 269 Haladhara, 269 Halahala, 269, 473, 706 Halebid, 90, 269–270, 289, 353 Hampi, 270, 274, 353, 684 Hamsa, 79, 119, 270–271 A Handbook of Virasaivism (Nandimath), 391 Hansen, Bent Smidt, 21 Hanuman, 24, 42, 82, 83, [[146]] , 271–272, 309, 388, [[435]] , 547, 557, 635, 654, [[671]] , 744 epithets, 595 Hanuman Chalisa, 272 Hanuman Jayanti, 136, 227, [[272]] –273 Hara, 273 Harappa, 273, 298, 301, 335, 393, [[443]] , 633 Hare Krishnas, 273 Hari, 273 Hari Krishna. See ISKCON Haridasa, poet, 273 Haridasas, 533 Haridwar, 36, 52, 69, 81, 102, 155, [[184]] , 239, 273–274, 324, 347, [[379]] , 414, 463, 474, 475, 616, 639 Nasik Mela, 463–464 Harihara, 274–275, 751 Harijan, 168, 275 Hariray, 146, 254, 275 Harishchandra, King, 142, [[275]] –276, 742 Harivamsh, 276, 545 Harivamsha, 276, 370, 533, 731 Harsha, King, 85, 138, 276, 290, [[329]] , 345, 403, 530, 540 Harshacharita, 85 Harshacharita, 276–277 Hartalika Teej, 277 Haryana, 242, 277, 338, 383, 528, [[531]] , 603, 694 Hashish. See Charas Hasta, dance, 246, 277, 446 Hastinapur, 277–278, 400 Hatha yoga, 28, 60, 278, 436, 467, [[475]] , 668–669, 695, 734. See also Yoga Hawley, John S., 24, 127, 172, 236, [[259]] , 329, 337, 372, 389, 403, [[440]] , 463, 569, 605, 654, 672, [[673]] , 674, 713 Heavens, 10, 16, 42, 44, 83, 157, [[218]] , 278, 325, 437, 589, 729 Hedgewar, Dr. K.B., 255, 278–279, [[454]] , 565, 611 Hein, Norvin, 562 Hell, 128, 157, 279, 461, 589 Hemp, 279–280 The Hermit and the Love-Thief (Miller), 106, 626 Hero-Stones, 280 Hertel, Bradley R., 172, 755 Hess, Linda, 116, 329, 593, 720 Hetu, 47, 207, 280, 489, 581, 721, [[755]] . See also Philosophy Hetvabhasa, 280 Hijras, 132, 280–281, 288 Hill, Douglas P., 713 Himachal Pradesh, 88, 139, 149, [[281]] , 324, 455, 532, 638, 734 Himalaya, 281, 436, 503 Himalayas, 81, 95, 144, 157, 184, 240, [[242]] , 265, 281–282, 297, 336–337, [[340]] , 363, 400, 494, 700 [[829]] Hindi, 48, 116, 126, 282, 450, [[531]] –532, 580, 610, 638. See also Sanskrit; Tamil language Braj Bhasha, 71, 126, 202, 282, 641 dialects, 71 doha form, 1 The Hindi Biography of Dadu Dayal (Callewaert), 164 The Hindi Padavali of Namdev (Callewaert/Lath), 459 Hindu Goddesses (Kinsley), 139, [[149]] , 217, 325, 335, 386, 403, [[408]] , 409, 473, 476, 505, 542, [[603]] , 621, 654, 720, 755 Hindu Mahasabha, 158, 282–283, [[314]] , 611 Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics (Graham), 314 The Hindu Nationalist Movement in India (Jaffrelot), 74, 105, [[182]] , 279, 283, 373, 561, 566, [[611]] , 762 Hindu Samskaras (Pandey), 46, 148, [[161]] , 428, 579, 591, 639, 722 “Hindu Temple Priests” (Fuller), 530 “Hindu Transactions” (Marriot), 132, [[153]] , 535 Hindutva, 57, 104, 283, 300, 439, [[562]] , 565–566, 571, 611, 633 “Hindu Values of Life” (Mathur), 190 Hinglaj, 283–284 Hiranyagarbha, 284 Hiranyakashipu, King, 173, 181, [[284]] , 287, 318, 421, 462, 518 Hiranyakeshin, sage, 48, 88, 284, [[339]] , 640 Hiranyaksha, 119, 284, 318 A History of Assam (Gait), 291 A History of the Dasanami Naga Sanyasis (Sarkar), 61, 292, 452 History of Dharmasastra (Kane), [[46]] , 101, 148, 161, 190, [[191]] , 337, 428, 526, 579, 591, [[639]] , 722 [[830]]

History and Doctrines of the Ajivikas (Basham), 22, 226 “The History of Janakpur” (Burghart), 313 Hitopadesha, 285 Hitopadesha, 493 Holi, 101, 207, 227, 285–287, 482, 613 Holidays, 130 Holika, 285, 287 Holkar, Ahalya Bai, 287–288, 763 The Holy Lake of the Acts of Rama (Hill), 713 Homa, 52, 186, 288, 526 Homo Hierarchicus (Dumont), 535 Homosexuality, 288 Hookswinging, 288 Hooper, John S.M., 377, 431, 459, [[508]] , 702, 703, 704, 705 Horse, 581. See also Animals Hotr, 7, 122, 288, 536, 576, 718 House of Clay, 289 House of Lac, 289, 535, 749 Hoysala Dynasty, 90, 202, 269, 289, [[353]] , 643 Hoysaleshvar temple, 202, 269, [[289]] –290 Hrshikesha, 290 Hsuan Tsang, 25, 273, 276, 290, [[505]] , 540 Huhu, 14, 231, 290, 297 Human sacrifice, 41, 108, 139, [[290]] –291. See also Sacrifice Hume, Robert Ernest, 723 Humes, Cynthia Ann, 172, 755 Humors, bodily. See Tridosha Hundi, 291 Hygeine, 291 Hymns of the Alvars (Hooper), [[377]] , 431, 459, 508, 702, 703, [[704]] , 705 Hymns to the Dancing Siva (Yocum), 420, 704 Hymns for the Drowning (Ramanujan), 431, 459, 704Hypergamous marriage, 46, 291 Hypogamous marriage, 291–292 I IAVRI–Bulletin, 724 Iconic image, 293. See also Aniconic image Ida nadi chakra, 293, 452, 667, 675. See also Chakras An Idealist View of Life (Radhakrishnan), 544 Ikshvaku Dynasty, 32–33, 174, 545 Ikshvaku, King, 293, 393, 659 Ilangovadigal, poet, 293, 630 Impalement, 293–294, 470, 571, 587 Impurity. See Ashaucha Inauspiciousness, 89, 146, 161, [[169]] , 294, 305, 402, 406, 424, [[456]] , 486, 492, 574, 712. See also Auspiciousness Independence Day, 294 India (Nivin et al.), 39, 116, 250, 264, [[281]] , 312, 354, 357, 396, 407, [[484]] , 532, 547, 686, 727, 771 Indian Art (Craven), 369, 671 Indian Painting (Archer), 129, 370, [[439]] , 488, 548 Indian Painting in Bundi and Kotah (Archer), 129, 370 Indian Philosophical Analysis (Potter/Bhattacharyya), 470, [[481]] , 731 Indian Sadhus (Ghurye), 61, 120, 124 Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire (Bayly), 698 Indigenous Aryan theory, 57, [[294]] –295, 300 Indira Ekadashi, 67, 218, 227, 295 Indra, 10, 17, 19, 27, 33, 44, 49, 53, 83, [[163]] , 176, 183, 185, 210, 220, 236, [[245]] , 248, 259, 262, 271, [[295]] –296, 328, 366, 371, 430, [[436]] , 455, 497, 572, 581, 617, 620, [[628]] , 641, 689, 715, 725, 741, 759 Indradyumna, King, 14, 231, 290, [[296]] –297, 309 Indrajit, 40, 297, 435, 557 Indrani, 297, 617 Indraprastha, 297, 400 Indus River, 134, 250, 297–298 Indus Valley art, 298 Indus Valley civilizations, 57, 60, [[70]] , 117, 176, 251, 263, 295, [[298]] –300, 393, 429, 603, 633, [[725]] , 768 Harappa, 273, 298 Kalibangan, 335 Mohenjo-Daro, 88, 298, 443 Indus Valley religion, 300–301 Indus Valley seals, 60, 301–302 Infanticide, 83–84, 302 Inference. See Anumana Infinite regress, 225, 302–303 Ingalls, Daniel H., 27, 505 Inherence, 47, 303, 378, 469, 480, [[515]] , 731 Inheritance, 11, 79, 177, 303, 319, [[360]] , 431, 440, 470, 661, 664, [[752]]

Initiation, 3, 50, 59, 64, 70, 115, [[116]] , 120, 124, 186, 241, 303, [[578]] , 580 dikshanama, 197 Inscriptions, 63, 85, 90, 93, 125, [[162]] , 301, 304, 332, 366, 510, [[560]] , 727. See also Pillar edicts; Rock edicts Installation, 304 Intentional language, 304, 593 Intercalary month, 304–305, 394, [[412]] –413, 536, 685. See also Calendar The Interior Landscape (Ramanujan), 594 Interpreting Early India (Tharpar), 302 Intoxicants, 4, 21, 45, 87, 108, 149, [[305]] , 307, 391, 398, 411, 413, [[831414]] , 432, 446, 736. See also Drugs; Surapana bhang, 101–102, 287, 305, 694 charas, 143, 148, 207, 279, 305, [[581]] , 659 chillum, 148–149 datura, 176–177 liquor, 229, 305, 391, 406, 507, [[530]] , 563, 573, 688, 719, 741 prohibition, 528 soma, 16, 295, 393, 572, 659, 741 Isha Upanishad, 123, 305–306, [[627]] , 722 Isherwood, Christopher, 552, 768 Ishitvam, 306, 650 Ishtadevata, 306, 688 Ishvara, 12, 306 Ishvarakrishna, 132, 242, 306, 350, [[587]] . See also Philosophy Ishvara Puri, 135, 306 ISKCON, 306–307, 405, 434, 516 J Jabali, 308 Jacobsen, Doranne, 118, 768 Jada, 308 Jaffrelot, Christophe, 74, 77, 105, 182, [[279]] , 283, 373, 561, 566, 611, 762 Jagadisha, 308 Jagamohan, architecture, 183, 308, [[369]] , 390, 454, 464, 501, 629, 671 Jagannath, 164, 308–309, 323, 533, [[567]] , 665, 693, 753 Jagannath temple, 82, 84, 111, 170, [[175]] , 238, 249, 454, 529, 537 Jageshvar, 309 Jahnavi, 310 Jahnu, 310 Jaimini, 310, 438, 537, 616. See also Philosophers Jaini, Padmanabh S., 61, 639 Jains, 639 Hindus and, 41, 293, 571 Rishabha, 573 [[832]]

Jajman, 311 Jallianwala Bagh, 311, 532 Jamadagni, 311, 500, 571 Jambhavan, 311 Jambudvipa, 215, 311–312 Jambukeshvar, 312, 701 linga, 115 Jammu, 88, 281, 312, 356, 429, 439, [[488]] , 638 Janabai, poet, 312 Janaka, King, 312, 313, 440, 555, [[647]] , 653, 654 Janaki Navami, 227, 313, 509 Janakpur, 313 Janamjeya, King, 313, 329, 683 Janardana, 314 Jana Sangh, 13, 104, 159, 314 Janeu, 314 Jangama, 87, 314, 391 Janmashtami, 93, 227, 314–315, 613 Japa, 315, 526, 736 Jaratkarava Artabhaga, 315 Jaratkaru, sage, 37, 315–316 Jat, 316 Jata, 316 Jatakarma, 147 Jatakarma samskara, 316, 591 Jatamakuta, 316 Jatayu, 317 Jatis, 4, 19, 48, 54, 131, 150, 153, [[177]] , 182, 188, 194, 221, 264, [[316]] , 317, 363, 381, 391, 407, [[413]] , 424, 455, 493, 549, 660, [[692]] , 694, 695, 720, 733. See also Endogamous groups banjara, 86 doms, 202 Jatra, 317 Jauhar, 318 Jaya, 65, 318, 398, 568, 632 Jaya Ekadashi, 219, 227, [[318]] –319, 398 Jayadeva, poet, 9, 82, 84, 128, 175, [[249]] , 308, 318, 363, 484, 542Jayadratha, King, 318 Jayakar, Pupul, 374 Jayapala, King, 319 Jayaprasad, K., 566 Jayarashi, 319. See also Philosophy Jayasimha, King II, 24 Jejuri, 319, 366 Jhanki, 319 Jimutavahana, scholar, 178, 319 Jindel, Rajendra, 642 Jiva, 258, 320 Jivacchraddha, 320 Jivanmukta, 320 Jivanmukti, 320 Jnana, 320–321 Jnanakarmasamucchaya, 107, [[109]] , 321 Jnanamarga, 93, 100, 321, 352 Jnana Mudra, 321 Jnanasambandhar, 321 Jnanendriyas, 18, 224, 321, 415, 588 Jnaneshvar, poet, 27, 98, 257, [[321]] –322, 447, 459, 478, 732 Jnaneshvari, 322, 478 Jogi, 14, 322, 466 Joking relationships, 322 Jones, Kenneth W., 58, 283 Jones, Sir William, 322–323 Joshimath, 36, 78, 229, 248, 323, [[325]] , 340, 341, 570 Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 79, 337, 594, 680, 703 Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (Grierson), 256 Juergensmeyer, Mark, 236, 329, [[440]] , 545, 569, 672, 673, [[674]] , 713 Juggernaut, 323, 567 Juna Akhara, 24, 26, 72, 96, [[323]] –324, 474 Jupiter, 29, 34, 52, 81, 127, 246, [[266]] , 267, 324, 380, 464, 486, [[651]] , 771 Jutha, 324 Jwalamukhi, 155, 324, [[638]] , 679 Jyeshth, 325, 612 festivals, 4, 218, 227, 238, [[475]] , 612 Jyotirlingas, 32, 39, 91, 110, 116, [[196]] , 247, 309, 325–326, 356, [[363]] , 402, 407, 413, 454, 463, [[483]] , 560, 640, 660, 712. See also Linga Jyotir Math, 36, 78, 229, 248, 260, [[323]] , 325, 430, 570, 643 Jyotisha, 140, 326–327, 411, 436, [[476]] , 492, 628, 629 K Kabandha, 328 Kabir, poet, 9, 36, 91, 98, 116, 164, [[202]] , 242, 328–329, 467, 494, [[553]] , 569, 596, 719 Kabir (Vaudeville), 329 Kabir Legends and Ananta-Das’s Kabir Parachai (Lorenzen), [[37]] , 329 Kabirpanth, 116, 328, 329 Kadambari, 85, 329 Kadru, 243, 329, 683 Kaikeyi, 103, 174, 329–330, 422, [[555]] , 574 Kailas, 330–331, 413, 437, 503, [[692]] , 741 Kailasanatha temple, 134, 221, [[331]] , 565 Kaitabha, 186, 252, 331, 395, 408 Kaivalya, 65, 331–332, 588 Kajari Teej, 332. See also Teej Kakar, Sudhir, 80, 83, 114, [[153]] , 236, 272, 435, [[476]] , 483, 515, 527, 544, [[672]] , 773 Kala, 332 Kalahasti, linga, 115, 332 Kalamukhas, 14, 61, 90, [[332]] , 387 [[833]] Kalasha, 30, 332–333 Kalhana, poet, 333, 548 Kali, 96, 139, 187, 244, 246, 252, [[290]] , 333–335, 338, 365, 403, [[409]] , 449, 465, 477, 550, 620, [[648]] , 687, 696, 706 devotees, 342, 562 epithets, 140 temples, 167–168, 336, 552 Kali Gandaki River, 34 Kali yuga, 156, 214, 337, 338, 361, [[409]] , 479 Kalibangan, 335 Kalidasa, poet, 1, 141, 211, 265, [[335]] –336, 363, 377, 403, 413, [[435]] , 436, 445, 545, 615, 621, 752 Kalighat, 336 Kalika Devi, 336, 338, 638 Kalimath, 336–337 Kali’s Child (Kripal), 552 Kalivarjya, 337, 479, 660, 668 Kaliya, 337, 371 Kalka, 336, 338 Kalki avatar, 73, 338 Kalpa, 140, 155, 180, 338, 339, 476, [[520]] , 629. See also Yuga Kalpa Sutra, 48, 88, 191, 192, 262, [[339]] , 640 Kalpataru, 339, 386, 472 Kalpavas, 339–340, 399 Kalpeshvar, 340, 364, 494, 577 Kalyanamandapam, 340 Kama, 19, 55, 106, 189, 222, [[340]] –341, 443, 503, 518, 536, [[545]] , 568, 626, 635, 656, 741 epithets, 36, 346 Kama Sutra, 92, 222, 288, 340, [[342]] –343, 528, 743 Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana, 529 Kamada Ekadashi, 136, 218, 227, 341 Kamadhenu, 341, 360 Kamakhya, 41, 67, 252, 290, 337, [[341]] , 345, 473, 679 Kamakotipith, 341–342, 345, 624 [[834]]

