08 Noun Stem Strength; Noun Stems in-अन्; अनद्यतनभूते लङ्, The Imperfect; उपसर्ग-s (Upasarga-s)
8.0
8.1
All the noun stems introduced thus far have ended in vowels. This is not the case, however, with all nouns. Several classes of nouns have stems with consonant finals. These stems (and some vowel stems—see below, 10.0), unlike the nouns so far learned, have a distinction of stem strength.
Noun Stem Strength
a. Of पुंलिङ्ग and स्त्रीलिङ्ग stems, the only strong forms are प्रथमा विभक्ति, एकवचन, द्विवचन, and बहुवचन. The rest are weaker. Some stems further distinguish, among the weaker forms, a weak and a weakest, depending upon whether the inflectional ending begins with a consonant (weak) or a vowel (weakest).
b. Of नपुंसकलिङ्ग stems, only the प्रथमा and द्वितीया बहुवचन are strong. If the stem distinguishes degree of weakness, the प्रथमा and द्वितीया एकवचन are weak while the same cases of the face are the weakest. Other cases are, as usual, the same as the corresponding is stems.
Noun Stems in -अन् (-an)
An important class of consonant stems ends in -अन् (-an). These stems are all पुंलिङ्ग or नपुंसकलिङ्ग. Try to learn these nouns in both stem and nominative singular form. If only the first is leamed, you will not know the gender; if only the second, you are apt to forget the stem ending and confuse the nouns with those of the -अ (-a) or -आ (-a) classes.
Strength in-अन् (-an)
Stems The strong forms show the last vowel of the stem as - आ (-ā), the weak as - अ (-a), and the weakest as Ø (i.e., the vowel is lost). The difference in the degree of the strong-weak distinction has to do with the place of accentual strength at an earlier stage of the language.+++(5)+++ This also accounts for the strength in the present system. This type of accentuation is absent in classical Sanskrit, although its effects are clearly seen. In dealing with this class of nouns, it is wise to learn the paradigms of the important items thoroughly. As an aid to memory, however, keep in mind a short sentence incorporating the instrumental singular form of each item. This case shows the weakest form if there is one. For practical purposes keep in mind that stems whose second consonant is part of a conjunct (e.g., आत्मन् (ātman), कर्मन् [karman]) show the strong/weak alternation while others (e.g., राजन् [rājan] नामन् [nāman]) show the strong/weak/ weakest alternation. Examples:
राज्ञा विना राज्यं नश्यति । rājñā vinā rājyam naśyati. (Without a king, the kingdom perishes.)
कर्मणा विना न कश्चन जीवति । karmaņā vinā na kaścana jīvati. (Nobody lives without karma.)
आत्मनात्मानं जानाति पण्डितः । ātmanātmānam jānāti panditaḥ (The wise man knows the Self by means of the Self.)
अयोध्यायां राजा वर्तते दशरथो नाम्ना । ayodhyāyām rājā vartate daśaratho nāmnā. (There is a king in Ayodhyā, Dasaratha by name.)
8.4
Typical Case Endings
Note the case endings of these nouns. Although these and other stems are statistically outnumbered by the -अ (-a) and - आ (-ā) classes, these endings are really the typical" ones for each case. This is especially important to note in the एकवचन weak cases. The proper endings then, for consonant and many vowel stems are: तृतीया_आ चतुर्थी—ए पञ्चमी—अः षष्ठी-अः सप्तमी—इ Memorize these endings as quickly as possible. +++(एषां चारु प्रदर्शनम् अत्र ।)+++
Paradigms of -अन् (-an) stems
a. i. पुंलिङ्ग; आत्मन् (ātman—the soul, self) (strong/weak)
| पुंलिङ्ग(masculine) | एक° (singular) | द्वि° (dual) | बहु° (plural) |
|---|---|---|---|
| प्रथमा (nominative) | आत्मा | आत्मानौ | आत्मानः |
| द्वितीया (accusative) | आत्मानम् | आत्मानौ | आत्मनः |
| तृतीया (instrumental) | आत्मना | आत्मभ्याम् | आत्मभिः |
| चतुर्थी (dative) | आत्मने | आत्मभ्याम् | आत्मभ्यः |
| पञ्चमी (ablative) | आत्मनः | आत्मभ्याम् | आत्मभ्यः |
| षष्ठी (genitive) | आत्मनः | आत्मनोः | आत्मनाम् |
| सप्तमी (locative) | आत्मनि | आत्मनोः | आत्मसु |
| सम्बोधन (vocative) | आत्मन् | आत्मानौ | आत्मानः |
ii. पुंलिङ्ग; राजन् (rajan-king) (strong/weak/weakest)
| पुंलिङ्ग(masculine) | एक° (singular) | द्वि° (dual) | बहु° (plural) |
|---|---|---|---|
| प्रथमा (nominative) | राजा | राजानौ | राजानः |
| द्वितीया (accusative) | राजानम् | राजानौ | राज्ञः |
| तृतीया (instrumental) | राज्ञा | राजभ्याम् | राजभिः |
| चतुर्थी (dative) | राज्ञे | राजभ्याम् | राजभ्यः |
| पञ्चमी (ablative) | राज्ञः | राजभ्याम् | राजभ्यः |
| षष्ठी (genitive) | राज्ञः | राज्ञोः | राज्ञाम् |
| सप्तमी (locative) | राज्ञि / राजनि | राज्ञोः | राजसु |
| सम्बोधन (vocative) | राजन् | राजानौ | राजानः |
b. i. नपुंसकलिङ्ग; कर्मन् (karman-action) (strong/weak)
| नपुंसकलिङ्ग(neuter) | एक° (singular) | द्वि° (dual) | बहु° (plural) |
|---|---|---|---|
| प्रथमा (nominative) | कर्म | कर्मणी | कर्माणि |
| द्वितीया (accusative) | कर्म | कर्मणी | कर्माणि |
| तृतीया (instrumental) | कर्मणा | कर्मभ्याम् | कर्मभिः |
| चतुर्थी (dative) | कर्मणे | कर्मभ्याम् | कर्मभ्यः |
| पञ्चमी (ablative) | कर्मणः | कर्मभ्याम् | कर्मभ्यः |
| षष्ठी (genitive) | कर्मणः | कर्मणोः | कर्मणाम् |
| सप्तमी (locative) | कर्मणि | कर्मणोः | कर्मसु |
| सम्बोधन (vocative) | कर्मन् / कर्म | कर्मणी | कर्माणि |
ii. नपुंसकलिङ्ग, नामन् (nāman-name) (strong/weak/weakest)
| नपुंसकलिङ्ग(neuter) | एक° (singular) | द्वि° (dual) | बहु° (plural) |
|---|---|---|---|
| प्रथमा (nominative) | नाम | नामनी / नाम्नी | नामानि |
| द्वितीया (accusative) | नाम | नामनी / नाम्नी | नामानि |
| तृतीया (instrumental) | नाम्ना | नामभ्याम् | नामभिः |
| चतुर्थी (dative) | नाम्ने | नामभ्याम् | नामभ्यः |
| पञ्चमी (ablative) | नाम्नः | नामभ्याम् | नामभ्यः |
| षष्ठी (genitive) | नाम्नः | नाम्नोः | नाम्नाम् |
| सप्तमी (locative) | नाम्नि / नामनि | नाम्नोः | नामसु |
| सम्बोधन (vocative) | नामन् / नाम | नामनी / नाम्नि | नामानि |
अनद्यतनभूते लङ्
(Anadyatanabhūte Lan); The Imperfect This is one of the several verbal (and nominal-verbal) forms used to indicate preterite or “past” time in Sanskrit. All of these forms are best translated as “simple past" tenses in En glish. Keep clearly in mind that terms like “imperfect” have been given by Western grammarians as classifiers on the basis of parallels with grammars of classical languages. They do not indicate anything with regard to the “aspect” or degree of duration or repetition of the action or state suggested by a ver bal root. Even the Sanskrit name 3AERAYA (past time prior to today) serves now only as a classifier. The form is by no means actually restricted in its application as the name would sug gest. The 5 is formed mechanically from the present stems of the previous lesson. Once these are learned, the 35 is quite simple and so has the virtue of greatly expanding your ability to use the language with a minimum of new memorization. Formation of the लङ् The 5 is formed from the appropriate present stems by two simple steps: 1. A preterite augment: the syllable 37 (a) is prefixed to the
stem. This augment, or 31714 (āgama), which is used with some other past tenses, is peculiar phonologically in that it combines with root initial vowels to form the art of the initial instead of the expected (3.7) M. Example:
8.7
8.8
Vi (2P) (go)
- 3 a (augment)+ i (weak stem) → ai (weak stem of 5)
- To the appropriate stems (strong or weak as at 7.10.1)
are directly suffixed the appropriate “secondary” endings.