Kamalakanta, poet, 342 Kamandalu, 342, 714 Kamavasayitvam, 343, 650 Kamba Ramayana, 343 Kamban, poet, 343, 343, 558 Kamika Ekadashi, 218, 227, [[343]] –344, 640 Kamsa, 344, 364, 540, 575, 619, [[711]] , 718, 742 Kamsa, King, 24, 92, 184 Krishna and, 82, 83, 315, 370 Kamya, 638 Kamya karma, 344, 455, 477, 604 Kanada, 344, 523. See also Philosophers Kanauj, 344–345, 345, 348, 410, [[491]] , 540 Kanaujia brahmins, 131, 242, 345, [[410]] , 491, 503, 601 Kanchipuram, 345–346, 399, 490, [[496]] , 507, 616, 685 linga, 104, 115, 345–346 Kandariya Mahadev, 346, 365 Kandarpa, 346 Kane, Pandurang Vaman, 46, [[101]] , 148, 161, 190, 191, [[337]] , 428, 526, 579, 591, [[639]] , 722 Kangra, 346, 439, 488, 734 Kanha, 346 Kanhaiya, 346 Kankhal, 347 Kannada, 347 Kannada language, 29, 87, 205, [[390]] , 402 Kanphata, 347, 466 Kanvar, 347, 640 Kanyadan, 169, 177, 203, 347–348, [[428]] . See also Marriage Kanyakubja, 131, 266, 276, 319, [[344]] , 348, 540 Kanyakumari, 348, 685, 700 Kapala, 108, 348–349 Kapalamochana, 96, 121, 349Kapalikas, 14, 61, 108, 332, 349, [[373]] , 387, 413, 516 The Kapalikas and the Kalamukhas (Lorenzen), [[349]] , 387 Kapalin, 349–350 Kapferer, Bruce, 132, 153 Kapha, 75, 142, 350, 513, 675, 743 Kapila, sage, 44, 95, 198, 238, 239, [[350]] , 581 Kapilavatsu, 350 Kapu, 350 Kapur, Anaradha, 389, 562, 651 Kar, Bijayananda, 24, 42, 47, 223, [[607]] , 755–756 Karana, 147, 351 Karandamakuta, 351 Karka Sankranti, 74, 167, 351, 411, [[595]] , 727, 786. See also Planets Karma, 49, 55, 132, 181, 190, 315, [[326]] , 351–352, 498, 526, 532, [[537]] , 574, 588, 589, 637 animals and, 40–41 workings of, 5, 8, 10, 12, [[296]] , 508 Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions (O’Flaherty), 352, 589 “Karma, Guilt, and Buried Memories” (Goldman), 162 Karmamarga, 93, 100, 190, 321, [[352]] , 676 Karmendriyas, 18, 224, 352, 415, 588 Karna, 6, 53, 210, 247, 352, 500 Karnaprayag, 26, 353, 510 Karnata brahmins, 353, 407, 491 Karnataka, 29, 87, 110, 133, 138, [[269]] , 332, 353–354, 366, 412, [[473]] , 507, 565, 642, 718 Aihole, 19 sites, 90, 202, 254, 270, 289, [[643]] , 684 Karnavedha, 147 Karnavedha Samskara, 354, 591 Karni Mata, 183, 354, 567 Karni Mata temple, 547 Karpatri Maharaj, Swami, [[354]] –355, 563, 716 Kartigai, 355, 685 Kartik, 355, 613 festivals, 97, 187, 200–201, 219, [[227]] , 243, 260, 272, 355, 459, [[461]] , 471, 483, 558, 714 Kartik Purnima, 227, 230, 241, 249, [[355]] , 483, 539, 613 Karttikeya, 355, 374 Karva Chauth, 227, 355, 355–356, 613 Karve, I. B., 496, 740, 765 Kashi, King, 32, 33, 90, 111, 356, [[491]] , 628, 664 Kashmir, 88, 281, 312, 333, [[356]] –357, 387, 496, 548 sites, 30–31, 312, 429, 638 Kashyapa, 70, 102, 245, 357, 511 family, 9–10, 27, 112, 169, 243 Kataka hasta, 277, 357, 651 Kataragama, 288, 357–358, 361, [[515]] , 663 Kataragama (Wirz), 288, 358 “The Kataragama Pilgrimage” (Pfaffenberger), 288, 358 Katha, 358, 445, 559, 562 Kathak, dance, 103, 146, 170, [[358]] –359, 420, 484 Kathakali, dance, 103, 146, 170, [[359]] , 420, 443, 484 Katha Upanishad, 123, 359, 451, [[584]] , 722 Katyavalambita Hasta, dance, [[359]] –360 Katyayana Smrti, 360 Kauravas, 53, 67, 93, 109, 110, 127, [[206]] , 207, 208, 210, 233, 247, [[318]] , 360, 374, 400 Kausalya, 174, 330, 360, 574 Kaustubha, 188, 360, 645, 706 Kautilya, 55, 139, 142, 360 Kavadi, 358, 360–361 [[835]] Kaveri River. See Cauvery River Kavi, 361 Kavikarnapura, 136, 361 Kavitavali, 361, 361, 713 Kavitavali (Allchin), 713 Kavitt, 361 Kavya, 362–363 Kayasth, 363 Kedarnath, 25, 78, 242, 244, 309, [[325]] , 340, 363–364, 416, 494, [[506]] , 577, 711 Kena Upanishad, 364, 722 Kerala, 20, 147, 157, 364, 377, 412, [[443]] , 470, 473 sites, 34, 616 Keshanta Samskara, 364 Keshava, 364 Keshi, 364–365, 371 Keshimanthana, 365 Keshini, 58, 365, 581 Ketu, 218, 246, 327, 365, 486, 545, 583 Khadga, 75, 365 Khajuraho, 140, 365–366, 725 temples, 7, 51, 222, 346, 369, 396, [[404]] –405, 440, 453, 629, 671 Khaki Shorts and Saffron Flags (Basu), 182, 255, 279, 566, 762 Khandava forest, 53, 236, 366 Khandoba, 319, 366, 753 Khara, 171, 211, 366, 649 Kharoshthi, 125, 366 Khatvanga, 366–367 Khetaka, 367 Khokar, Mohan, 104, 146, 171, 359, [[377]] , 421, 443, 485 Kichaka, 110, 367 Kimpurusha, 367 Kindama, sage, 194, 367, 496 Kinnara, 367 Kinsley, David R., 139, 149, 193, [[217]] , 325, 335, 372, 386, 389, [[403]] , 408, 409, 473, 476, 505, [[542]] , 563, 603, 621, 654, 720, [[725]] , 755 [[836]]

Kiritamakuta, 351, 367 Kirtan, 135, 367–368, 372, 399 Kirtimukha, 368 Kishkindha, 40, 84, 368, 557, 668 Kitawara group, 36, 64, 111, 113, [[174]] , 216, 248, 325, 368–369, [[534]] , 643 Kjaerholm, Lars, 21 Knipe, David M., 46, 601 Koil, 369 Kokila, 369 Kolenda, Pauline, 63, 535 Konarak, 369 temples, 222, 238, 440, 454, [[484]] , 671 Konkanastha, 369 Korravai, 369 Koshala, 369 Kota, 369–370, 548. See also Painting Kramrisch, Stella, 635 Kratu, sage, 40, 70, 370, 426, [[530]] , 574 Kraunchadvipa, 215, 370 Kraunchanishadana, 370 Kripal, Jeffrey, 552 Kripalani, Krishna, 682 Krishna, 92, 95, 145, 204, 208, [[370]] –372, 395, 451, 508, [[537]] , 539, 542, 563, 632, 665, [[673]] , 747 avatars, 83, 173, 193, 249, 308, [[361]] , 559 Balakrishna, 83 childhood, 24, 124, 126, 250, [[261]] , 276, 296, 337, 364, 373, [[431]] , 540, 619, 667, 775 depictions, 129, 164, 170, 213, [[248]] , 249, 259, 264, 376, [[439]] , 441, 449, 508, 534, 641, [[645]] , 677 devotees, 25, 64, 140, 146, 172, [[306]] , 372, 421, 439–440, 463, [[502]] , 516, 566, 582, 584, 672epithets, 169, 255, 314, 346, 364, [[395]] , 422, 442–443, 449, 511, [[650]] , 738, 775 family, 41, 82, 83–84, 175, 184, [[344]] , 400, 459, 518, 544, 545, [[575]] , 609, 717, 742 sites, 81, 87, 126, 127, 260 Vishnu and, 38, 73, 267, [[370]] , 389 worship, 5, 54, 94, 112, 151, 216, [[219]] , 242, 314, 318, 405, [[445]] , 516, 554, 558, 567, 592, [[646]] , 726 Krishna (Singer), 372 Krishna Consciousness, 273 Krishnadas, 372–373 Krishnadas Kaviraj, 64, 136, 373 Krishna Deva Raya, 373, 751 Krishna Janam Bhumi, 373, [[431]] , 442 Krishna lilas, 678 Krishnamishra, 373–374, 516 Krishnamurti: A Biography (Jayakar), 374 Krishnamurti, Jiddu, 374 Krishna: Myths, Rites, and Attitudes (Singer), 287 Krishna Paksha, 130, 374, 489 Krishna River, 39, 110, 374, 714 “Krishna’s Cosmic Victories” (Hawley), 337 Krishna: The Butter Thief (Hawley), [[172]] , 372, 672, 674 Krittikas, 374, 655 Krpacharya, 374 Krta yuga, 156, 214, 229, 338, [[375]] , 409 Kshanika Linga, 375 Kshatriya brahmins, 21, 53, [[115]] , 120, 121, 124, 131, [[174]] , 186, 190, 197, 215, [[341]] , 375–376, 500, 525, [[536]] , 549, 694 Kshemaraja, 376 Kubera, 13, 169, 262, 367, 376, 418, [[435]] , 539, 568, 776 Kubja, 376 Kuchela, 376 Kuchipudi, dance, 103, 146, 170, [[376]] –377, 420, 484 Kulachara, 152, 225, 377, 429 Kuladevata, 377 Kulashekhara, 29, 377 Kulke, Hermann, 534, 665 Kulu, 213, 377 Kumara, 377 Kumarapala, 377 Kumarasambhava, 336, [[377]] –378, 403 Kumarila, philosopher, 223, [[378]] –379, 438, 515, 755 Kumbhadas, 64, 145, 378 Kumbhakarna, 173, 318, 378–379, 557 Kumbhakonam, 379, 680, 685 Kumbha Mela, 15, 27, 29, 40, 69, [[81]] , 120, 124, 145, 164, 197, [[232]] , 282, 324, 379–381, 399, [[435]] –436, 452, 463, 474, 476, [[553]] , 641. See also Magh Mela Ardha Kumbha Mela, 52, [[81]] , 379 Sinhastha Mela, 651–653 Ujjain Kumbha Mela, 644, [[651]] –653 Kumhar, 381 Kunbi, 381, 424 Kundalini, 257, 278, 293, 381, 447, [[448]] , 476, 511, 583, 620, 667, [[675]] , 681. See also Tantra; Yoga Kundalini Yoga, 381–382, 645, 689, [[695]] . See also Yoga Kunti, 6, 53, 109, 204, 210, 302, [[352]] , 382, 397, 400, 456, 495, [[496]] , 582 Kurma Avatar, 382 Kurmasana, 382–383 Kurukshetra, 277, 383, 694 Kusha, 383, 388, 558 [[837]] Kushadvipa, 215, 383 Kusha grass, 320, 388 Kutichaka, 79, 383, 498 L Laghava, 244, 384 Laghima, 384, 650 Lajpat Rai, Lala, 384 Lake Manasarovar, 270 Lakshman Jhula, 385, 573 Lakshmana, 69, 76, 85, 102, 151, 171, [[174]] , 211, 317, 328, 365, [[384]] –385, 418, 425, 463, 493, [[551]] , 555, 568, 616, 649, 653, 669 Lakshmi, 25, 37, 124, 188, 200, 232, [[252]] , 360, 385–386, 412, 462, [[485]] , 486, 502, 542, 640, 645, [[696]] , 713 eight forms of, 65, 295 Lakshmi-Narayan temple, [[386]] –387 Lakshmibai, 386 Lakshmidhara, poet, 339, 386, 472 Lakulisha, 387 Lal Ded, 387 Lalitaditya, King, 387 Lalla Vakyani, 387 Lallavakyani, 387 Lalleshvari, 387 Lanka, 13, 39, 63, 173, 181, 188, 387– [[388]] , 425, 550, 557, 568, 649 Lankalakshmi, 388 Larson, Gerald, 224, 332, 520, [[536]] , 589 Lasya, dance, 388, 687 Lath, Mukund, 459 Lava, 388, 558 Lavan, Spencer, 126 The Laws of Manu (O’Flaherty/Smith), 424 Leap philosophy, 388, 408, 673. See also Philosophy Leather, 388, 563, 569, 570, 705. See also Cow [[838]]

animal skins, 58 Left-hand tantra, 389. See also Tantra Leslie, Julia, 768 Levertov, Denise, 140, 750 Levirate, 389 Life Aims of Life, 19, 189, 222, 223, [[262]] , 288, 340, 342, 443, 536, 545 Divine Life Society, 199 Stages of Life, 120, 172, 174, 189, [[192]] , 262, 423, 551, 585, 593, [[598]] , 639, 647, 658, 663–664, [[676]] , 721, 738 The Life of Eknath (Abbott), 99, [[220]] , 410 The Life of a Text (Lutgendorf), [[358]] , 564 The Life of Tukaram (Abbott), 99, [[410]] , 712 The Life and Works of Raidas (Callewaert/Friedlander), 37 Light of Truth (Prasad), 58, 179 Lila, 21, 95, 193, 315, 389, 410, 540, [[542]] , 584. See also Ras lila Limitationism, 100, 389. See also Philosophy Linga, 32, 40, 113, 117, 220, 309, [[314]] , 345, 363, 390, 391, 413, [[454]] , 473, 506, 511, 560, 606, [[635]] , 637, 660, 690, 712 bana linga, 85 bhutalingas, 115, 147, 332, [[345]] , 704 depictions, 30, 135, 402, 413 gudimallam linga, 263, 390, 509 jyotirlinga, 32, 39, 91, 110, 116, [[196]] , 247, 309, 325, 356, 363, [[402]] , 407, 413, 454, 463, 483, [[560]] , 640, 660, 712, 45432 kshanika linga, 375 mukhalinga, 447 phallic emblem, 509–510 Lingaraja Temple, 113, 390, 454Lingayat community, 29, 87, 99, [[185]] , 314, 353, 354, 390–391, [[402]] , 571, 757 Lion, 63, 391, 410. See also Animals Man-Lion avatar, 421–422 Liquor, 229, 305, 391. See also Intoxicants Living Banaras (Hertel/Humes), [[172]] , 755 Lochtefeld, James G., 452 Lohar, 391–392 Lohari, 392 Lokacharya, Pillai, 392, 694 Lokayata, 392 Lopamudra, 14, 392 Lorenzen, David, 37, 329, 349, [[387]] , 452 Lost wax casting, 392. See also Bronzes Lota, 392–393 Lothal, 263, 335, 393 Lotus, 186, 393, 408 Lotus position. See Padmasana Love of God According to Saiva Siddhanta (Dhavamony), 619 Love of God and Social Duty (Babineau), 552 Love marriage, 54, 393. See also Marriage The Love Song of the Dark Lord (Miller), 176, 250, 318, 372, 542 The Love Songs of Vidyapati (McGregor), 750 Lunar Line, 293, 393, 501, 532, [[549]] , 659 Lunar month, 393–394, 445, 471, [[489]] , 491, 612, 628, 647. See also Calendar Lutgendorf, Philip, 358, 564 M McGee, Mary, 768 McGregor, R.S., 460, 718, 750 McKean, Lise, 566, 611, 762 McLeod, W. H., 597 Madan, T. N., 20, 63, 190, 294, 471, [[530]] , 534, 535, 567, 575, 605, 773 Madhava, 395, 447, 477–478, 499, [[604]] , 686. See also Philosophers Madhima, 395, 650 Madhu, 186, 252, 395, 408 Madhurya, 378 Madhurya Bhava, 395–396, 442 Madhusudana Saraswati, 396 Madhva, 123, 145, 213, 396. See also Philosophers Madhya Pradesh, 11, 16, 93, 109, [[182]] , 255, 396, 718–719 sites, 30, 85, 346, 365–366, 414, [[418]] –419, 463 Madmaheshvar, 340, 364, [[396]] –397, 494, 577 Madri, 67, 210, 397, 400, 456, 495, [[496]] , 582 Madurai, 198, 293, 397–398, [[438]] , 470, 496, 571, 587, 630, [[685]] , 701 festivals, 151, 229 Madya, 166, 398, 492 Magh, 398, 613, 741 festivals, 29, 111, 219, 227, 229, [[318]] –319, 339–340, 398, [[432]] –433, 569–570, 583, 627 Magha, poet, 398, 403, 632 Magh Mela, 29, 227, 339, [[398]] , 398–399. See also Kumbha Mela Magic, 96, 209, 238, 253, 399, 432, [[433]] , 461, 518, 527, 557, 574, [[605]] , 622, 650, 688, 742, 747 black, 35, 152 sorcery, 80 Mahabalipuram, 399, 409, 462, [[490]] , 547, 685 Mahabharata, 2, 6, 10, 32, 33, 37, [[53]] , 65, 66, 67, 73, 82, 93, 101, [[106]] , 109, 110, 127, 138, 168, [[839172]] , 190, 194, 204, 206, 207, [[210]] , 211, 216, 219, 231, 232, [[233]] , 236, 237, 247, 276, 277, [[289]] , 296, 297, 318, 338, 339, [[352]] , 366, 367, 370, 374, 382, [[386]] , 399–401, 456, 495, 496, [[500]] , 501, 506, 514, 532, 535, [[555]] , 582, 621, 625, 628, 632, [[637]] , 645, 656, 664, 694, 729 Mahabhashya, 401–402, 497, 506 Mahabrahman, 402 Mahadeva. See Shiva Mahadevan, T. M. P., 553 Mahadeviyakka, poet, 391, 402 Mahakaleshvar, 306, 325, 402–403 Mahakali, 252, 333, 403, 408, 733 Mahakavyas, 403, 632 Mahalakshmi, 403, 403, 408, 468, [[502]] , 733 Mahamana Madan Mohan Malviya (Parmanand), 414 Mahamandaleshvar, 403–404 Mahamandapa, 404–405, 418 Mahamantra, 306, 405 Mahamaya, 405 Mahanirvani Akhara, 24, 69, 70, 96, [[268]] , 405, 474, 675 Mahant, 405, 680 Mahanubhav, 405–406, 732 Mahapataka, 96, 406 Mahapatra, 406 Mahar, 151, 407 Maharaj Ji, Guru, 266 Maharashtra, 32, 76, 79, 107, 110, [[134]] , 137, 150, 151, 168, 237, [[250]] , 263, 366, 374, 405, 407, [[565]] , 633, 636 temples, 220–221 villages, 27, 33, 181, 188, [[256]] –257, 298, 319, 495, 746 Maharashtri brahmins, 182–183, [[407]] , 491 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, [[407]] –408, 707 [[840]]