143
8.9
The Secondary Endings for the लङ् (lan) are:
प्रथम
एक
त् -t स्
परस्मैपद
आत्मनेपद द्वि बहु | एक द्वि बहु ताम् अन् / उः | त आताम् अन्त / अत / रन् -tam -an/uh | -ta -atam -anta/ata/ran
तम्
थाः आथाम् ध्वम् -tam
-thah -atham -dhvam व म । इ/ए वहि महि -va __-ma | -i/e -vahi -mahi
मध्यम
उत्तम
अम् -am
8.10
It is evident that they are often closely related to the “primary” endings but are shorter or lighter. The उत्तम° एक° आतत्मनेपद ending 5 (i) regularly combines with the 31 (a) of a preceding गण sign to form ए (e). “अ” गण-s For the “a” गण-s the situation is quite simple and regular. Root प्रथम एक लट् प्रथम एक लङ् Meaning भू भवति
अभवत् Vbhū bhavati abhavat he was
अगच्छत agacchat
he went
गम् गच्छति Vgam gacchati
मन् मन्यते Vman manyate
अमन्यत
amanyata
he thought
कुप् Vkup
कुप्यति kupyati
अकुप्यत् akupyat
he was angry
Rules for adding the terminations are the same as those given at 4.22 above. The प्रथम बहु परस्मैपद takes the ending -अन् (-an). The प्रथम बहु आत्मनेपद takes the ending -अन्त (-anta).
144
Before these endings, and before the 3714°° RH4 ending -37 (-am), the 37 (a) of the Tu signs is lost. 371/7837 (agacchan) they went 31467 (abhavan) they were 31964 (avadam) I said 374PIR (amanyanta) they thought
8.11
“Non-3710-(gana-s) The “non-37” Tu-s are also generally regular, but there are a few points that require mention. a. The third, 5,- takes the ending 3: (uh) in 979°E 4 6. Before this ending the final vowel of the stem is subject to
. Examples: हु अजुहोत्
अजुहुताम् Vhu → ajuhot (he offered), ajuhutām (those two offered),
अजुहवुः but ajuhavuḥ (they offered).
b.
The seventh, 54, is quite regular, but note that the प्रथम° and मध्यम° of the strong forms present what appear to be anomalous endings because of the fact that their stem final consonants form, with the single consonants of the endings, conjuncts that must be resolved (see 3.25.f) by the loss of what are, here, the actual endings. Examples: Fl (Vbhuj-eat) (7P)
प्रथम
मध्यम (374 ) ► 374757 (377) → 37776 (abhunakt) → abhunak (abhunaks) → abhunak
The important root 376 (be) inserts the vowel $ (1) be tween the stem and the endings a (t) and (s) of the 5 yielding 3 ht: (āsiņ—you were) and the enormously com mon narrative tal (āsit—he, she, it was; or there was).
145
Example: आसीद्राजा दशरथो नाम । राज्ञो राज्ये बहवो मुनय आसन् । āsīd rājā daśaratho nāma. rājño rājye bahavo munaya āsan. (There was a king by the name of Dasaratha. There were many sages in the king’s realm.)
8.12
8.13
3440f-s (Upasarga-s): Verbal Prefixes 341-s, or verbal prefixes, are one of a number of factors ac counting for the flexibility and richness of Sanskrit. The use of these simple, easily memorized prefixes greatly enhances the connotative power of the various verbal roots without any thing like the mental effort that would be required to memorize wholly different verbs for each meaning.
The 3441-s function basically in three ways, although these func tions frequently overlap and are not consistent for all 3421-s or even for the same one with different roots. Wemay classify their function as: a. pleonastic: This is the case in which the prefixation of an
34701 does not substantially alter the basic meaning of a verbal root. Example: 34 +374 → 345978 = a upa + Vlabh (1Ā) (obtain) → upalabhate = labhate (gain, obtain, acquire)
analytic: Here the 34481 has a particular semantic value of its own, by which it modifies or qualifies the meaning of a verbal root. Example:
अव +तु → अवतरति ava (down) + VtỊ (1P) (cross) → avatarati (he descends)
c. idiomatic: Here the combination of an 341 and a root
yields a meaning not clearly related to either.