Mahasaraswati, 252, 403, 408, [[468]] , 733 Mahat, 18, 129, 224, 408, 588 Mahavakya, 17, 112, 113, 248, 408, [[519]] , 649, 691, 717 Mahavidyas, 149, 409 Mahayuga, 156, 214, 285, 338, [[409]] , 707 Mahendravarman, King, 48, 138, [[409]] , 462, 490, 530 Mahesh, 409. See also Shiva Maheshvar, 221, 409 Mahipati, 98, 99, 409–410 Mahishasura, 186, 212, 252, 403, [[410]] , 477, 648 Mahishi, 20, 410, 443 Mahishmati, 410 Mahmud of Ghazni, King, 28, 36, [[319]] , 345, 410, 660 Maithila brahmins, 410–411, [[491]] , 601 Maithuna, 166, 411, 492 Makara Sankranti, 74, 167, 239, [[351]] , 392, 398, 411, 514, 595, [[613]] , 726, 786. See also Planets Makarasana, 411 Mala, 411–412 Malabar coast, 364, 396, 412 Malamasa, 305, 412–413, 537 Malatimadhava, 108, 139, 333 Malatimadhava, 413 Mali, 413 Mallikarjuna, 39, 413, 644. See also Shiva Mallinatha, poet, 414 Malviya, Madan Mohan, 91, 414 Malwa, 93, 112, 141, 414, 439, [[548]] , 719 Mamsa, 166, 414, 492 Manas, 414–415, 588 Manasa, 415 Manasarovar, 331, 415–416 Manava Dharma Shastra, 416 Mandakini, 106Mandakini River, 26, 242, 337, 363, [[416]] , 576, 577, 719 Mandala, 416 Mandaleshvar, 403, 416–417 Mandana Mishra, 417 Mandapa, architecture, 19, 52, [[417]] –418, 453 Mandara, 418, 628 Mandir, 418 Mandodari, 24, 69, 297, 418, 569 Mandu, 418–419, 548 Mandukya Upanishad, 206, 229, [[242]] , 261, 419, 482, 714, 722 Mangal sutra, 419, 772 Mangalam, 419 Manikarnika Ghat, 91, 161, [[419]] –420 Manik Chandra, song of, 661 Manikkavachakar, poet, 420, 618 Manimegalai, 104, 420, 608, 684 Manipura chakra, 137, 420, 666. See also Chakras Manipuri, dance, 103, 146, [[420]] –421, 484 Man lila, 421 Man-Lion avatar, 421–422, [[461]] –462, 518. See also Vishnu Manmatha, 422 Mansa Devi, 422, 638 Manthara, 175, 330, 422, 555 Mantra, 9, 53, 66, 67, 80, 118, 190, [[197]] , 210, 245, 408, 422–423, [[522]] , 587, 629, 688 dvadashakshara mantra, 213 japa, 315 mahamantra, 306, 405 mulamantra, 449 prayer beads, 24, 412 Mantraraja, 423 Mantrashastra, 423 Manu, 48, 191, 228, 322, 423, 424 Manu Smrti, 190, 423–424, 434, [[461]] , 664 Manvantara, 424, 532 Maranashaucha, 62, 165, 269, [[424]] , 628 Maratha, 424, 407 Maratha Dynasty, 150, 287, 425, [[509]] , 636 Margali, 425, 685 Margashirsha, 425, 612 festivals, 96, 219, 227, 444, 725 Marglin, Frederique Apffel, 71, [[171]] , 529, 534, 781 Maricha, 425–426, 557 Marichi, sage, 40, 70, 370, 426, [[530]] , 574 Marijuana. See also Intoxicants bhang, 101–102, 287 charas, 143 Mariyammai, 426 Markandeya, sage, 25, 114, 426, 445 Markandeya Purana, 155, 186, 252, [[426]] –427, 533 Marriage. See also Women across caste, 87 adultery and, 11–12 agnipradakshinam marriage, [[15]] , 16 aprashasta marriage, 49, 69, [[127]] , 233, 488 arranged marriage, 54, 148, 185, [[291]] , 393 Arsha marriage, 54–55, 427, 523 asura marriage, 49, 68–69, [[121]] , 427 auspicious marriage, 71, 492 Brahma marriage, 69, 121–122, [[127]] , 203, 427, 523 brideprice, 127 child marriage, 16, 57, 148, 179 Daiva marriage, 165, 427, 523 dowry and, 54, 122, 127 eight classical forms, 427 gandharva marriage, 1, 49, 102, [[233]] –234, 427 hypergamous marriage, 46, 291 hypogamous marriage, 291–292 [[841]] love marriage, 54, 393 mangal sutra, 419 nudity in, 479–480 paishacha marriage, 49, [[427]] , 488 polyandry, 204, 514 polygamy, 514 prajapatya marriage, 427, [[519]] , 523 prashasta marriage, 55, 523 rakshasa marriage, 49, 427, 550 Marriage celebration, 115 Marriage ceremony, 56, 427–428, [[714]] , 772 barat, 87 Saptapadi, 601 Marriage customs, panigrahana, [[428]] , 497 Marriage prohibitions, 102, 429 Marriot, McKim, 132, 153, 287, 535 Mars, 246, 429, 486, 712, 771 Marshall, Sir John, 429 Martand, 429–430 temple, 357 Marty, Martin, 58, 517, 566 Marut, 430 Marwari, 78, 430 Masi, 430, 685 Materialist, 22, 143, 319, 373, [[395]] , 430, 464, 516, 521, 525, [[604]] , 617 Maths, 50, 64, 113, 345, 430–431, 643 Mathur, K. S., 190 Mathura, 24, 92, 112, 126, 127, 172, [[184]] , 344, 370, 410, 431, 442, [[616]] , 718 Mathurakavi, 29, 431, 459 Matrilinear succession, 303, 431, [[470]] . See also Women Matsya, 166, 431–432, 492 Matsya avatar, 432 Matsyagandhi, 432 Matsyendranath, guru, 257, 432, [[438]] , 719 [[842]]

Matter, primeval, 432 Mauni, 432 Mauni Amavasya, 227, 398, [[432]] –433 Mauritius, 261, 433 Maurya, Chandragupta, 55, 63, [[139]] , 141–142, 360, 433, 434, [[446]] , 758 family, 117 Maurya Dynasty, 55, 63, 93, 116, [[125]] , 139, 141, 197, 366, 433, [[446]] , 527, 758 May You Be the Mother of a Hundred Sons (Bumiller), 302 Maya, 12, 199, 433, 443, 461, 505, 618 Maya Devi, 433–434 Mayapur, 434, 468 Mayashiva, 434 Meat, 157, 159, 434. See also Eating Medhatithi, 434 Medicine. See Ayurveda Megasthenes, 142, 434–435 Meghaduta, 336, 403, 435, 445 Meghanada, 40, 435 Meher Baba, 435 Mehndipur, 51, 435 deities, 83 Mela, 435–436 Mélanges D’Indianisme à la Mémoire de Louis Renou (Brown), 6 Mena, 436, 503, 720 Menaka, 1, 49, 436, 621 Menstruation, 436 Merchants, 85–86 Mercury, 28, 153, 193, 246, 324, 436, [[436]] –437, 486, 564, 669, 771 Meru, 436 Metalwork. See also Bronzes lost wax casting, 128 Meter, poetry, 5, 47, 140, 146, 437 Mewar, 437, 548. See also Painting Miller, Barbara Stoller, 94, 106, [[176]] , 250, 318, 372, 542, 626Miller, David, 637 Mimamsa school, 223, 378, 456, [[477]] , 611 Mimamsa Sutras, 310, 438, [[537]] , 616 Minakshi, 151, 438 Minakshi temple, 151, 205, 229, [[294]] , 397, 470, 702 Minanath, 438 Miniature painting. See Painting Minor, Robert N., 544 Minorities, 105, 283, 439 Mirabai, poet, 249, 439–440 The Miracle Plays of Mathura (Hein), 562 Mishra, Mandana, 13, 100 Mishra, Vachaspati, 13, 100 Mishra, Vibhuti Bhushan, 674 Mitakshara, 303, 319, 429, 440, 664 Mithila, 410, 440 Mithuna, 40, 169, 440 Mitra, 13 Mitra Mishra, poet, 440–441, 472 Mitra, Sarat Chandra, 674 Mitter, Sarah, 630, 654 Mleccha, 441 Mnemonics, 441 Modes of devotion. See Devotion Moghul Dynasty, 70, 277, 287, 442 Akbar, 23, 442 Mohan, 442–443 Mohenjo-Daro, 88, 298, 335, [[393]] , 443 Mohini, 20, 410, 443 Mohini Attam, dance, 359, 443 Mohini Ekadashi, 81, 218, 227, 443 Mokashi, Digambar Balkrishna, [[496]] , 740, 765 Moksha, 5, 19, 55, 59, 60, 73, 91, [[93]] , 98, 106, 123, 132, 133, [[189]] , 222, 340, 352, 441, [[443]] –444, 510, 536, 545, 582, [[626]] , 667 Mokshada Ekadashi, 219, 227, 444 “Monastic Structure of Banarsi Dandi Sadhus” (Sawyer), 172 Monday, 444, 445, 471, 518, 640, 658 Moneylending, 85, 86, 444, 599 Monsoon, 93, 145, 161, 187, 219, [[319]] , 372, 444–445, 454, 508, [[613]] , 692 Month intercalary, 304–305, 394, [[412]] –413, 536, 685 lunar, 393–394 Moon, 27, 137, 166, 226, 246, 327, [[380]] , 445, 486, 536, 583, 635 Amavasya, 394, 659 Buddha Purnima, 81, 128 Chandrayana rite, 142 eclipse, 56, 217–218 family, 575 full moon, 230, 445, 459, 539 lunar calendar, 61, 67, 74, 227, [[304]] , 492 lunar day, 705 lunar month, 393–394, 445, 456, [[471]] , 489, 491, 612, 628, 647 new moon, 324, 445, 471, 503 Somavati Amavasya, 444 sun and, 28, 193 Moore, Charles A., 8, 13, 49, 65–66, [[214]] , 224, 332, 481, 487, 520, [[536]] , 538, 555, 589, 624, 655, [[731]] , 759 “Morality Beyond Morality” (Hawley), 463 Morari Bapu, 445 Morinis, E. Alan, 434, 468, 690, 699 Morrison, Judith, 75 Mount Girnar, 120, 176 Mount Govardhan, 248, 296, 371 Mount Kailas, 38, 134, 330–331, [[415]] , 437, 503, 635 Mount Mandara, 705, 743 Mount Meru, 14, 157, 215, [[311]] –312, 330–331, 412, 437 Mount Shrishaila, 413 [[843]] Mountain Goddess (Sax), 460 Mountains, Nanda Devi, 459–460 Mrcchakatika, 455, 528, 647 Mrtyunjaya, 309, 445 Mudra, 166, 170, 246, 277, [[445]] –446, 446, 492. See also Dance Mudrarakshasa, 446, 758 Mueller, F. Max, 446–447 Muhurta, 122, 178, 447 Mukhalinga, 447 Muktananda, Swami, 147, [[447]] , 681 Muktibai, 321, 447 Muktinath, 447, 471 Muktiyoga, 214, 447–448, 478, 687 Muladhara chakra, 137, 381, [[448]] –449, 666. See also Chakras Mulamantra, 449, 617 Muller-Ortega, Paul E., 708 Munda, 139, 187, 403, 449 Mundan, 449 Muni, 60, 449 Murali, 371, 449 Murals, 126, 294, 449. See also Painting Murari, 449 Murti, 450 Murugan, 185, 357, 360, 450, 489, [[515]] , 648, 656, 665, 680, 685, [[701]] , 703, 735 Musala, 450 Music raga, 9, 103, 439, 545 tala, 9, 103, 683 vina, 753 “Myth and Fascination in the Aiyappu Cult” (Kjaerholm), 21 The Myth of the Aryan Invasion of India (Frawley), 302 [[844]]

N Nabhadas, poet, 36, 98, 100, 409, [[451]] , 460, 511 Nacciyar Tirumoli, 38, 451, 698 Nachiketas, 359, 451–452 Nadi, 452 Naga, 15–16, 61, 71, 81, 96, 173, [[274]] , 323, 452, 454, 499, 506, [[554]] , 571, 592. See also Bairagi Naga; Dashanami Sanyasis Chatuh-Sampradayi group, 81 Chatuh-Sampradayi Nagas, 145 Dadupanthi Naga, 164 Dashanami Sanyasis and, [[15]] –16, 40, 59, 61, 69, 71, 96, [[140]] , 403, 452 Gyan Vapi battle, 268 Mahanirvani akhara, 24, 69, 70, [[96]] , 268, 405 Mandaleshvar, 416–417 Niranjani Akhara, 24, 35, 324, 474 Shaiva Nagas, 618 subgroups, 15, 24, 26, 35, 69 Surasa, 671 Naga anis, 197 Nagara style architecture, 30, 44, 51, 52, 90, [[140]] , 154, 417, 452–454 Khajuraho style, 417 Natamandira style, 390, 454, [[464]]

Nageshvar, 325, 454 Nag Panchami, 227, 454, [[613]] , 640 Nagpur, 425, 454 Nahusha, King, 14, 297, 454–455 Nai, 455 Naimisha, 455, 676 Naimittika, 638 Naimittika karma, 344, 455, 477, [[604]] , 691, 699 Naina Devi, 455, 638 The Naiskarmya Siddhi of Sri Suresvara (Alston), 673Naisthika, 135, 456 Naivedya, 456, 482, 720 Naiyayika school, 47, 223, 456 Nakshatra, 130, 151, 327, 456, 458, [[491]] , 492, 660, 685 Nakula, 67, 210, 397, 400, 456, [[495]] , 582 Nala, King, 6, 168–169, 456–457, 680 Naladiyar, 218, 457, 701 Nalayira Divyaprabandham, 457, [[459]] , 466, 704, 777 Nalayira Prabandham, 29, 200 Namakarana samskara, 147, [[457]] –458, 591 Namarupa, 458 Namaskara, 458, 720 Nambudiri brahmins, 205, 458, [[570]] , 623 Namdev, poet, 9, 36, 98, 164, 312, [[459]] , 494, 596, 708, 732 Nammalvar, poet, 29, 99, 431, [[459]] , 704 Nammalvar (Raghavan), 459 Nanak, Guru, 355, 459 Nanak Jayanti, 459 Nanda, 84, 315, 344, 371, 459, 742 Nanda Devi, 459–460 Nanda Dynasty, 142 Nanda, Serena, 132, 281 Nanddas, 64, 460 Nanddas (McGregor), 718 Nandi, 129, 460, 640 Nandigrama, 103, 460–461 Nandimath, Sivalingayya Channabasavayya, 391 Nara-Narayana, 461 Narada, 191, 461, 577 Narada smrti, 461 Narak Chaturdashi, 227, 355, 461 Narasimha avatar. See Man-Lion avatar Narasimha Jayanti, 81, 462 Narasimhavarman, 399, 530 Narasimhavarman I, 462, 490 Narasimhavarman II, 462 Narayana, 21, 367, 423, 462, 542, [[605]] , 705, 711. See also Vishnu Narayana Bhatta, scholar, [[462]] –463, 710 Narmada River, 30, 134, 142, 186, [[250]] , 270, 396, 410, 463, 482 Narsi Mehta, poet, 98, 463 Narsingh Jayanti, 227 Nasik, 52, 250, 251, 379, 463 Nasik district, 32 Nasik Mela, 463–464 Nastika, 464, 604 Natal horoscope, 246, 288, 294, [[324]] , 326, 436, 464, 513, 574, [[669]] . See Zodiac Natamandira, architecture, 390, [[454]] , 464, 484 Nataraja, 103, 128, 147, 168, 220, [[464]] –465, 635 temple, 198 Nath, 70, 466 Nathamuni, poet, 29, 99, 457, 466 Nathan, Leonard, 563 Nathdwara, 466, 540, 641, 646 Nathpanthi, 14, 59, 61, 255, [[257]] , 278, 322, 328, 347, 432, [[466]] , 466–467, 553, 672, [[719]] , 734 Nationalist Movement in India (Jaffrelot), 77 Natya, dance, 171, 467, 479 Natya shastra, 626 Natyashastra, 103, 467, 626 Navadurga, 140, 208, 467–468, 469 Navadvip, 135, 434, 468 Navaratri, 67, 112, 136, 140, 208, [[212]] , 227, 336, 455, 467, [[468]] –469, 550, 562, 613, 620 Navyanyaya school, 469–470, [[586]] , 731 Nayachandra Suri, 470 Nayak, Tirumalai, 398 Nayak Dynasty, 398, 470, 701 [[845]] Nayanars, poets, 29, 48, 134, 185, [[200]] , 260, 293, 390, 420, 470, [[490]] , 508, 553, 571, 586, 618, [[670]] , 685, 702, 728 Nayars, 431, 470 Nazar, 118, 470–471, 477, [[574]] , 773 Neither Man Nor Woman (Nanda), [[132]] , 281 Nepal, 115, 139, 196, 313, 350, 447, [[471]] , 506, 622, 654, 727 rivers, 34 temples, 506 Net of Magic (Siegel), 399 A New Face of Hinduism (Williams), 25, 681 A New History of the Marathas (Sardesai), 288 New Moon. See Moon Nibandhas, 386, 441, 462, [[471]] –472, 728, 757 Nigantha Nataputta, 472 Night, Goddess of, 472–473, 568 Nilachal Hill, 341, 473 Nilakanth, 473 Nilgiri Hills, 11, 473 Nimbarka, 61, 145, 213, 473, 542, [[592]] , 732. See also Philosophers Nimbarki group, 145, 215, 473, [[592]] , 593, 668, 732 Nirakara, 474 Niranjani Akhara, 24, 35, 324, 474 Nirguna, 12, 122, 474, 582, 596, [[605]] , 623. See also Devotion Nirikari, 474 Nirjala Ekadashi, 218, 227, 475 Nirmala, 475 Nirmala Devi, 475–476, 764 Nirmohi Ani, 476 Nirmohis, 40, 197, 232 Nirriti, 251, 263, 476 Nirukta, 140, 441, 476, 629 Nirvani, 40, 197, 232 [[846]]

Nirvani Ani, 476 Nirvikalpaka, 477, 611. See also Philosophy Nishkramana Samskara, 147, [[477]] , 591 Nishumbha, 187, 252, 477, 648 Niti Shastra, 477 Nitya, 638 Nitya karma, 12, 344, 455, 477, 604 Nityasamsarins, 214, 477–478, 687 Nivedita, Sister, 478 Nivin, Christine, et al., 39, 71, [[116]] , 250, 264, 281, 312, 354, [[357]] , 396, 407, 484, 532, 547, [[686]] , 727 Nivrttinath, 321, 478 Niyama, 65, 478 Niyati, 22, 226, 478 Niyoga, 478–479 Nrtya, dance, 171, 467, 479 Nryajana, 479, 492 Nudity, 479–480 Nyasa, 480 Nyaya school, 344, 477, 480–481, [[515]] , 528, 611, 721, 744 Nyaya Sutras, 132, 480, 481 Nyaya-Vaisheshika school, 59, 303, [[586]] , 654, 721 O Obscenity, 285, 482 Obscure Religious Cults (Dasgupta), 28, 190, 193, 257, [[437]] , 582, 669 Ocean, churning of the, 482 Offerings, 15, 66, 78, 117, 454, 482, [[523]] , 529, 579. See also Sacrifice O’Flaherty, Wendy Doniger, 341, [[352]] , 424, 589, 635 Om, 219, 230, 261, 482, 523, [[583]] , 680 Omens, 419, 482 Omkareshvar, 325, 463, 482–483“On the Road” (Karve), 496, [[740]] , 765 Onam, 93, 227, 483 Oraon, 483 Ordeal, trial by, 483–484, 654, 711 “Organized Hinduisms” (Gold), 58, [[517]]

Organs of action. See Karmendriya The Origins and Development of Classical Hinduism (Basham), 94 Orissa, 11, 63, 111, 113, 164, 238, [[369]] , 484, 533 Orissa style, architecture, 51, 146, [[154]] , 453, 629 Orissi, dance, 103, 146, 249, 420, [[464]] , 484–485 Osho, 485 Owl, 485, 603. See also Animals P Pacification of planets, See Planets Padma, 137, 231, 486, 624. See also Philosophy Padmapada, 13, 486–487, 519, 673. See also Philosophy Padmasana, 58, 487 Paduka, 487–488, 490 Padya, 488, 720 Pahari style, painting, 88, 264–265, [[312]] , 439, 488 Painting Basohli, 88, 439, 488 Bundi, 369–370, 548 Kota, 548 Mewar, 548 miniature, 88, 154, 242, [[264]] –265, 312, 346, 437, 439 murals, 126, 294 Pahari style, 88, 264–265, 312, [[439]] , 488, 547 Rajasthani style, 129, 264, 437, [[439]] , 488, 547–548 Paithan, 219, 462, 488–489 Paksha, 47, 489, 512, 524, 581 Pakudha Kacchayana, 489. See also Philosophers Pala Dynasty, 345, 489 Palani, 450, 489–490 Palanquin, 27, 181, 455, 489, 490, [[496]] , 739 Palkhi, 739 Palkhi (Mokashi), 496, 740, 765 Pallava Dynasty, 49, 104, 138, 152, [[399]] , 409, 462, 490, 496, 530, [[547]] , 685 Palm leaves, 490, 540, 676 toddy palm, 705 Pan. See Betel Pancha Dravida brahmins, 183, [[490]] –491 Pancha Gauda brahmins, 410, [[491]] , 601 Panchagavya, 158, 491 Panchagni, 689 Panchagni-tapa, 491 Panchak nakshatra, 456, 491 Panchakroshi, 727 Panchakroshi Yatra, 356, 491 Panchala, 206, 207, 491–492 Panchamahayajna, 115, 186, 479, [[492]] , 513 Panchamakara, 45, 166, 222, 335, [[391]] , 398, 411, 414, 431, 446, [[492]] , 524, 688, 736 Panchang, 492–493, 705 Pancharatra, 94, 493, 644 Panchatantra, 285, 477 Panchatantra, 493 Panchavati, 171, 463, 493 Panchayat, 493–494 Panchayatana puja, 494, 656 Panchkedar, 340, 363, 397, 494, 577 Panchvani, 164, 459, 494, 569 Panda, 31, 78–79, 245–246, 311, [[494]] –495 Pandava brothers, 53, 67, 73, 82, [[93]] , 109, 127, 168, 190, 194, [[847204]] , 206, 207, 210, 231, 232, [[247]] , 352, 360, 363, 399, 456, [[495]] , 496, 501, 514, 535, 621 Arjuna, 32, 53–54, 93, 106, 111, [[206]] , 210, 219, 234, 236, 318, [[366]] , 382, 400, 495, 501 Sahadeva, 67, 210, 397, 400, 456, [[495]] , 582, 621 Pandey, Raj Bali, 46, 148, 161, 428, [[579]] , 591, 639, 722 Pandharpur, 79, 98, 107, 151, [[495]] –496 festivals, 27 temples, 99, 181, 198, 219, 231, [[312]] , 321, 496 Pandrenthan, 356, 496 Pandu, King, 32, 33, 194, 367, 397, [[400]] , 456, 496, 582, 610, 625 Pandurang, 496 Pandya Dynasty, 152, 293, 438, 490, [[496]] –497, 587, 603, 643, 685 Pandyas, 147 Panguni, 497, 685 Pani, 497, 601 Panigrahana, 428, 497 Panini, 64, 65, 102, 140, 497, [[506]] , 595 Panth, 497–498 Pap, 498, 498, 532 Papamochani Ekadashi, 136, 218, [[227]] , 498 Papankusha Ekadashi, 67, 218, [[227]] , 498 Parakiya, 498 Paramahamsa, 79, 172, 173, 403, [[498]] –499 Paramatman, 499 Parampara, 499, 689 Parashara, sage, 499, 610 Parashara Smrti, 499, 499 Parashu, 500 Parashuram, 500 Parashuram avatar, 25, 73, 206, 237, [[311]] , 341, 353, 500–501, 571 [[848]]

Parashuram Jayanti, 81, 227, 501 Parashurameshvar Temple, 501 Parikshit, King, 162, 313, 501, 683 Parinamavada, 107, 109, 132, 213, [[501]] –502 Parivartini Ekadashi, 93, 218, [[227]] , 502 Parivrajaka, 502 Parmanand, M. A., 414 Parmananddas, 64, 502–503 Parpola, Asko, 21 Parry, Jonathan, 402 Parvana, 503, 638 Parvata Dashanamis, 173, 503. See also Dashanami Sanyasis Parvati, 96, 108, 252, 281, 434, 436, [[503]] –504, 640, 720 demons and, 38, 340 epithets, 244 Shiva and, 33, 38, 81, [[237]] , 483 Paryanka, 505 Pasha, 505, 507, 618 Pashu, 505, 507, 618 Pashupata, 14, 61, 387, 505 Pashupati, 180, 505 Pashupatinath, 363, 471, 506 Patala, 84, 506 Pataliputra, 63, 116, 141, 142, 265, [[433]] , 434, 506 Patanjali poet, 65, 401, 497, 506–507, 777 yoga, 58, 189, 196, 478, 522, 525, [[585]] , 592, 781 Yoga Sutras, 18, 65, 278, 370, [[507]] , 650, 662 Pati, 507, 618 Patita, 507 Pattadakal, 507 Pattuppattu, 507 Paush, 508, 612 festivals, 219, 227, 541, 599 Peacock, 413, 508. See also Animals Penance, 508Perception, 508. See also Philosophy Periyalvar, poet, 29, 38, 508, 760 Periya Puranam, 134, 470, 553, [[508]] –509, 703 Peshwa, 150, 509 Pey, 29, 115, 509, 515 Pfaffenberger, Bryan, 288, 358 Phalgun, 497, 509, 613. See also Calendar festivals, 30, 219, 227, 230, 273, [[285]] , 313, 637, 751 Phallic emblem, 509–510. See also Linga Philosophers. See also Sages Ajita Keshakambalin, 22, 430 Badarayana, 77, 124, 746 Bhartrprapancha, 106–107, 109 Bhashya, 107, 109 Gaudapada, 242 Gautama, 17, 70, 102, 112, 132, [[192]] , 244–245, 296, 357, 480, [[525]] , 609 Ishvarakrishna, 132, 242, 306, [[350]] , 587 Jaimini, 310, 438, 537, 616 Jayarashi, 319 Jiva Goswami, 5, 136, 258, 373 Kanada, 344, 523 Kumarila, 223, 378, 438, [[515]] , 755 Madhava, 395, 447, 477–478, [[499]] , 604, 686 Madhva, 123, 145, 213, 396 Muhsin Fani, 163, 226 Nimbarka, 61, 145, 213, 473, [[542]] , 592, 732 Padmapada, 13, 486–487, [[519]] , 673 Pakudha Kacchayana, 489 Prabhakara, 24, 47, 438, [[515]] –516, 538 Ramanuja, 94, 132, 145, 223, [[423]] , 466, 522 Sanjaya Belatthiputa, 594 Shankaracharya, 13, 14, 32, 36, [[49]] , 61, 64, 72, 77, 78, 94, 100, [[104]] , 111, 113, 122, 124, 172, [[173]] , 205, 242, 247, 260, 323, [[325]] , 341, 379, 388, 430, 458, [[464]] , 486, 503, 519, 534, 560, [[570]] , 610, 622, 623–624, 625, [[645]] , 652, 738 Shri Aurobindo, 640 Sureshvara, 13, 388, 408 Vallabhacharya, 64, 81, 143, 145, [[146]] , 151, 254, 260, 372, 460, [[466]] , 503, 539, 577, 641, 645, [[665]] , 672, 732, 735, 766 Philosophy, 132, 510, 544. See also Fallacies; Upanishads; Vedanta Abhava, 1, 55, 521, 537 Ajivika, 22, 478, 639 analogy, 35 Anekantavada, 39, 59, 133, 606 Anumana, 1, 46–47, 55, 207, [[280]] , 430, 480, 489, 508, 521, [[524]] , 537, 581 Artha, 19, 55, 106, 222, 340, 443, [[536]] , 545, 626 Arthapatti, 55, 521, 537 asatkaryavada, 39, 59, 133, 480, [[606]] , 731 causal chain, 132–133, 480, 481 causal model, 133, 480, 501, [[731]] , 767 Drshtanta, 47, 207, 280, 489, [[524]] , 581, 599, 755 Gaudiya Vaishnava school, 5, [[123]] , 135, 136, 140, 145, 258, [[306]] , 315 grammarians, 261, 662 Hetu, 47, 207, 280, 489, 581, [[721]] , 755 leap philosophy, 388, 408 limitationism, 100, 389 materialism, 22, 143, 319, 373, [[849395]] , 430, 464, 516, 521, 525, [[604]] , 617 naiyayika, 47 Nirvikalpaka, 477, 611 Padma, 137, 231, 486, 624 Prabhakara school, 59, 223, [[477]] , 611 Pramanas, 1, 13, 35, 46, 55, 430, [[480]] , 481, 508, 520–521, 525, [[537]] , 617 Pratijna, 47, 280, 489, 524, 581, [[599]] , 755 Pratyaksha, 1, 8, 24, 47, 55, 223, [[430]] , 480, 521, 537 Progress philosophy, 528 Purva Mimamsa, 1, 24 reciprocal dependence, 225, 570 reflectionism, 100, 487, 520, 570 Sapaksha, 47, 207, 599, 755 Satkaryavada, 39, 59, 133, 501 Savikalpika, 611 self-revealing knowledge, 614 Shabda, 1, 55, 430, 480, 521, [[537]] , 617, 687 six schools, 65, 242, 331, 350, [[469]] , 472, 654–655 Svaprakasha, 678 Svatahpramanya, 678–679 Tarka, 690–691 Upadana, 720–721 Upamana, 480, 521, 721, 721 vicious circle, 225, 749 Vyapti, 47, 721, 769 The Philosophy of the Grammarians (Coward/ Raja), 261 Pilgrim chatti, 144–145 dharamshala, 188–189 dindis, 198 Pilgrimage, 510, 728. See also Tirthas ascetics, 30–31 bahis, 78–79 Gayawal, 245–246 [[850]]

“Pilgrimage Centers in the Tamil Cultus of Muruktan” (Clothey), 450, 490, 680, 703 Pilgrimage in the Hindu Tradition (Morinis), 434, 468, 690, 699 Pilgrimage to Sabari (Vaidyanathan), 21 Pillar edicts, 63, 125, 152, 366, 510, [[575]] , 591. See also Inscriptions Pinaka, 510, 626 Pinda, 510, 638 Pindadan, 510 Pindara River, 26, 242, 353, 510 Pingala nadi, 452, 511, 667, 675. See also Chakras Pipa, 9, 36, 511, 553 Pipal, 511 Pippalada, sage, 511, 523 Pisacas, 181 Pitambara, 511 Pitavasana, 511 Pitha, 251, 509, 511–512 Pitr, 512 Pitrpaksha, 46, 67, 227, 295, 503, [[512]] –513, 613, 638 Pitryajna, 492, 513 Pitta, 75, 142, 350, 513, 675, 743 The Place of the Hidden Moon (Dimock), 582 Plakshadvipa, 215, 513 Planets, 246, 324, 365, 429, 436, [[444]] , 445, 492, 513–514, 545, [[608]] , 771. See also Zodiac pacification of, 486, 513 Sankranti, 411, 595 Play of Consciousness (Muktananda), 447 Pocock, David E., 294, 471, 575, 773 Poetry. See also Bhakti poetry alamkara, 276 anushtubh, 47, 437 barahmasa, 86 Braj Bhasha form, 71, 126, 202, [[282]] , 555, 641, 673, 754chaupai, 116, 146, 202, 272, [[437]] , 558 dhvani, 196 doha, 116, 202, 437, 558 kavitt, 361 Kavya, 362–363 love, 175 meter, 5, 47, 140, 146, 437 savaiya, 361, 437, 558, 610 Shatakatrayam, 106, 626 soratha, 662 Sursagar, 672, 673–674 Poets Alvars, 29–30, 37, 115, 135, 185, [[200]] , 260, 377, 431, 457, 459, [[466]] , 470, 490, 508, 515, 586, [[644]] , 685, 695, 698, 702, 703, [[704]] , 705, 728, 746 Amaru, 31–32 Andal, 29, 37–38, 451, 698 Appar, 48–49, 185, 409, 420, 470, [[587]] , 670, 702, 728 Ashtachap, 64, 151, 372, 378, [[460]] , 502, 540, 672 Bana, 85 Basavanna, 87–88, 185, 314, [[390]] , 402 Bhartrhari, 106, 261, 363, [[662]] , 719 Bhavabhuti, 108, 139, 333, [[349]] , 413 Bhutam, 29, 115, 509, 515 Campantar, 131 Cekkilar, 134–135, 470, 508, 703 Chaitanya, 5, 61, 123, 135–136, [[140]] , 145, 173, 242, 258, 306, [[361]] , 373, 395, 434, 441, 450, [[468]] , 516, 534 Chandidas, 140 Chaturbhujdas, 64, 145 Chitswami, 64, 151 Chokamela, 151–152, 407, 459, [[596]] , 732 Cuntarar, 162 Dadu, 163–164, 328, 494, 596 Eknath, 99, 107, 219–220, 488, [[596]] , 732 Gora, 256–257 Govindswami, 64, 261 Haridasa, 273 Ilangovadigal, 293, 630 Janabai, 312 Jayadeva, 9, 82, 84, 128, 175, [[249]] , 308, 318, 363, 484, 542 Jnaneshvar, 27, 98, 257, [[321]] –322, 447, 459, 478, 732 Kabir, 9, 36, 91, 98, 116, 164, [[202]] , 242, 328–329, 467, 494, [[553]] , 569, 596, 719 Kalhana, 333, 548 Kalidasa, 1, 141, 211, 265, [[335]] –336, 363, 377, 403, [[413]] , 435, 436, 445, 545, 615, [[621]] , 752 Kamalakanta, 342 Kamban, 343, 343, 558 Lakshmidhara, 339, 386, 472 Magha, 398, 403, 632 Mahadeviyakka, 391, 402 Mallinatha, 414 Manikkavachakar, 420, 618 Mirabai, 249, 439–440 Mitra Mishra, 440–441, 472 Nabhadas, 36, 98, 100, 409, 451, [[460]] , 511 Namdev, 9, 36, 98, 164, 312, 459, [[494]] , 596, 708, 732 Nammalvar, 29, 99, 431, 459, [[704]]

Narsi Mehta, 98, 463 Nathamuni, 29, 99, 457, 466 Nayanars, 29, 48, 134, 185, 200, [[260]] , 293, 390, 420, 470, 490, [[508]] , 553, 571, 586, 618, 670, [[685]] , 702, 728 Panini, 64, 65, 102, 140 Patanjali, 18, 58, 65, 189, 196, [[278]] , 370, 401, 478, 497, [[851506]] –507, 507, 522, 525, 585, [[592]] , 650, 662, 777, 781 Periyalvar, 29, 38, 508, 760 Poygai, 29, 115, 509, 515 Priyadas, 528 Purandaradas, 533 Ramananda, 61, 145, 553 Ramprasad, 91, 335, 562–563 Raskhan, 566–567 Sambandar, 48, 185, 293, 321, [[420]] , 571, 586–587, 670 Sen, 9, 614 Sundaramurtti, 49, 162, 185, [[420]] , 470, 587, 670 Tiruvalluvar, 701, 704 Tondaradippodi, 29, 705 Tukaram, 79, 99, 181, 596 Tulsidas, 23, 71, 91, 113, 146, [[202]] , 263, 272, 358, 361, 422, [[445]] , 552, 554, 555, 591, 616, [[641]] , 713, 732, 748, 754 Valmiki, 343, 422, 445, 545, 551, [[555]] , 726, 735–736 Vidyapati, 411, 750 The Poison in the Gift (Raheja), [[169]] , 294, 486, 575 Pole Star, 195, 514. See also Zodiac “Politicized Hinduism” (Jones), 283 Pollack, Sheldon, 558 Pollution, 514. See also Ashaucha Polyandry, 204, 514. See also Pandava brothers Polygamy, 514. See also Marriage Pongal, 227, 398, 514–515 Possession(s), 80, 83, 114, 127, 231, [[242]] , 243, 274, 285, 355, 360, [[415]] , 515, 527, 656, 773 Potter, Karl H., 8, 13, 24, 39, 42, 47, [[47]] –48, 59, 101, 133, 214, 223, [[280]] , 320, 470, 480, 487, 502, [[538]] , 570, 579, 607, 624, 673, [[721]] , 731, 756, 769 Poygai, poet, 29, 115, 509, 515 [[852]]