146
Examples: 319 + 374 → 34tofa ava (down) + Vgam (1P) (go) → avagacchati (he understands)
अनु + ज्ञा → अनुजानाति anu (after) + Vjñā (9P) (know) ► anujānāti (he permits)
8.14
In any given case, the same combination of 34671 and verbal root may be used in any of these three ways. The context and usage must always be considered. Examples: 379 +374 → 37 tofa ava (down) + Vgam (go) → avagacchati—(a) he understands; (b) he goes down
34 + 4 → 34947 upa + Vlabh (obtain) → upalabhate-(a) he obtains; (b) he leams, knows
8.15 The following is a list of the major 348–s with their basic
meanings. Examples are provided of their nominal analytic
use and in some case, of important idiomatic usages. Basic Meanings “Analytic Examples” “Idiomatic” Examples
3ifa (ati-beyond, V24 (1P) (step) exceeding, अतिक्रामति surpassing) (he oversteps,
transgresses) (irregular length of 31 (a)]
VTCL (1P) (jump, fly) अतिपतति (he skips over)
147
| “Analytic Examples” | “Idiomatic” Examples
अधि (adhi over, IVF (8P) (do) superiority) अधिकरोति
(he appoints, authorizes)
गम् (1P) (go) अधिगच्छति (he attains)
अनु (anu-after, successive, following)
vą (1P) (move) अनुसरति (he follows)
VETI (9P) (know) अनुजानाति (he permits)
Vवद् (1P) (speak)
अनुवदति (he repeats, translates)
vकृ (8P) (do) अनुकरोति (he imitates)
अन्तर् (antar within, inward)
VET (3P) (place) अन्तर्दधाति (he hides, conceals)
गम् (1P) (go) अन्तर्गच्छति (he goes in, insinuates)
379 (apa-away; | उनी (1P) (lead) bad moral or अपनयति value judgment) (he leads away)
Vनुद् (6P) (push) अपनुदति (he drives away)
148
Basic Meanings | “Analytic Examples" | “Idiomatic” Examples
अप
Vवद् (1P) (speak) अपवदति (he speaks ill of, reviles)
VE (1P) (take) अपहरति (he kidnaps, abducts)
अभि (abhi-to, for, Vगम् (1P) (go) towards, fully) अभिगच्छति
(he approaches sexually)
VF (1P) (win)
अभिजयति (he triumphs)
Vधा (3P) (place)
अभिदधाति | (he says, tells)
VETI (9P) (know)
अभिजानाति (he recognizes)
अव (ava-down)
| गम् (1P) (go)
अवगच्छति (he understands)
| Vतृ (IP) (cross)
अवतरति (he descends) Vलोक् (1A) (look) अवलोकते (he looks down)
आ (a-back, return (in motion verbs);
गम् (1P) (go) आगच्छति (he comes)149
Basic Meanings
“Analytic Examples" | “Idiomatic” Examples
31 (with non- VE (1P) (take) motion verbs, an आहरति intensifier or (he fetches) used pleonastically)
36 (ud-up, rising,VET (3P) (stand) arising)
उत्तिष्ठति (he stands up)
V4 (1P) (be) उद्भवति (he arises, originates, is born)
Vua (1P) (fly) उत्पतति (he flies up)
VE (1P) (take)
उद्धरति
(he lifts, rescues)
34 (upa—towards) | VT (1P) (go)
उपगच्छति (he approaches)
VaR (6P) (point out)
उपदिशति (he teaches, instructs)
Vsita (6P) (live) उपजीवति (he lives off, subsists on or by)
(ni—down, into, VaH (1P) (dwell) in)
निवसति
(he inhabits, settles in)
150
Basic Meanings
“Analytic Examples” “Idiomatic” Examples
F: (nih-out, out from)
Voty (1P) (step) निष्क्रामति (he goes out)
van (1P) (dwell) निर्वसति
(he lives abroad in exile)
41 (parā—away,
forth)
V014 (1P) (go) परागच्छति (he returns)
VF (1P) (win) पराजयति (he defeats)
yf (pari-around, | V3Ę (1P) (wander) about)
पर्यटति (he wanders about)
9 (pramonward; often used pleonastically)
Vars (1P) (move) प्रचलति (he goes on, moves along)
V4 (1P) (be) प्रभवति (he is powerful, has mastery over, rules)
VE (1P) (take)
von (1P) (drag) प्रकर्षति (he drags along)
प्रहरति
(he strikes)
yfa (prati—back, against, reciprocal action)
V-74 (1P) (go)
farofa (he goes back)