Prabhakara school, 24, 47, 59, 223, [[438]] , 477, 515–516, 538, 611. See also Philosophy Prabhu, Allama, 87 Prabhupada, A.C. Bhaktivedanta, [[306]] , 516 Prabhupada (Goswami), 516 Prabodhachandrodaya, 373, 516 Pracharak, 516–517, 565, 619, 679 Pradakshina, architecture, 331, [[453]] , 517–518, 720 Pradhana, 518 Pradosh Vrat, 518 Pradyumna, 493, 518 family, 41 Prahars, 178 Prahlada, 181, 285, 287, 462, 518 In Praise of Krishna (Dimock/Levertov), 140, 750 Prajapati, 156, 169, 254, 357, [[518]] –519 Prajapatya marriage, 427, 519. See also Marriage Prajnanam Brahman, 113, 408, 519 Prakamyam, 519, 650 Prakasha, 519, 579 Prakashatman, 519–520, 766 Prakrit, 2, 63, 520, 547 Apabhramsha, 48 Prakrti, 129, 132, 223, 306, 332, [[415]] , 432, 502, 518, 520, 536, [[579]] , 584, 587, 655 evolution, 17–18, 265 Pralaya, 25, 155, 186, 331, 426, [[520]] , 564 Pramanas, 1, 13, 35, 46, 55, 430, [[480]] , 481, 508, 520–521, [[525]] , 537, 617, 679. See also Philosophy Pramukh Swami, 25, 521, 626 Prana, 34, 48, 75, 467, 521–522, [[585]] . See also Winds Pranapratishtha, 154, 184, 522 Pranava, 522Pranayama, 65, 522, 522, 526. See also Yoga Prapatti, 522 Prapti, 522, 650 Prarthana Samaj, 522–523, 564 Prasad, 111, 305, 391, 456, 523 Prashasta marriage, 55, 523. See also Marriage Prashastapada, 523 Prashna Upanishad, 511, 523, 722 Pratihara Dynasty, 319. See also Gurjara-Pratihara Dynasty Pratijna, 47, 280, 489, 524, 581, [[599]] , 755. See also Philosophy Pratiloma, 524 Pratinidhi, 524 Pratyabhijna, 524 Pratyabhijnanahrdayam (Singh), [[519]] , 525, 580, 753 Pratyahara, 65, 525, 526 Pratyaksha, 1, 8, 24, 47, 55, 223, [[430]] , 480, 521, 525, 537, 617, [[646]] . See also Philosophy Pravahana Jaivali, 525 Pravara, 429, 525 Prayaga, 526 Prayashchitta, 11, 96, 121, 267, [[279]] , 406, 424, 441, 499, [[507]] , 526 Prayoga, 526 Pregnancy, 316, 526–527, 531, 650. See also Women Prenatal rites, 527 Prenatal samskaras, 531, 650 The Presence of Shiva (Kramrisch), 635 Presuppositions of India’s Philosophies (Potter), 24, 39, [[42]] , 47, 48, 59, 101, 133, 214, [[223]] , 280, 502, 538, 570, 579, [[607]] , 721, 756, 769 Pret, 4, 80, 83, 114, 515, 527, 599 Priest, adhvaryum, 7 Prinsep, James, 125, 527 Priyadas, poet, 528 Progress philosophy, 528. See also Philosophy Prohibition, 528 Prostitution, 171, 183, 528–529 Prthivi, 217, 251, 529 Prthu, King, 529 Puja, 498, 529–530 Pujari, 530 Pulaha, sage, 40, 70, 370, 426, [[530]] , 574 Pulakeshin II, King, 138, 409, 462, [[530]] –531 Pulastya, sage, 40, 70, 370, 426, [[530]] , 531, 574 Pumsavana, 527, 591 Pumsavana Samskara, 531 Pundit, 531 Punjab, 81, 281, 392, 489, 531–532, [[547]]

Punya, 498, 532, 699 Purana Kassapa, 533 Puranas, 95, 120, 156, 276, 386, [[441]] , 472, 532–533, 637, 646, [[656]] . See also Smrtis Dattatreya, 37, 176 Purandaradas, poet, 533 Purattasi, 533, 685 Puri, 50, 102, 136, 173, 216, 229, [[341]] , 533–534, 567, 624 temples, 82, 84, 308, 323 Puri Dashanami, 113, 534 Purification, 57 achamana, 4 Purity, 17, 21, 42, 48, 62, 71, 88, [[131]] , 153, 534–535, 581, 646, [[657]] . See also Impurity “Purity and Pollution” (Kolenda), [[63]] , 535 Purochana, 535 Purohit, 535–536 Pururavas, King, 49, 536 Purusha, 132, 223, 306, 331, 502, [[520]] , 536, 579, 584, 587, 655 [[853]] Purushartha, 189, 536 Purusha Sukta, 125, 156, 375, 518, [[536]] , 573, 647, 733 Purushottama Mas, 305, 536–537 Purva Mimamsa school, 1, 24, 47, [[49]] , 55, 59, 310, 434, 437, [[463]] , 472, 515, 521, 528, [[537]] –538, 616 Pushan, 10, 538 Pushkar, 51, 120, 539, 547 Pushkaradvipa, 215, 539 Pushpa, 539, 720 Pushpak Viman, 13, 376, 539, 595 Pushti Marg, 64, 81, 143, 145, 146, [[151]] , 254, 259, 260, 275, 372, [[378]] , 460, 466, 502, 539–540, [[566]] , 641, 646, 672, 732, 735 Pushyabhuti Dynasty, 266, 345, 540 Pustaka, 540 Putana, 371, 540 Putrada Ekadashi, 218, 219, 227, [[508]] , 540–541, 640 Puttaparthi, 541, 605 R Rabindranath Tagore (Kripalani), 682 “Rabindranath Tagore” (Tuck), 682 Radha, 87, 124, 135, 140, 143, 145, [[213]] , 249, 260, 463, 542, 545, [[582]] , 592, 665 “Radha” (Goswami), 259 Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli, 8, 13, [[49]] , 65, 214, 332, 481, 487, [[502]] , 520, 536, 538, 542–544, [[554]] –555, 588, 624, 655, [[731]] , 759 Radhashtami, 93, 227, 544 Radha Soami, 544–545, 671 Radhasoami Reality (Juergensmeyer), 545, 672 Radha Soami Satsang, 605 Radhavallabh community, 276, [[542]] , 677 Radhavallabh Sampraday, 545 [[854]]

Raga, 9, 103, 439, 545, 692, 741. See also Music Raghavan, A. Shrinivasa, 459, 704 Raghavan, V., 552 Raghu, 545 Raghuvamsha, 336, 403, 545, 622 Raheja, Gloria Goodwin, 169, 294, [[486]] , 575 Rahu, 218, 246, 327, 365, 486, [[545]] –546 Raidas, 546 Rajabhisheka, 3, 546, 548 Rajadharma, 546 Rajagrha, 546 Raja, K. Kunjunni, 261 Raja Raja, 126, 152, 546, 548, [[549]] , 687 Rajas, 224, 265, 520, 546–547, 588. See also Gunas Rajashekhara, 20, 547 Rajasimhavarman, 399, 547 Rajasthan, 16, 51, 78, 83, 121, 129, [[164]] , 183, 232, 249, 298, 318, [[369]] , 430, 435, 466, 539, 540, [[547]] , 578, 641 Rajasthani miniature painting, 88, [[414]] , 419, 437, 547–548. See also Painting Rajasuya, 546, 548, 734 Rajatarangini, 548 Rajatarangini (Kalhana), 333 Rajendra, 546, 687 Rajendra I, 152, 239, 548 Rajneesh, Bhagwan Shri, 485, [[548]] –549 Rajput, 16, 375, 422, 470, 511, 549, [[559]] , 570 Rajrajeshvar temple, 204, 449, 549 Raksha Bandhan, 227, 230, [[549]] –550, 613, 640 Rakshasa, 181, 550, 557, 568. See also Demons Rakshasa marriage, 49, 427, 550. See also MarriageRakshasis, 109, 247, 550. See also Demons Raktabija, 187, 333, 403, 550 Raktadantika, 468, 550 Ram, 328 Rama (Rama avatar), 7, 17, 69, [[74]] , 98, 151, 171, 211, 212, [[245]] , 271, 368, 379, 461, [[550]] –552, 555, 568, 616, [[653]] , 668 avatars, 318 depictions, 13, 28, 39, 102, 188 devotees, 451 family, 63, 84, 174, 181, 329, 388, [[418]] , 463, 493, 545 Hanuman and, 24 Vishnu and, 73, 389, 443 worship, 114, 563 Ramakrishna, 90, 91, 125, 168, 290, [[335]] , 552, 614, 706, 767 Ramakrishna and His Disciples (Isherwood), 552, 768 Ramakrishna Mission, 90, 478, [[552]] –553, 768 “The Ramakrishna Movement” (Williams), 553 Ramana Maharishi, 553, 704 Ramana Maharishi (Mahadevan), 553 Ramananda, poet, 9, 61, 145, 511, [[553]] , 644 Ramanandi group, 98, 215, 232, [[313]] , 451, 474, 553–554, 563, [[595]] , 644, 713 Ramanuja, 6, 94, 132, 145, 223, [[423]] , 466, 522, 553, 554, 607, [[644]] , 694, 732. See also Philosophers Ramanujan, A.K., 29, 88, 185, 391, [[402]] , 431, 459, 594 Ramavali, 555, 713 Ramayana, 5, 10, 23, 24, 33, [[39]] , 42, 54, 58, 63, 69, 71, [[74]] , 84, 102, 103, 105, 138, [[146]] , 151, 171, 173, 174, [[202]] , 211, 213, 263, 271, [[293]] , 297, 311, 317, 328, [[329]] , 343, 361, 366, 368, [[378]] –379, 387, 388, 399, [[418]] , 422, 425, 440, 461, [[463]] , 493, 514, 532, 545, [[550]] , 554, 555–558, 561, [[563]] , 568, 574, 591, 616, [[622]] , 627, 637, 649, 651, [[653]] , 656, 668, 678, 710, [[713]] , 726, 735, 748 The Ramayana Tradition in Asia (Raghavan), 552 Rambha Ekadashi, 218, 227, [[355]] , 558 Ramcharitmanas, 23, 71, 113, 146, [[202]] , 272, 358, 445, 552, 554, [[555]] , 558–559, 561, 591, 616, [[713]] , 748 Ramdev, 559 Ramdevra, 559 Rameshvar, 306, 325, 559–560 Rameshvaram, 216, 229, 387, 559, [[560]] , 685 Ramgarh, 560 Ram Janam Bhumi temple, 74, 77, [[104]] , 373, 560–561, 562 Ram Lila, 105, 213, 319, 559, [[561]] –562, 651, 678 Ramnagar, 559, 562, 562, 651 Ramnagar Ram Lila, 591, 651 Ram Navami, 136, 227, 469, [[562]] , 613 Ramprasad, poet, 91, 335, 562–563 Ram Rajya Parishad, 158, 355, 563 Ram Rasik Sampraday, 563–564, 566 Ramsnehi, 564 Ranade, Mahadev Govind, 150, [[254]] , 522, 564, 697 Rangachari, K., 644 Ranganatha, 38, 451, 554, 564, 643, [[698]] , 705. See also Vishnu Rao, P. V. Narasimha, 76 [[855]] Rao, T. A. Gopinatha, 447 Rasa, 108, 170, 335, 363, 564, 566 Rasayana, 564–565 Rasayana school, 28, 193 Rashtrakuta Dynasty, 231, 266, [[331]] , 345, 565 Rashtriya Svayamsevak Sangh, 13, [[104]] , 182, 254, 278, 283, 314, [[407]] , 439, 454, 516, 565–566, [[611]] , 619, 653, 679, 761 Rasik, 554, 566 Raskhan, poet, 566–567 Ras lila, 460, 463, 508, 567. See also Lila Rat, 183, 354, 567 Rath Yatra, 13, 61, 164, 227, 323, [[534]] , 537, 567 Rati, 568 Ratri, 568 Ravana, 13, 24, 69, 171, 173, 181, [[188]] , 212, 290, 297, 317, 343, [[387]] , 493, 539, 550, 557, [[568]] –569, 649, 653 family, 40, 63, 211, 366, 418 Ravidas, poet, 9, 36, 86, 88, 91, 100, [[164]] , 494, 528, 553, 569, 570, [[596]] , 614, 705 Ravidas Jayanti, 227, 398, 569–570 Ravidasis, 569 Rawal, 78, 458, 570 Rawat, 570 Rawson, Philip S., 22, 34, 137, 420, [[449]] , 583, 667, 676, 677, 761 Reciprocal dependence, 225, 570. See also Philosophy Reconversion, 570 Redemptive Encounters (Babb), [[121]] , 544, 605, 672 Reflectionism, 100, 487, 520, 570. See also Philosophy Reincarnation, 571 Religion in India (Madan), 20, 63, [[190]] , 294, 471, 530, 534, 535, [[567]] , 575, 605, 773 [[856]]

Religion in Modern India (Baird), [[58]] , 126, 179, 283, 307, 516, [[544]] , 553, 575, 637, 682, 768 Religious Beliefs and Practices (Mishra), 674 Religious duty. See Dharma Religious Encounters with Death (Reynolds/Waugh), 46, 601 Religious law. See Dharma; Dharma literature; Dharmashastra Religious persecution, 293, 571, 604 The Religious System of the Mahanubhav Sect (Feldhaus), 406 Renuka, 311, 571 Republic Day, 571 Reservations, 571–572 Reynolds, Frank E., 46, 601 Rg Veda, 10, 20, 69, 112, 156, 232, [[245]] , 254, 288, 289, 295, 423, [[497]] , 518, 536, 572–573, 576, [[586]] , 601, 682, 715, 737 hymns, 159–160 samhitas, 14–15 Rhythm. See Tala Right Hand Tantra, 573. See also Tantra The Rise in the Religious Significance of Rama (Whaling), 552 Rishabha, 573 Rishi, 55, 573, 574 Agastya, 13–14 Rishikesh, 199, 385, 407, 473, [[573]] –574, 636 Rishi Panchami, 93, 227, 574 Rishyashringa, sage, 174, 574 Rite of passage, 574 Rites of protection, 118, 146, 218, [[428]] , 429, 471, 477, 527, [[574]] –575, 608, 613, 712, 780 Rivers, 7 sacred rivers, 134, 250, [[298]] , 463, 603Rock edicts, 63, 125, 366, 510, 575. See also Inscriptions Rohini, 83, 166, 184, 575, 595, 660 Roles and Rituals for Hindu Women (Leslie), 768 The Roots of Ancient India (Fairservis), 88, 300 The Round Dance of Krishna and Uddhav’s Message (McGregor), 460 Rowland, Benjamin, 366 Roy, Ram Mohan, 125, 148, 575–576 The RSS and Hindu Nationalism (Jayaprasad), 566 Rta, 44, 289, 472, 576, 741 Rtvij, 536, 576 Rudra, 188, 301, 576, 577, 633, [[649]] , 722 Rudraksha, 25, 244, 412, 576 Ekmukhi Rudraksha, 219 Rudranath, 340, 494, 576–577 Rudraprayag, 26, 416, 577 Rudra sampraday, 145, 577, [[732]] , 760 Rukmini, 371, 518, 577 Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars (Bayly), 86, 444 Rupa, 136

S

Sabarmati Ashram, 263, 578 Sabarmati River, 578 Sacchidananda, 35, 578, 584, 593, [[604]] , 645, 706 Sachau, Edward, 28 Sacred ash, 578 Sacred sites, 578. See also Tirthas Sacred thread, 120, 187, 263, [[314]] , 452, 578–579, 614, 720, [[722]] , 776 Sacrifice, 7, 15, 20, 29, 33, [[122]] , 165, 323, 523, 536, [[538]] , 579, 629. See also Animal sacrifice agnishtoma, 16–17 bahiryaga, 79 blood, 341 Brahmayajna, 124 cult, 535–536 fire, 57 homa, 52, 186, 288, 526 human, 41, 108, 139, 290–291, [[335]] , 413 internal, 305 pitryajna, 513 tarpana, 228, 513, 691 Vedic origins, 16, 50, 60 Sacrificial rites, 722 Sadachara, 579, 631 Sadasatkhyati, 223, 579. See also Theory of error Sadashiva, 579–580 Sadhana, 580 Sadharana dharma, 189, 580, 593 Sadhu, 60, 580 Sadhubela, 580–581 The Sadhus of India (Gross), 61 Sadhya, 47, 581, 721 Safai, 148, 581 Sagar Island, 239 Sagar, King, 44, 58, 95, 198, 238, [[296]] , 365, 581 Sagar, Ramanand, 554, 558 Sagara, 173 Sagara Dashanami, 581–582. See also Dashanami Sanyasis Sages. See also Philosophers Agastya, 13–14, 231, 296, [[392]] , 455 Apastamba, 48, 88, 192, 339, 640 Atri, 37, 40, 70, 102, 112, 245, [[357]] , 370, 426, 530, 574 Baudhayana, 48, 88, 192, [[339]] , 640 Bhrgu, 70, 102, 112–113, 120, [[245]] , 357, 574, 581 Brhaspati, 127, 696 Dadhichi, 27, 163 [[857]] Gorakhnath, 61, 256, 257, 321, [[322]] , 347, 432, 438, 466, 478, [[719]] , 735 Hiranyakeshin, 48, 88, 284, [[339]] , 640 Jaratkaru, 37, 315–316 Kapila, 44, 95, 198, 238, 239, [[350]] , 581 Kindama, 194, 367, 496 Kratu, 40, 70, 370, 426, 530, 574 Marichi, 40, 70, 370, 426, [[530]] , 574 Markandeya, 25, 114, 426, 445 Parashara, 499, 610 Pippalada, 511, 523 Pulaha, 40, 70, 370, 426, [[530]] , 574 Pulastya, 40, 70, 370, 426, 530, [[531]] , 574 Rishyashringa, 174, 574 Sanaka, 318, 592 Sanakadi, 592 Sanandana, 592, 592 Sanatana, 189, 190, 592, [[592]] , 593 Sanatkumara, 592, 593 Vamakhepa, 690, 737 Vasishtha, 56, 70, 102, 112, 142, [[192]] , 245, 275, 308, 357, 499, [[574]] , 742 Vatsyayana, 342, 481, 528, 529, [[743]] –744 Vishvamitra, 1, 49, 70, 102, 112, [[142]] , 245, 275, 308, 357, 436, [[621]] , 710, 763 Vyasa, 33, 67, 194, 210, 233, 237, [[267]] , 360, 399, 496, 499, 610, [[676]] , 770 Yajnavalkya, 191, 315, 775 Saguna, 12, 123, 582 Sahadeva, 67, 210, 397, 400, 456, [[495]] , 582. See also Pandava brothers Sahajiya sect, 140, 582, 719 [[858]]

Sahasradalapadma, 381, [[582]] –583, 667 Sai Baba, 583, 631 Sainhikeya, 218, 365, 545, 583, 706 “Saint Gandhi” (Juergensmeyer), 236 Saints and Virtues (Hawley), 236, [[463]] , 605 Sakata Chauth, 227, 398, 583 Sakha bhava, 442, 584 Sakhi, 584 Sakshin, 106, 109, 584 Sala, 225, 584 Salmaladvipa, 215, 585 Salomon, Richard, 711 Sama Veda, 69, 369, 586, 718 Samadhi, 65, 129, 189, 196, 585, [[592]] . See also Yoga Samadhi Shrine, 27, 36, 143, 347, [[585]]

Samana, 48, 522 Samasthana, 585 Samavartana Samskara, 585, [[591]] , 658 Samavaya, 47, 303, 469, 515, 586 Sambandar, poet, 48, 185, 293, [[321]] , 420, 571, 586–587, 670 Samharakrama, 587, 641, 645 Samhitas, 14–15, 123, 587, 645, [[650]] , 675. See also Vedas Samkalpa, 188, 587, 604 Samkhya (Larson/Bhattacharya), [[224]] , 332, 520, 536 Samkhya school, 17–18, 65, 128, [[132]] , 220, 223, 265, 306, 331, [[408]] , 414–415, 432, 456, 501, [[518]] , 528, 536, 547, 554, 584, [[587]] –589, 607, 684, 721 Samkhya-Yoga school, 654 Samkhyakarikas, 242, 306, [[350]] , 587 Sampraday, 497, 589 Samsara, 1, 18, 22, 28, 73, 100, 106, [[109]] , 132, 247, 351, 389, 443, [[528]] , 589, 646Samskaras, 147–148, 262, 590–591 Annaprashana Samskara, [[43]] –44, 591 Antyeshthi Samskara, 37, 45–46, [[68]] , 116, 154, 441, 591 Chudakarana Samskara, 118, [[152]] , 225, 449, 591, 599 defined, 43, 46, 66 Jatakarma Samskara, 316, 591 Karnavedha Samskara, 354, 591 Keshanta Samskara, 364, 591 Prenatal Samskara, 591, 650 Pumsavana Samskara, 531 Samavartana Samskara, 586, [[591]] , 658 Simantonnayana Samskara, [[650]] –651 Upanayana Samskara, 303, 578, [[591]] , 721–722 Vedarambha Samskara, 591, 746 Vidyarambha Samskara, 591, [[746]] , 750 Vivaha Samskara, 591, 766 Samvad, 591–592, 651 Samyama, 196, 592 Sanaka, sage, 318, 592 Sanaka Sampraday, 145, 473, [[592]] , 732 Sanakadi, sages, 592 Sanandana, sage, 592, 592 Sanatana, sage, 189, 190, 592, [[592]] , 593 Sanatana Dharma, 592–593 Sanatana Sampraday, 593 Sanatkumara, sage, 592, 593 Sandarshana Mudra, 149, 593, 769 Sandhabhasha, 107, 593, 715, 719 Sandhi, 578, 593, 629 Sandhya, 594 Sangam, 594 Sangam Literature, 74, 450, 507, [[594]] . See also Tamil literature Sangama Dynasty. See Vijayanagar Dynasty Sanjaya, 194, 594 Sanjaya Belatthiputa, 594. See also Philosophers Sanjna, 539, 595, 667 Sankalpa, 595 Sankarshana, 84, 493, 595 Sankat Mochan, 595 Sankranti, 411, 596 Sanskrit, 595–596. See also Hindi; Tamil language alphabet, 22, 34 characteristics, 5 poetry, 27, 47, 85 Prakrit and, 48 Sanskrit Poetry (Ingalls), 27 Sant, 116, 328, 498, 511, 553, 569, [[596]] –597, 605, 708 Santal, 597 Santoshi Ma, 230, 365, 597–598. See also Goddess Santoshi Ma Vrat, 598, 723 The Sants (Schomer/McLeod), 597 Sanyasi, 61, 502, 598, 639, 663, [[724]] . See also Dashanami Sanyasi Rebellion, 35, 144, [[598]] –599 Sapaksha, 47, 207, 599, 755. See also Philosophy Saphala Ekadashi, 219, 227, [[508]] , 599 Sapinda, 599 Sapindikarana, 37, 46, 68, [[599]] –601 “Sapindikarana” (Knipe), 46, 601 Saptapadi, 16, 428, 601. See also Marriage ceremony Saptasindhu, 157, 215, 601 Sarama, 497, 601 Saraswat, 601 Saraswat brahmins, 27, 131, 242, [[410]] , 491 Saraswati, 172, 173, 252, 379, [[408]] , 540, 602–603, 741. See also Goddess [[859]] Saraswati, Dayanand Swami, 57, [[158]] , 179, 646 Saraswati Dashanamis, 64, 104, [[113]] , 603 Saraswati River, 25, 29, 134, 250, [[298]] , 335, 603, 711 Sardesai, Govind S., 288 Sarkar, Jadunath, 61, 292, 452 Sarmanochegas, 603–604 Sarvadarshanasangraha, [[395]] , 604 Sarvam idam khalu Brahman, [[408]] , 604 The Sarvangi of the Dadupanthi Rajab (Callewaert), 164, 494 The Sarvangi of Gopaldas (Callewaert), 494 Sarvasvara, 16, 604 “Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and Hinduism” (Minor), 544 Sashanka, 571, 604 Sat, 59, 578, 593, 596, 604 Satavahana Dynasty, 604–605, 651 Satguru, 605, 672 Sathya Sai Baba, 253, 541, 583, [[605]] , 631 Sati, 16, 57, 67, 81, 92, 125, 165, [[179]] , 283, 303, 324, 336, 337, [[473]] , 503, 575, 605–606, 620, [[690]] , 692, 772 Satkaryavada, 39, 59, 133, 501, [[607]] –608, 767. See also Philosophy Satkhyati, 223, 607. See also Theory of error Satsang, 99, 340, 358, 368, 440, [[544]] , 596, 607–608 Sattan, 608 Sattva, 224, 265, 520, 546, 588, 608. See also Gunas Saturday, 608, 609, 771 Saturn, 246, 338, 486, 608–609, 771 Satya, 67 Satyabhama, 609 [[860]]

Satyagraha, 609, 662. See also Gandhi, Mohandas Satyakama, 609 Satyanarayan Vrat, 609 Satyavan, 609, 612 Satyavati, 32, 110, 194, 399, 432, [[496]] , 499, 597, 610, 749 Saumya, 247, 610 Saundaryalahari, 610 Savaiya, 361, 437, 611 Savarkar, Vinayak D., 150, 236, 253, [[279]] , 283, 610–611 Savikalpika, 611. See also Philosophy Savitr, 611–612 Savitri, 612 Savitri Puja, 227, 612 Sawyer, Dana, 172 Sax, William, 460 Sayana, scholar, 612 Schomer, Karine, 597 Science and Society in Ancient India (Chattopadhyaya), 143, 675 Sculpture, 128, 331, 399, 489, 612 erotic, 346 Seasons, 75, 340, 410, 439, 444, [[454]] , 463, 514, 545, 576, [[612]] –613. See also Monsoon The Secret of the Three Cities (Brooks), 45, 117, 166, 381, [[411]] , 414, 423, 432, 446, 492, [[524]] , 583, 587, 593, 641, 645, [[667]] , 676, 689 Seed syllable, 613. See also Bijakshara Seely, Clinton, 563 Self-Residence, 225, 303, 570, 613, [[749]] . See also Fallacies Self-Revealing Knowledge, 614. See also Philosophy Self-Validating Knowledge, 614 Semen, 13, 28, 48, 60, 135, 153, 193, [[355]] , 374, 436, 505, 614, 655, [[669]] , 689, 724, 734Sen, poet, 9, 614 Sen, Keshub Chander, 125, 552, 614 Sena Dynasty, 489, 614–615 Setubandha, 615 Seva, 605, 615 Sevagram, 615–616 Seven sacred cities, 273, 345, 356, [[402]] –403, 420, 616, 719 Shabara, 616 Shabarabhashya, 616 Shabari, 616 Shabari Malai, 20, 364, 410, [[616]] –617, 628 Shabda, 1, 55, 430, 480, 521, 537, [[617]] , 687. See also Philosophy Shabdabrahman, 617 Shachi, 617 Shaddarshana, 617 Shaiva, 617–618 Shaiva Nagas, 618. See also Naga Shaiva Sanyasis, 13, 14, 27, 61, 73, [[185]] , 293, 349, 412, 413, 466, [[590]] , 618 Shaiva Siddhanta, 185, 420, [[450]] , 505, 507, 508, 618–619, [[680]] , 685 Shakadvipa, 215, 619. See also Dvipas Shaka era, 130, 619 Shakata, 619 Shakhas, 182, 516, 565, [[619]] , 679 Shakra, 620 Shakta, 620 Shakti, 34, 52, 75, 117, 153, 193, [[381]] , 467, 511, 518, 519, 576, [[580]] , 583, 620, 665 Shakti Pithas, 67, 252, 283, 290, [[324]] , 336, 341, 415–416, 422, [[455]] , 473, 512, 539, 606, 620, [[690]] , 753 Shakti and Shakta (Avalon), 22, 34, [[45]] , 166, 381, 411, 414, 420, [[423]] , 432, 446, 448, 492, 583, [[676]] , 677, 689, 761 Shakumbhari Devi, 468, 620–621, [[626]] , 638 Shakuni, 232, 400, 621 Shakuntala, 1, 49, 102, 210, 211, [[234]] , 436, 621 Shalagram, 33–34, 40, 51, 78, 295, [[447]] , 622, 679, 713, 714. See also Ammonite; Shiva; Vishnu Shamans, Mystics, and Doctors (Kakar), 80, 83, 114, 153, 272, [[435]] , 476, 483, 515, 527, 544, [[672]] , 773 Shambhu, 622 Shamvuka, 622 Shankara, 622–623 Shankaracharya, 13, 14, 32, 36, [[49]] , 61, 64, 72, 77, 78, 94, [[100]] , 104, 111, 113, 122, [[124]] , 172, 173, 205, 242, [[247]] , 260, 323, 325, 341, [[379]] , 388, 430, 458, 464, [[486]] , 503, 519, 534, 560, [[570]] , 611, 622, 623–624, [[625]] , 645, 652, 738. See also Philosophers Shankaracharyas, 407, 417, [[561]] , 624 Shankaradigvijaya, 32, 624 Shankha, 137, 231, 486, 624–625 Shanta, 584 Shanta bhava, 441, 625 Shantanu, King, 32, 110, 194, 360, [[399]] , 496, 610, 625 Shantiniketan, 625, 682 Sharada Math, 64, 216, 229, [[260]] , 264, 325, 368, 431, [[625]] –626, 643 Sharma, Arvind, 179 Sharva, 626 Shastra, 467, 626 Shastri Narayanswarupdas Swami, 626 Shatakatrayam, poetry, 106, 626 [[861]] Shatakshi, 626 Shatapatha Brahmana, 20, 123, [[626]] –627, 752, 772 Shatrughna, 174, 555, 627, 669 Shattila Ekadashi, 219, 227, 398, [[627]]

Shaving, 118, 225, 269, 617, [[627]] –628, 640. See also Hair Shea, David, 163 Shesha, 36, 37, 83, 119, 155, 157, [[187]] , 454, 462, 502, 520, 564, [[628]] , 643, 759 Shibi, 628 Shikhandi, 32, 111, 628–629, 664 Shikhara, architecture, 19, 90, 183, [[453]] , 507, 629 Shiksha, 140, 476, 629 Shilappadigaram, 104, 293, 420, [[608]] , 630, 684 Shilpa Shastra, 128, 626, 630–631 Shinn, Larry, 307 Shipra River, 631, 718 Shirdi, 631 Shirdi Sai Baba, 583, 605, [[631]] , 631. See also Sathya Sai Baba Shishtachara, 579, 631 Shishupala, 398, 577, 632 Shishupala-Vadha, 632 Shishupalavadha, 398, 403 Shishya, 266, 632 Shitala, 415, 632, 656 Shitalashtami, 81, 227, 613, 632, [[632]] –633 Shiv Sena, 159, 283, 407, 633 Shiva, 13, 20, 33, 73, 106, 108, [[119]] , 131, 153, 165, 349, [[355]] , 381, 444, 505, 511, [[518]] , 519, 576, 583, [[633]] –635, 665, 680, 710. See also Linga aniconic images, 30 avatars, 366 [[862]]

depictions, 26, 28, 32, 34, 52, [[81]] , 96, 102, 110, 128, 129, [[135]] , 170, 180, 182, 188, [[196]] , 207, 209, 219, 247, [[325]] , 366, 375, 397, 439, [[447]] , 454, 576, 728 devotees, 13, 14, 15, 24, 26–27, [[29]] , 35, 36, 48, 59, 61, 64, [[69]] , 70, 71, 78, 87, 90, 111, [[140]] , 185, 192, 316, 332, [[387]] , 420, 432, 474, 499, [[503]] , 579, 586 epithets, 66, 112, 115, 269, 273, [[306]] , 409, 445, 466, 473, 505, [[622]] –623, 623, 626, 670 family, 151, 237, 340, 378, 443, [[450]] , 489, 503, 508, 633–635, [[655]] , 692, 720 jyotirlingas, 32, 39, 91, 110, 116, [[196]] , 247, 309, 325, 356, 363, [[402]] , 407, 413, 454, 463 manifestations, 464–465, [[482]] , 559 ornaments, 113, 263, 500, [[509]] , 510, 578, 595, 648, 668, [[679]] , 687 sacred sites, 30–31, 39, 73, [[90]] –91, 116, 147, 330–331, 494 Shakti and, 22, 333, 411 temples, 113, 161, 202, 220–221, [[241]] , 254, 270, 289, 345, [[356]] –357, 363–364, 410, 496, [[501]] , 506, 549, 660, 690, 695, [[704]] , 705 vehicle, 129, 460 worship, 3, 37, 85, 95, 117, 233, [[244]] , 314, 346, 349, 374, 376, [[402]] , 407, 470, 509, 518, 524, [[579]] , 640, 644, 658, 659, 708, [[746]] –747 Shiva (O’Flaherty), 635 Shiva Purana, 96, 244, 436, 533, [[558]] , 637, 713 Shivaga-Sindamani, 635–636, 684Shivaji, 425, 633, 636 Shivananda, Swami, 149, 199, 385, [[636]] –637 Shivaratri, 101, 110, 182, 207, 227, [[262]] , 272, 324, 413, 509, 613, [[637]]

Shiwalik goddesses, 252, 281, 324, [[422]] , 455, 620, 637–638, 679. See also Goddess Shiwalik Hills, 88, 139, 149, 155, [[273]] , 488, 638 deities, 422, 455 sites, 264–265, 312, 336, 439 Shraddhanand, Swami, 639 Shraddhas, 30, 46, 80, 245, 503, [[510]] , 638–639, 661, 699 ekoddishta, 46, 220, 503, 638 Shramana, 60, 639, 664 Shrauta Sutras, 48, 88, 102, 191, [[192]] , 639–640, 669 Shravan, 182, 444, 613, 628, 640 festivals, 218, 227, 230, 343, 380, [[454]] , 540, 549, 640, 713 pilgrimage, 30, 455 Shravan Vrat, 227, 640, 640 Shri, 640 Shri Aurobindo, 640. See also Ghose, Aurobindo; Philosophers Shri Guru Granth Sahib, 8 Shri Sampraday group, 145, [[643]] –644, 732 Shrichakra, 117, 587, 640–641, 645, [[689]] , 778. See also Chakra Shrichandra, 641, 717 Shrikrishnavali, 641, 713 Shrinathji, 259, 466, 641–642 Shringeri, 624, 642 Shringeri Math, 104, 113, 229, 260, [[325]] , 341, 354, 431, 534, 603, [[642]] , 643 Shrirangam, 38, 205, 451, 554, 564, [[643]] , 698, 701, 705 Shrirangapatnam, 134, 354, 643 Shrishaila, 644 Shrivaishnava school, 30, 200, 260, [[392]] , 423, 457, 466, 493, 522, [[553]] , 554, 644–645, 685, 693, [[728]] , 732, 747, 777 Shrivatsa, 113, 645 Shrividya, 645 Shrividya school, 117, 587, 640. See also Tantra Shriyantra, 645 Shrutashravas, 645 Shruti, 123, 461, 499, 532, 572, 637, [[645]] , 656 Shuddadvaita, 539, 645–646 Shuddhi, 57, 179, 646 Shudraka, 445, 647 Shudras, 15, 27, 33, 121, 131, 174, [[179]] , 396, 499, 536, 551, 591, [[622]] , 647, 733, 740, 746. See also Brahmins; Caste Shuka, 143, 647 Shuka Sampraday, 647 Shukla Paksha, 130, 489, 647 Shukra, 230, 647 Shula, 648 Shulman, Dean David, 438 Shumbha, 187, 252, 477, 648–649 Shurpanakha, 171, 211, 385, 418, [[425]] , 551, 557, 568, 649, 710 Shvetaketu, 525, 649, 691, 717 Shvetashvatara Upanishad, 98, [[301]] , 576, 623, 626, 633, [[649]] –650 Shyam, 650 Si-yu-ki (Beal), 290 Siddha, 650 Siddha yoga, 147. See also Yoga Siddhapith, 650 Siddhasana, 650 Siddhi, 40, 306, 343, 384, 395, 399, [[408]] , 522, 650, 688, 742 Siegel, Lee, 32, 399 Sikh, 532 scripture, 8–9 [[863]] Simantonnayana, 527, 591 Simantonnayana Samskara, [[650]] –651 Simhakarna, 651 Simuka, 651 Sin, Ajamila, 21 Singer, Milton, 287, 372 Singh, Gobind, 8–9 Singh, Ishvari Prasad Narayan, [[562]] , 651 Singh, Jaideva, 519, 525, 580, 753 Singh, Shukdev, 116, 329, 593, 720 Singh, Udit Narayan, 562, 651 Sinhastha Mela, 651–653 Sita, 39, 63, 76, 84, 102, 151, 171, [[271]] , 312, 313, 328, 388, 418, [[440]] , 463, 493, 555, 560, 563, [[569]] , 616, 653–654 Sitamarhi, 654 Siva (O’Flaherty), 341 Six schools, 65, 242, 331, 350, 469, [[472]] , 654–655. See also Philosophy Skanda, 185, 288, 346, 355, 374, [[377]] , 379, 450, 474, 489, 505, [[508]] , 620, 648, 655–656, 665, [[680]] , 703, 735 Smallpox, 656 Smara, 656 Smarana, 656 Smarta, 656 Smarta brahmins, 494 Smith, Brian K., 424 Smrti, 339, 360, 499, 637, 656, [[656]] –657. See also Puranas Manu Smrti, 190, 423–424 narada smrti, 461 Snana, 3, 6, 17, 27, 29, 30, 40, 62, [[81]] , 88, 127, 145, 150, 246, [[392]] , 411, 539, 573, 657–658, [[689]] , 720 kapalamochana, 96, 121, 349 Snataka, 658 Solah Somvar Vrat, 444, 658 [[864]]