VET (9P) (know) प्रतिजानाति (he promises, vows)
151
Basic Meanings
“Analytic Examples”
“Idiomatic” Examples
fa (vi-opposition, V (1P) (remember) against, reciprocal Fanta action)
(he forgets)
VE (1P) (take) विहरति (he diverts himself, takes pleasure)
VYEI (7P) (join) वियुनक्ति
(he disjoins)
74 (sam—together) V-TA (1P) (go)
संगच्छति (he comes together with)
VEL (1P) (be) संभवति (it is possible, he comes into existence)
Vac (1P) (speak) संवदति (he converses)
VE (1P) (take) संहरति (he puts together, collects)
8.16
It should be kept in mind that the above examples are by no means intended to be exhaustive of the uses of the उपसर्ग-s. Rather they are to suggest some of the common applications of these important prefixes.
There is no restriction as to the number of 34ri-s that may precede a given verbal form or its derivatives. Two and sometimes three may be strung together before a root to give some additional shade of meaning.
8.17
152
Examples: उद् + आ + ह → उदाहरति ud + a + Vhr (1P) → udāharati (he gives an illustration)
सम् + आ + गम् → समागच्छन्ति sam + ā + Vgam (1P) → samāgacchanti (they convene)
अभि + उप + आ + इ → अभ्युपैति abhi + upa +ā + Vi (2P) → abhyupaiti (he approaches, agrees)
8.18
Placement of उपसर्ग-s (upasarga-s) An उपसर्ग or series of उपसर्ग-s is placed immediately before the verbal form that it modifies. However, in the case of preterite tenses such as the 35, which require the preterite augment (आगम), it is the augment that immediately precedes the verbal stem, while the उपसर्ग-s, if any, must precede the augment.
Examples:
लट उप + विश्
उपविशति
उपाविशत् upa + vvis (6P) (sit) | upavisati (he sits) | upāvisat (he sat)
लङ्
नि + वस् ni + vvas (1P)
(inhabit)
निवसति nivasati
(he inhabits)
न्यवसत् nyavasat
(he inhabited)
अभि + उप +इ
अभ्युपेमः abhi + upa + Vi (2P) | abhyupemah
(agree)
(we agree)
अभ्युपैम abhyupaima
(we agreed)
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EXERCISES
A. B.
Translate the reading into English. Rewrite the reading, changing all the Mc forms into their corresponding 5 forms, and all the 5 forms into their corresponding Se forms. Translate the following sentences into Sanskrit: 1. When Rāma came for Sītā’s Face (svayamvara), all the
kings ridiculed him. 2. None of the kings (lit., no king at all) lifted Siva’s bow. 3. The sages did not understand what you said. (Put relative
clause first.) 4. Janaka stood up in the assembly (At-sabhā) of the kings
and said, “Rāma has won.” (Use çfa (iti]). 5. Finally the proud king became very angry (4 Vkrudh). 6. But the hero did not exert himself and did not break the
bow. 7. The proud queen forgot the name of the angry sage. 8. “O, Sambhu! You promised me a kingdom!” he said. 9. That woman never forgot her for (svayamvara). 10. The king’s son, by name Devadatta, reviled Sambhu. 11. A fool does not easily obtain the Self. 12. “Why did he eat grass?” they thought. Memorize the following verse.
केयूरा न विभूषयन्ति पुरुषं हारा न चन्द्रोज्ज्वला
न स्नानं न विलेपनं न कुसुमं नालंकृता मूर्धजाः । वाण्येका समलंकरोति पुरुषं या संस्कृता धार्यते
क्षीयन्ते खलु भूषणानि सततं वाग्भूषणं भूषणम् ।।
Bracelets do not adorn a person, nor necklaces shining like the moon, not baths and ointments, flowers or jewelled coiffures. Only that speech which is refined (samsksta) adorns a person. Mere omaments will always fade; the ornament of speech is the only true ornament.