Solar Line, 58, 293, 393, 532, 545, [[550]] , 581, 659 Soma, 16, 295, 393, 572, 659, 741 “Soma and Amonita Muscaria” (Brough), 659 Soma (Wasson), 659 Somavati, 394 Somavati Amavasya, 444, 471, 659 Someshvara, 306 Someshvara I, 659–660 Somnath, 444, 445, 660 Somnath temple, 166, 325, 410 Sonar, 660–661 Song of Manik Chandra, 661 Songs of Kabir from the Adigranth (Dass), 329 Songs of the Saints of India (Hawley/Juergensmeyer), [[329]] , 440, 569, 673, 674, 713 The Song of Manik Chandra, 255 Sons, 3, 10, 11, 14, 37, 58, 79, 577, [[581]] , 661–662 Sopashraya, 662 Soratha, poetry, 662 Sorcery. See also Magic baiga, 80 A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy (Radhakrishnan/Moore), [[8]] , 13, 49, 65–66, 214, 224, [[332]] , 481, 487, 502, 520, [[536]] , 538, 555, 589, 624, [[655]] , 731, 759 South Africa, 578, 662. See also Diaspora populations South Asian Religion and Society (Parpola/Hansen), 21 Space, 115, 220, 662. See also Elements Speaking of Siva (Ramanujan), 29, [[88]] , 185, 391, 402 “Special Time, Special Power” (Stanley), 366 Sphota, 662 “Sramanas” (Jaini), 61, 639Sri Lanka, 152, 154, 196, 343, 357, [[449]] , 515, 560, 662–663 The Sri Vaisnava Brahmans (Rangachari), 644 Stages of Life. See Life. Stanley, John M., 366 Steya, 229, 406, 507, 664 Sthala Murti, 664, 726 Sthunakarna, 629, 664 Stories of Indian Saints (Abbott/ Godbole), 98, 257, 312, 322, [[409]] –410, 459, 614 Stotra, 569 Stridhan, 664 Stridharma, 190, 664–665 Subhadra, 2, 82, 164, 308, 534, 567, 665 Subodhini, 665 Subrahmanya, 665 Subtle body, 22, 28, 34, 137, 257, 278, [[283]] , 293, 293, 381, 420, 448, [[452]] , 467, 475, 487, 489, 511, [[582]] , 635, 665–667, 669, 675, [[677]] , 679, 680, 681, 695, 734 Suchi Hasta, 667 Sudama, 376, 667 Sudarshana, 33, 137, 667–668 Sudarshana Sampraday, 668 Sugriva, 84, 271, 311, 551, 557, 668 Suicide, 252, 276, 319, 337, 347, [[538]] , 606, 668 mass, 318, 567 religious, 16, 26, 30, 165, 188, [[323]] , 604, 659 Sulfur, 28, 153, 193, 437, 668–669. See also Elements Sulva Sutras, 640, 669 Sumantra, 669 Sumati, 58, 365, 581, 669 Sumitra, 174, 384, 574, 627, 669 Sun, 15, 37, 74, 83, 167, 226, 245, [[380]] , 486, 511, 538, 583, 619, [[659]] , 669–670, 726, 771. See also Surya depiction, 30, 111, 246, 327, 611 eclipse, 217–218, 383, 527, [[545]] , 574 family, 6, 67, 539 moon and, 28, 193 Sundaramurtti, poet, 49, 162, 185, [[420]] , 470, 587, 670 Sundareshvara, 670 Sunday, 518, 670 Sun temple, 238, 369, 454, 484, 671 Suparna, 671 Superhuman powers, 519, 671. See also Divine powers Surapana, 229, 406, 507, 671. See also Intoxicants Suras, 181 Surasa, 671 Surat-Shabd-Yoga, 544, 671–672. See also Yoga Surdas, 64, 672–673 Surdas (Hawley), 674, 682 Sureshvara, 13, 388, 408, 673. See also Philosophers Sursagar, poetry, 672, 673–674 Surya, 10, 61, 67, 293, 612, 656, [[674]] , 767. See also Sun Suryaprakasha, 675 Suryavarman, King II, 40, 675 Sushruta, 354, 675 Sushruta Samhita, 75, 142, 675. See also Ayurveda Sushumna, 381, 452, 667, 675. See also Chakras Suta, 676 Sutakashaucha, 62, 78, 118, 458, [[570]] , 676 Sutra, 65, 490, 676 Svadharma, 189, 546, 580, 589, [[593]] , 676–677 Svadhishthana chakra, 137, 677 Svadhyaya, 677 Svakiya, 498, 677 Svaprakasha, 678. See also Philosophy Svarup, 372, 678 [[865]] Svastika, 678 Svastikasana, 678 Svatahpramanya, 678–679. See also Philosophy Svayambhu, 34, 119, 155, 336, 363, [[447]] , 679 Svayambhu images, 30, 51, 85, 450, [[455]] , 679, 690 Svayamsevaks, 565, 619, 679–680 Svayamvara, 168, 456, 680 “Swami Dayananda Saraswati” (Sharma), 179 Swami Malai, 450, 680 Swaminarayan sect, 25, 120, 521, [[626]] , 680–681 The Sword and the Flute (Kinsley), [[193]] , 335, 372, 389, 563 SYDA (Siddha Yoga Dham America), 681

T

Tad Ekam, 159–160, 682 Tagore, Radindranath, 125, 144, [[625]] , 682 Tagore Jayanti, 682 Tahqiq ma li’l-Hind, 28 Tai, 682–683, 685 Takshaka, 313, 501, 683 Tala, 9, 103, 683 Talikota, 270, 373, 684, 751 Tamas, 224, 265, 520, 546, 588, [[684]] . See also Gunas Tamil calendar, 8, 19, 40, 72, 151, [[425]] , 430, 497, 533 Tamil months, 685 Tamil year, 729 Tamil epics, 684 Tamil language, 29, 37, 48, 115, [[185]] , 205, 377, 431, 451, [[457]] , 459, 470, 508, 515, [[586]] , 644, 670, 684–685, [[698]] , 704, 732. See also Dravidian language Tamil literature, 218, 457, 635–636 [[866]]

Sangam literature, 74, 450, 507, [[594]] , 684 Tamil Literature (Zvelebil), 115, [[377]] , 431, 459, 508, 515, 702, [[703]] , 704, 705 Tamil months, 685 Tamil Nadu, 38, 40, 103, 115, 133, [[136]] , 147, 152, 170, 229, 239, 263, [[289]] , 348, 379, 397, 399, 473, 489, [[496]] , 546, 559, 565, 594, 633, [[685]] –686, 687, 703, 746 deities, 20, 450 Tamil poetry, 420. See also Poetry Tamil Temple Myths (Shulman), 438 Tamil year, 729 Tamoyoga, 214, 478, 686–687 Tandava, dance, 687 Tanjore, 103, 126, 134, 152, 239, [[379]] , 449, 548, 549, 680, 685, [[687]] , 695 Tanka, 687 Tanmatras, 18, 22, 34, 137, 220, [[224]] , 381, 415, 583, 588, 666, [[687]] –688 Tantra, 3, 35, 52, 96, 107, 149, 197, [[333]] , 342, 391, 398, 448, 480, [[492]] , 505, 518, 519, 524, 529, [[582]] , 610, 635, 667, 677, [[688]] –689, 695, 736, 773. See also Chakras; Kundalini; Yantra; Yoga antaryaga, 44 asceticism and, 45 bahiryaga, 79 bijakshara, 116–117 bindu, 117 dakshinachara, 166 dhyanashloka, 196 initiation, 6 kundalini, 257, 278 left-hand tantra, 389 Maithuna, 166, 411 Mandala, 416 Matsya, 166, 431–432Right Hand Tantra, 573 Sadashiva, 579–580 Samharakrama, 587 Sandhabhasha, 107, 593, 715 Shabdabrahman, 617 Shrividya, 645 Shrividya school, 117, 587, 640 subtle body, 22, 28, 34, 137, 257, [[278]] , 283, 293, 293, 381, 420, [[448]] , 452, 467, 475, 487, 489, [[511]] , 582, 635, 665–667, 669, [[675]] , 677, 679, 680, 681, 695, [[734]]

Trika Shaivism, 3, 376, 524, 579 Vimarsha, 519, 579, 753 worship, 44 The Tantric Tradition (Bharati), 45, [[116]] , 166, 381, 411, 414, 423, [[432]] , 446, 492, 524, 593, 667, [[676]] , 689 Tantrika, 688, 689 Tapas, 60, 135, 192, 461, 491, [[526]] , 577, 629, 689, 742. See also Asceticism Taraka, 340, 378, 503, 655, [[689]] –690, 709. See also Demons Tarakeshvar, 192, 690 Tarapith, 690 Tarjini Hasta, dance, 690 Tarka, 690–691. See also Philosophy Tarpana, 228, 513, 691 Tat Tvam Asi, 408, 649, 691, 717 Teej, 93, 692. See also Kajari Teej Telegu, 38, 39, 205, 347, 376, 473 Teli, 692 Temple cars, 693 Temple, R. C., 387 Tengalai school, 261, 644, [[693]] –694, 728, 747 Thakur, 694 Thandai, 101, 694 Thanesar, 277, 410, 694 Thanjavur, 694 Tharpar, Romila, 302 The Theology of Ramanuja (Carman), 555, 645, 759 The Theories of Error in Indian Philosophy (Kar), 24, 42, 47, [[223]] , 607, 755–756 Theory of error. See Error, theories of sadasatkhyati, 579 Satkhyati, 223, 607 Thief castes, 695. See also Caste Thirteen Principal Upanishads (Hume), 723 Thiruvaiyaru, 685, 695 Thoreau, Henry David, 695 Three debts, See Debts [[3]] HO/Sikh Dharma Brotherhood, [[695]] –696, 783 Three Sanskrit Plays (Coulson), 2, [[413]] , 446, 758 Thugs, 333, 696 Thursday, 696–697 Tiger, 301, 391, 697. See also Animals Tiger’s milk, 20 Tika, 97, 549, 697 Tilak, 697 Tilak, Bal Gangadhar, 150, 237, [[254]] , 697–698 Time, 698. See also Cosmic time Tirruppavai, 38, 451, 698 Tirtha Dashanamis, 64, 104, [[603]] , 699 Tirtha Shraddha, 699 Tirthas, 26, 51, 89, 105, 169, 172, [[173]] , 261, 468, 532, 573, [[578]] , 638, 656, 698–699. See also Pilgrimage Baijnath, 80–81 Benares, 90–91 bhutalingas, 115 Kailas, 330–331 Pushti Marg, 81 [[867]] Rishikesh, 573–574 Tirthayatra, 526, 699–700 Tiruchendur, 450, 700–701 Tiruchirappalli, 134, 643, 685, 701 Tirukkural, 218, 457, 701, 704 Tirumalai Devasthanam, 702–703 Tirumalai Nayak, King, 229, 470, [[701]] –702 Tirumalisai, 29, 702 Tirumangai, 29, 695, 702 Tirunavukkarashu, 702 Tirupati, 702 sites, 39, 83, 332 Tiruppan, 29, 703 Tirupparankunram, 703 Tiruttani, 450, 703 Tiruttontar Puranam, 703 Tiruvachakam, 420, 704 Tiruvalluvar, poet, 701, 704 Tiruvannamalai, 115, 553, 704 Tiruvaymoli, 459, 704 Tiruvayur, 704–705 Tithi, 705 Toddy Palm, 705. See also Palm leaves Tondaradippodi, poet, 29, 705 Tool worship, 774 Tortoise avatar, 218, 418, 705–706, [[743]] . See also Vishnu Tota Puri, 706–707 Traditions of Indian Classical Dance (Khokar), 104, 146, [[171]] , 359, 377, 421, 443, 485 “Traditions of Non-Caste Hinduism” (Lorenzen), 329 Transaction and Meaning (Kapferer), 132, 153, 535 Transcendental Meditation, [[407]] –408, 707 Trees Akshaya Vata, 25–26, 29 Ashoka Tree, 63 Ashvattha fig, 66 bilva tree, 90, 117 [[868]]

dvipas, 215 “wishing tree,” 339 Treta yuga, 25, 156, 214, 338, [[409]] , 707 The Triadic Heart of Siva (Muller- Ortega), 708 Tribhanga, dance, 707–708 Tridosha, 513, 708 Trika Shaivism, 3, 376, 524, 579, [[708]] , 753 Trilochan, 9, 36, 708 Trimbak, 32, 708, 711 Trimurti, 119, 708 Tripathi, Gaya Charan, 534, 665 Triphala, 709 Tripundra, 709, 748 Tripura, 709 Tripurari, 28, 709–710 Trishanku, 710, 742 Trishiras, 710 Trishul, 75, 648, 710 Tristhalisetu, 710–711 Triveni, 29, 603, 711 Trivikrama, 711 Triyuginarayan, 196, 711 Trnavarta, 371, 711 Troyer, Anthony, 163 Truth act of truth, 5–6, 168, 457, 711 power of truth, 483, 609, 711 Tryambakeshvar, 32, 325, 407, 708, [[711]] –712 Tuck, Donald R., 682 Tuesday, 608, 712, 771 Tukaram, 712, 732 poet, 79, 99, 181, 596 Tulsi, 25, 712–713, 714 Tulsi Saheb, 544 Tulsi Vivah, 227, 355, 713–714 Tulsidas. See also Hindi; Poetry poet, 23, 71, 91, 113, 146, 202, [[263]] , 272, 358, 361, 422, 445, [[552]] , 554, 555, 591, 616, 641, [[713]] , 732, 748, 754Tulsidas Jayanti, 227, 640, 713 Tumari, 714 Tungabhadra River, 374, 659, 714 Tungnath, 340, 364, 494, 577, 714 Turiya, 419, 714–715 Tvashtr, 10, 715 Twice-born, 715. See Brahmin Twilight Language, 715 Tyag, 716 Tyagis, 554

U

Udana, 48, 522, 585, 717. See also Wind Udasi ascetics, 61, 475, 580, 641, 717 Udayagiri, 119, 396, 717 Uddalaka Aruni, 649, 717 Uddhava, 112, 371, 460, 717–718 Udgatr, 7, 122, 576, 718 Udupi, 396, 718 Ugrasena, 718 Ujjain, 52, 266, 379, 380, 402, 414, [[488]] , 616, 718–719 Kumbha Mela, 644 Nasik Mela, 463–464 Ukhimath, 397, 719 Ulatbamsi, 719–720 Uma, 221, 563, 720 Underworld, 84 Unspoken Words (Falk/Gross), 118 Untouchables, 647, 710, 720. See also Adivasi communities; Caste Upacharas, 4, 46, 51, 53, 59, 71, [[196]] , 198, 456, 482, 488, 517, [[539]] , 658, 720, 742 Upadana, 720–721. See also Philosophy Upadhi, 280, 721 Upadhyaya, Ganga Prasad, 58, 179 Upamana, 480, 521, 721, 721. See also Philosophy Upanayana, 197, 215 Upanayana Samskara, 303, 578, [[591]] , 721–722 Upanishads, 12, 17, 21, 22, 34, 69, [[71]] , 74, 77, 93, 122, 123, 124, [[448]] , 474, 519, 552, 553, 573, [[575]] , 582, 587, 589, 645, 646, [[691]] , 722–723. See also Vedas Brhadaranyaka Upanishad, [[21]] , 50, 126, 141, 226, 253, [[315]] , 722 Chandogya Upanishad, 141, [[226]] , 253, 525, 609, 649, 691, [[717]] , 722 Isha Upanishad, 123, 305–306, [[627]] , 722 Katha Upanishad, 123, 359, 451, [[584]] , 722 Kena Upanishad, 364, 722 Mahavakyas, 17, 112, 113, [[248]] , 408 Mandukya Upanishad, 206, 229, [[242]] , 261, 419, 482, 714, 722 Prashna Upanishad, 511, [[523]] , 722 Shvetashvatara Upanishad, 98, [[301]] , 576, 623, 626, 633, [[649]] –650 Upasaka, 723 Upasana, 723 Upavasa, 4, 21, 30, 37, 87, 192, 498, [[526]] , 627, 689, 723 Upendra, 723 Upside-Down Language, 723 Urdhvabahu, 723–724 Urdhvapundra, 709, 724 Urdhvaretas, 724–725 Urushringa, architecture, 453, 725 Urvashi, 49, 536, 725 Ushas, 251, 472, 725 Utkala Brahmins, 242, 410, 491, [[601]] , 725 Utkutikasana, 725–726 Utpanna Ekadashi, 219, 227, 726 Utsava Murti, 664, 726 Uttar Pradesh, 70, 71, 74, 112, 115, [[239]] , 491, 727 [[869]] sites, 77, 80–81, 90, 102, 184, [[241]] –242, 265–266, 455, 638 villages, 87, 127, 182, 265–266, 562 Uttara Mimamsa, 726 Uttararamacharita, 726 Uttarayana, 74, 130, 156, 167, 411, [[514]] , 726–727 Uttarkashi, 96, 242, 727

V

Vachaspati Mishra, 728 Vadagalai school, 261, 644, 693, [[728]] , 747 Vagish, 728 Vaidyanath, 81, 116, 182, 347, 640, [[728]] –729 Vaidyanathan, Kunissery Ramakrishnaier, 21 Vaijayanti Shakti, 247, 729 Vaikasi, 685, 729 Vaikuntha, 21, 241, 632, 729, 751 Vaishali, 21, 729 Vaisheshika school, 132, 456, 480, [[729]] –730 Vaisheshika Sutras, 344, 523 Vaishnava community, 13, 30, 61, [[64]] , 73, 94, 128, 143, 146, 213, [[215]] , 254, 308, 373, 420–421, [[493]] , 509, 516, 537, 544, [[731]] –733 sects, 81, 405, 474 “Vaishnava Tilakas” (Entwistle), 724 Vaishno Devi, 312, 638, 733 Vaishya brahmins, 115, 120, 121, [[124]] , 174, 186, 197, 215, 536, [[733]] –734 Vaishya varna, 85 Vaitarani, 734 Vajapeya, 734 Vajra, 734 Vajreshvari Devi, 346, 638, 734. See also Goddess Vajroli mudra, 467, 734–735 Vakataka Dynasty, 735 [[870]]

Vallabhacharya, 64, 81, 143, 145, [[146]] , 151, 254, 260, 372, 460, [[466]] , 503, 539, 577, 641, 645, [[665]] , 672, 732, 735, 766 Vallabhite, 735 Valli, 186, 358, 735 Valmiki, poet, 343, 422, 445, 545, [[551]] , 555, 726, 735–736 Valmiki Jayanti, 67, 227, 736 Vamachara, 166, 414, 431, 446, [[492]] , 524, 573, 736–737 Vamakhepa, sage, 690, 737 Vamana, 711 Vamana avatar, 10, 87, 647, 737. See also Vishnu van Buitenen, J. A. B., 155, 157, 533, [[552]]

van der Veer, Peter, 61, 74, 554, [[564]] , 644, 699 Vana, 173 Vana Dashanami, 737–738 Vanamalin, 738 Vanaprastha, 262, 598, 663, [[738]] –739 Varada Hasta, 739 Varaha avatar, 739 Varanasi, 90, 739. See also Benares Varkari Panth, 1, 27, 79, 98, 99, 107, [[151]] , 181, 198, 219, 231, 256, [[312]] , 321, 407, 409, 447, 459, [[495]] , 596, 614, 732, 739–740 Varna, 125, 131, 189, 375, 573, 720, [[740]] –741 Varna dharma, 593 Varnashrama Dharma, 741 Varuna, 10, 13, 207, 236, 262, 289, [[572]] , 576, 741 Vasant Panchami, 227, 398, [[741]] –742 Vashitvam, 650, 742 Vasishtha, sage, 56, 70, 102, 112, [[142]] , 192, 245, 275, 308, 357, [[499]] , 574, 742 Vastra, 720, 742Vastradhari, 742 Vasudeva, 83, 184, 315, 370, 742, [[743]] , 783 Vasuki, 316, 452, 705, 743 Vata, 25, 75, 142, 350, 513, 675, 743 Vatsalya bhava, 83, 442, 743 Vatsyayana, sage, 342, 481, 528, [[529]] , 743–744 Vaudeville, Charlotte, 86, 329 Vayu, 42, 83, 109, 262, 271, 495, [[744]] . See also Wind Veda, 13, 17, 30, 74, 744 Vedangas, 140, 325, 476, 629, [[744]] –745, 769 Kalpa, 339 Vedanta, 77, 124, 537, 544, 554, [[588]] , 726, 745. See also Advaita Vedanta; Philosophy Dvaitadvaita Vedanta, 213 Dvaita Vedanta, 213–214 Vedanta Deshika, 745 Vedanta school, 456 Vedanta Society, 745–746 Vedanta Sutras, 77, 623, 746 Vedarambha samskara, 591, 746 Vedas, 7, 7–8, 10, 12–13, 16, 18, [[36]] , 41, 44, 48, 49, 50, 56, 57, [[60]] , 69, 77, 113, 191, 386, [[438]] , 441, 449, 464, 472, 515, [[518]] , 526, 532, 537, 538, 548, [[576]] , 578, 582, 604, 612, 637, [[646]] , 656, 657, 715, 722, 741. See also Rg Veda; Upanishads Atharva Veda, 36, 69, 399, 511, 768 Black Yajur Veda, 48, 88, [[118]] , 339 cosmology, 44 hymns, 159–160 Sama Veda, 69, 369, 586, 718 Samhita, 14–15, 123, 587 White Yajur Veda, 118, 771–772 Yajur Veda, 7, 69, 113, 123, 573, [[626]] , 776 Vedic Aryans and the Origins of Civilization (Frawley), 302 Vegetarianism, 149, 163, 164, 198, [[199]] , 746. See also Eating Vellala, 740, 746 Velur, 247, 746–747 Vena, 747 Venkateshvara, 83, 747, 753 temples, 39, 702 Venu, 747 Venus, 230, 246, 251, 324, 486, [[748]] , 771. See also Goddess; Planets Veshara style, architecture, 51, [[747]] –748 Vetala, 181, 748 Vibhishana, 181, 557, 748 Vibhuti, 578, 709, 724, 748–749 Vichitravirya, King, 32, 33, 111, [[194]] , 496, 610, 625, 628, 749 Vicious circle, 225, 749. See also Philosophy Victory to the Mother (Erndl), 139, [[149]] , 325, 455, 638, 733 Vidhi, 749 Vidura, 289, 535, 749 Vidyadhara, 749 Vidyapati, poet, 411, 750 Vidyarambha samskara, 591, 746, 750 Vighneshvar, 750 Vihara, 19, 750–751 Vijaya, 65, 172, 318, 751 Vijaya Dashami, 751 Vijaya Ekadashi, 219, 227, 509, 751 Vijayanagar Dynasty, 353, 373, 470, [[497]] , 643, 684, 701, 751 Vijnaneshvara, 440, 751–752 Vikram Era, 130, 719, 752 Vikramaditya, King, 336, 403, 507, [[719]] , 752 Vikramorvashiya, 336, 752 Village deities, 20, 41, 80, 118, 206, [[515]] , 530, 752–753 Vimana, 753 [[871]] Vimarsha, 519, 579, 753 Vina, 65, 461, 602, 753–754. See also Music; Raga Vinata, 329, 683, 754 Vinaya Patrika, 272, 713, 754 Vindhya Mountains, 11, 14, [[30]] , 109, 180, 255, 396, 560, [[565]] , 754 Vindhyavasini, 754, 755–756. See also Goddess Vipaksha, 47, 207, 755 Viparitakhyati, 223, 379, 516, [[755]] –756 Vira, 756 Virabhadra, 92, 165, 347, 606, 756 Viragal, 280, 756 Viraha, 86, 756 Viramamunivar, 757 Viramitrodaya, 440, 472 Viramitrodaya, 757 Virasana, 757. See also Yoga Virashaiva, 757 Virata, 110, 757 Visarjana, 720, 757 Vishakhadatta, 446, 758 Vishishthadvaita Vedanta school, [[132]] , 223, 501, 554, 607, 644, [[694]] , 721, 745, 758–759. See also Vedanta Vishnu, 14, 20, 37, 85, 108, 113, [[131]] , 209, 290, 325, 357, 502, [[537]] , 545, 563, 583, 632, 734, [[759]] –760 avatars, 10, 25, 30, 72–73, 73, [[82]] , 87, 119, 128, 175, 176, [[181]] , 182, 184, 192, 206, 217, [[218]] , 228, 228–229, 237, 249, [[269]] , 273, 284, 290, 308, 311, [[318]] , 323, 338, 341, 382, [[421]] –422, 424, 432, 443, [[461]] –462, 500, 501, 521, [[550]] –552, 555, 562, 571, 653, [[705]] –706, 717, 737 Brahma and, 408, 520 [[872]]

depictions, 34, 61, 81, 84, 102, [[145]] , 155, 156–157, 175, 231, [[232]] , 245, 351, 360, 367, 389, [[443]] , 461, 533 deities and, 36, 39, 78, 119, 318 devotees, 13, 21, 25, 29, 30, 33, [[59]] , 115, 197, 232, 241, 275, [[296]] –297, 316, 392, 431, 452, [[457]] , 459, 473, 493, 515, 518, [[522]] , 533, 545, 564, 577, 582, [[584]] , 592, 644, 680, 698, 704, [[722]] –725, 731–733, 777 epithets, 5, 273, 462, 671 family, 38, 217, 395, 412 festivals, 4, 37, 541, 609, 714 Krishna and, 38, 73, 267, 370 objects, 154, 243, 365, 454, 486, [[500]] , 595, 624–625, 628, 645, [[667]]

religious texts, 13, 423 shalagram, 33–34, 40, 51, 78, [[295]] , 447, 622, 679 temples, 447, 643, 701 worship, 24, 25, 61, 81, 82, 87, [[94]] , 218, 242, 267, 295, 318, [[344]] , 345, 443, 444, 470, 475, [[498]] , 502, 509, 552, 558, 600, [[627]] , 751 Vishnuchittar, 760 Vishnu Purana, 533 Vishnu Purana, 760 Vishnu’s chakra, 622, 624, 667 Vishnuswami, 577, 760–761 Vishnuswami group, 61, 145, 215 Vishuddha Chakra, 137, 666, 761. See also Chakras Vishva Hindu Parishad, 11, 74, 76, [[82]] , 149, 158, 159, 283, 373, [[560]] , 566, 646, 653, 761–762 Vishvakarma, 137, 309, 539, 595, [[667]] , 715, 762–763 Vishvamitra sage, 49, 70, 102, 245, 275, 357, [[436]] , 621, 710, 763family, 1, 112, 142, 308 Vishvanath, 70, 91, 265, 325, [[763]] –764 Vishva Nirmala Dharam, 475, 764 Vishvanath temple, 73, 90, 267, [[268]] , 365, 373 “The Vishva Hindu Parishad and the Roots of Hindu Militancy” (Lochtefeld), 452 Vishvedevas, 764 Vismaya Hasta, 764–765 Vital winds, 765. See also Wind Vithoba, 27, 79, 98, 110, 181, 407, [[753]] , 765 devotees, 27 epithets, 496 worship, 1, 99, 107, 151, 198, [[219]] , 231, 256, 312, 321, 409, [[447]] , 459, 478, 488, 495, 596, [[614]] , 739 Vitthala, 765 Vitthalnath, philosopher, 64, 145, [[146]] , 151, 254, 260, 372, 460, [[503]] , 540, 766 Vivaha Samskara, 591, 766 Vivarana Advaita, 766 Vivarana school, 486, 519 Vivartavada, 133, 502, 588, 767 Vivasvan, 767 Vivekananda, Swami, 71, 90, 478, [[552]] , 745, 767–768, 774 Vraj, 768 Vrat, 356, 658, 723, 768 Vratya, 60, 768 Vrindavan, 768 Vrtra, 768 Vyakarana, 476, 629, 769 Vyakhyana mudra, 140, 149, [[593]] , 769 Vyana, 48, 522, 585, 769. See also Wind Vyapti, 47, 721, 769. See also Philosophy Vyas, 769–770 Vyasa, sage, 33, 67, 194, 210, 233, [[237]] , 267, 360, 399, 496, 499, [[610]] , 676, 770

W

Wadley, Susan S., 768 Warrier, Gopi, 75 “Warrior Ascetics in Indian History” (Lorenzen), 452 Wasson, R.G., 659 Water, 3, 22, 53, 79, 115, 217, 220, [[452]] , 640, 662, 677, 771. See also Elements abstinence, 475 dropsy, 207 offerings, 228 ordeal, 483 purification, 4, 62, 347, 455 Waugh, Earle H., 46, 601 Weapon worship, 774 Wednesday, 771 Week, 771. See also Calendar West Bengal, 35, 39, 115, 135, 146, [[239]] , 597, 625, 682, 690, 771 West Indies, 771 Whaling, Frank, 552 White, David Gordon, 28, 193, 437, [[565]] , 669 White Yajur Veda, 118, 771–772 Widow, 160, 179, 303, 575, [[772]] –773. See also Sati; Women inauspicious, 574 levirate, 389 niyoga, 478–479 remarriage, 57, 522, 564 Williams, George M., 553 Williams, Raymond Brady, 25, 681 Wind, 22, 34, 75, 142, 161, 217, 220, [[467]] , 586, 662, 717, 773. See also Elements; Vayu Wind-god, 83 Wirz, Paul, 288, 358 Witchcraft, 118, 428, 527, 574, 773 [[873]] Wives of the God-King (Marglin), [[71]] , 171, 529, 781 Women, 86, 97, 99, 190, 287, 299, [[518]] , 520, 607, 630, 650, 773. See also Daughters; Goddess; Marriage; Suicide abortion, 3, 227–228 adultery affecting, 11–12, 229, [[406]] , 507 assumptions about, 2, 17, 33, 386 bhakti, 79 celestial, 27, 150 child widows, 148 childhood rites, 591 devadasis, 104, 171, 183–184 divorce, 200 dowry death, 203–204 equality for, 57, 74, 107, 121, [[178]] , 303, 342–343, 360, 478 festivals, 277, 612, 696 as gift, 169, 177, 203 joking relationships, 322 menstruation, 436 ordeal, 483 palace quarters, 44, 127 poet-saints, 37 powers of, 6, 24, 67, 74, 597–598 pregnancy, 316, 526–527, [[531]] , 650 prostitution, 171, 183, 528–529 quarters, 44 religious duty, 190, 664–665 restrictions upon, 4–5, 61, 218, [[291]] , 410, 419, 427–428, 617 vows, 355–356 Women in India (Jacobson/Wadley), 768 The Wonder That Was India (Basham), 119 Woodroffe, Sir John, 773–774. See also Avalon, Arthur The Word of Lalla (Temple), 387 World of the Fathers, 776 World Parliament of Religions, 767, 774 [[874]]

Worship, 44, 305, 535, 657, 774. See also Snana of tools, 774 of weapons, 774 Wulff, Donna, 259, 403, 654

Y

Yadav, K. C., 179 Yadava, 775 Yadunandana, 775 Yajamana, 311, 775 Yajna, 115, 124, 186, 492, 586, 775 Yajnavalkya, sage, 191, 315, 775 Yajnavalkya Smrti, 440, 751, 775, 776 Yajnopavit, 776 Yajur Veda, 7, 69, 113, 123, 573, 626, 776 Yaksas (Coomaraswamy), 776 Yaksha, 435, 629, 664, 776 Yakshi, 197 Yama, 18, 65, 167, 191, 262, 332, [[351]] , 354, 426, 445, 461, 612, [[734]] , 776–777 Yamuna River, 25–26, 29, 95, 126, [[127]] , 134, 150, 188, 239, 250, [[269]] , 297, 337, 398, 567, 594, [[631]] , 711, 718, 777–778 Yamunacharya, 466, 777 Yamunotri, 25, 78, 242, 363, 778 Yantra, 117, 640, 689, 778. See also Tantra Yashoda, 84, 92, 169, 315, 344, 371, [[459]] , 742, 778 Yaska, grammarian, 441, 476, [[778]] –779 Yathakhyati, 779 Yati, 60, 779 Yatra, 491, 779 Yatri, 780 Yayati, 780 Year, 619, 780. See also Calendar calendar, 56, 130–131 intercalary month, 304–305, [[394]] , 412–413, 536, 685 lunar, 61lunar month, 393–394, 445, 471, [[489]] , 491, 612–613, 628, 647 Yellamma, 780–781 Yocum, Glenn, 420, 594, 704 Yoga, 22, 99, 123, 132, 149, 193, 256, [[283]] , 328, 329, 522, 553, 588, 636, [[667]] , 675, 677, 695, 781. See also Chakras; Tantra Ananda Marga Yoga Society, 35 asanas, 58–59, 695 ascetic, 70 ashtanga yoga, 65, 189, 478, [[525]] , 585, 592 dhyana, 196 Gorakhnath, 257 hatha yoga, 28, 60, 278, 436, [[467]] , 475, 695, 734 kundalini yoga, 381–382 Kurmasana, 382–383 muktiyoga, 214, 447–448 padmasana, 58, 487 Sahasradalapadma, 381, [[582]] –583 Samasthana, 585 Samkhya-Yoga school, 654 siddha yoga, 147, 447 Surat-Shabd-Yoga, 544, 671–672 SYDA, 681 tamoyogas, 214 Utkutikasana, 725–726 Virasana, 757 Yoga mudra, 782 Yoga schools, 456 Yoga Sutras, 18, 65, 93, 172, 278, [[332]] , 370, 382, 505, 507, 650, [[662]] , 677, 678, 725, 782 Yogananda, Paramahamsa, 782 Yoganidra, 186, 331, 395, 782 Yogi, 782–783 Yogi Bhajan, 695, 783 Yogi, Maharishi Mahesh, 407–408 Yogini Ekadashi, 61, 218, 227, 783 Yogmaya, 468, 783–784 Yoni, 784 Yudhishthira, 54, 110, 127, 190, [[204]] , 208, 210, 211, 232, 374, [[382]] , 400, 495, 501, 621, [[784]] –785 epithets, 190–191 Yuga, 155, 180, 214, 338, 785. See also Kalpa

Z

Zelliot, Eleanor, 152, 220 Zodiac, 10, 52, 130, 151, 167, [[325]] –327, 456, 458, 537, 660, [[669]] , 685, 786 Sankranti, 411, 595 Zvelebil, Kamil, 115, 377, 431, [[459]] , 508, 509, 515, 702, 703, [[704]] , 705