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READING
यदा रामः सीतामपश्यत्तदा तस्यामन्वरज्यत । तस्मिन्काले बहवो राजानः सीतायाः स्वयंवरायागच्छन् । जनको राजैवमवदच्च । यः को ऽपि राजा शिवस्य चापे बाणं संदधाति स मम कन्यां परिणयतीति । नृपा अचि न्तयन् । अहो एतेन* सुलभेन कर्मणा सोत्तमा नारी ममैव भार्या भवतीति। गर्वितास्ते मूर्खा नाजानन्यच्छम्भोश्चापो ऽतीव गुरुरिति । अथापि सर्वे प्रायतन्त । न कश्चन राजा तस्मिन्कर्मणि समर्थ आसीत् । अन्ततः श्रीरामो बालको ऽपि तं चापमुपागच्छत् । राजानस्तमपश्यन्प्राहसंश्च । अहो एष* बालको वीराणां कर्मणि प्रयतत इति । स न किमप्यवदत् । किंतु चापं पत्रमिव लीलयोदहरदभनक्च । राजानो ऽक्रुध्यन्किंतु जनकः सीता
चातुष्यताम् ॥
- See5.5
155
GLOSSARY
अति + क्रम् → अतिक्रामति
उत्तम ati + Vkram (1P) → atikrāmati — uttama (adj)-supreme, excellent
transgress
उद् + स्था → उत्तिष्ठति अथापि
ud + Vsthā (1P) → uttisthati athāpi (ind)-(equals 379 in most stand up
cases) moreover, however, even
उप + गम् → उपगच्छति SO
upa + vgam (1P)→ upagacchati अनु + रञ् → अनुरज्यते
approach anu+ Vranj(4A) → anurajyate
कर्मन् be fond of, like
karman (n)—activity, religious अन्ततः
act, grammatical object antataḥ (ind)—finally
गर्वित अप + वद् → अपवदति
garvita (adj)-proud apa + vvad (1P) → apavadati
revile
guru (adj)-heavy; (m)-teacher अभि + गम् → अभिगच्छति
चापः abhi +vgam (1P)→abhigacchati
capah (m)—bow -approach अभि + जि → अभिजयति
जनकः
abhi + Vji (1P) → abhijayati —win
janakah (m prop)—king of Mithila
आत्मन्
tathāpi (ind) even so atman (m) self, Self, commonly
used as reflexive
तुष् → तुष्यति इष् → इच्छति
Vtus (4P) → tusyati be happy
Vis (6P)→icchati desire, wish, |
want
tusta (adj)-content, happy
गुरु
तथापि
156
तृणम् tmam (n)—blade of grass, a straw, Jyat (see Glossary, Lesson 7)
often used metaphorically for
राजन् something of little consequence
rājan (m)—king or value.
लीला नामन्
līlā (f)—play, sport nāman (n) name
शम्भुः पत्रम्
sambhuḥ (m prop)-Śiva patram (n)—leaf
सम् + धा → संदधाति परि + नी → परिणयति
sam + vdhā (3P) → samdadhāti pari + Vni (1P) → parinayati
-join, bring together marry
सभा प्रति + ज्ञा → प्रतिजानाति
sabhā (f)—assembly prati + vjñā (9P) → pratijānāti —
promise, vow
सुलभ
sulabha (adj) easy प्रभावः
स्वयम् prabhāvah (m) power
svayam (ind)—oneself, used प्र + यत् → प्रयतते
reflexively and applicable to pra + Vyat (1A)→ prayatate
all persons, i.e., himself, attempt, try, exert oneself
herself, yourself, etc. प्र + हस् → प्रहसति
स्वयंवरः pra + Vhas (1P) → prahasati
svayamvarah (m)—lit., “self-. ridicule
choice,” the name of a cere भञ्ज् → भनक्ति
mony at which a princess Vbhañj (7P) → bhanakti-break chooses a husband, or has one भुज् → भुनक्ति
chosen by contest. Vbhuj (7P) → bhunakti-eat