05 स्त्रीलिङ्ग Feminine Nouns in आ ; चतुर्थी, पञ्चमी and सप्तमी विभक्ति-s; Demonstrative Pronouns

5.0

5.1

एक°

द्वि dvi°

bahu

In addition to the पुंलिङ्ग (purnlinga-masculine) and नपुंसकलिङ्ग (napunsakalinga-neuter) nouns in -अ (-a), there is an impor tant class of स्त्रीलिङ्ग (strilinga-feminine) nouns in -आ (-a). Some of these nouns are related in meaning to some of the पुलिङ्ग (pumlinga-masculine) nouns in -अ (-a). Examples: ales: (bālah) boy 10 (bālā) girl सुतः (sutah) son सुता (sutā) daughter The paradigm is as follows: dell (kanyā) girl, daughter

वचन

बहु vacana → ekai विभक्ति

vibhakti

कन्या

कन्ये

कन्याः kanya kanye kanyāḥ कन्याम् कन्ये

कन्याः kanyām kanye kanyāḥ कन्यया कन्याभ्याम् कन्याभिः kanyaya kanyābhyām kanyābhiḥ कन्यायै कन्याभ्याम् कन्याभ्यः kanyāyai kanyābhyām kanyābhyaḥ

कन्यायाः कन्याभ्याम् कन्याभ्यः kanyāyāḥ kanyābhyām kanyābhyaḥ कन्यायाः

कन्यानाम् kanyāyāḥ kanyayoh kanyānām कन्यायाम् कन्ययोः कन्यासु kanyāyām kanyayoḥ kanyāsu

कन्ये

कन्याः sam. kanye kanye kanyāḥ

कन्ययोः

5.2

Note that although the paradigm differs considerably from the ones already learned, particularly in the singular, several end ings remain the same. Note especially the ageft (caturthi) and 981 (sasthi) 6 (bahu"), the 981 (sasthi) and H4 (saptami) द्वि (dvii), and the तृतीया (artiya), चतुर्थी (caturthi) and पञ्चमी (pañcami) f (dvi). These endings— -31(-ām), -37: (-oh), -17: (-bhyah), - 2114 (-bhyām)—are the same for all stems of all genders in the language. ageft fat (Caturthi Vibhakti): The Dative Case a. The fourth, or so-called dative case, is the case of the indi

rect object. It expresses the relations covered in English by the prepositions “to” and “for.” It is also regularly used in the sense of “for the purpose of." Examples: द्विजो भार्यायै सर्वं ददाति, वनं च गच्छति । dvijo bhāryāyai sarvam dadāti, vanam ca gacchati. (The brāhman gives everything to his wife and goes to the forest.)

युद्धायागच्छामीति भणति वीरः । yuddhāyāgacchāmīti bhanati vīraḥ. (The hero says, “I come for battle.")

b. It is regularly used with objects of “reverence” 744 (namas).

Example: Il 3 HR1 74: 11 om rāmāya namaḥ (“OM” Reverence to Rāma)

5.3

Taifa (Pañcami Vibhakti): The Ablative Case a. The fifth case, or ablative, is the case of origin, or source.

Example: सङ्गात्संजायते कामः कामात्क्रोधो ऽभिजायते । sangāt samjāyate kāmaḥ kāmāt krodho ‘bhijāyate. (Desire arises from attachment, and anger springs from desire.)

नगराद्वनं गच्छति कुमारः । nagarād vanam gacchati kumāraḥ. (The boy goes to the forest from the city.)

b. The is used for objects of fear.

Example: राक्षसान्न बिभेति रामः । rākṣasān na bibheti rāmaḥ. (Rāma does not fear the demon.)

c. This case may, like the facili (dvitiyā) and Tairi (trtiyā),

be used before the invariable word faal (vinā) in the sense of “without." Example: रामाद्विना क्वायोध्या । rāmād vinā kvāyodhyā? (Where is Ayodhyā without Rāma?)

5.4

HGH FH (Saptami Vibhakti): The Locative Case a. The seventh, or locative case, expresses location (in, on,

etc.). Examples: ga qafa fast: 1 vrkṣe vasati dvijah. (The bird lives in the tree.)

अयोध्यायां वसति दशरथः । ayodhyāyām vasati daśarathah. (Daśaratha lives in Ayodhyā.)

देवेष्वपि रामस्य तुल्यो नास्ति । deveșv api rāmasya tulyo nāsti. (Rāma has no equal, even among the gods.)

The locative is also used to indicate reference to something. Example: ब्राह्मणस्य हनने प्रायश्चित्तं नास्ति । brāhmaṇasya hanane prāyaścittam nāsti. (With respect to

the murder of a brāhman, there is no expiation.)

It is also used idiomatically for the object of love, attachment, or devotion. Examples: राधायां स्निह्यति श्रीकृष्णः । rādhāyām snihyati śrikțşnah. (Krsna loves Rādhā.)

धर्मे रतो नृपः । dharme rato nặpaḥ. (The king is devoted to dharma.)

कामेषु सङ्गात्क्रोध उपजायते । kāmeșu sañgāt krodha upajāyate. (Anger arises out of attachment to objects of desire.)

5.5

HD-147 (Sarvanāman): Demonstrative Pronouns Sanskrit has several pronouns that may correspond as third person 94 954 (prathama purusa) to the two personal pro nouns given in Lesson 4. These pronouns, however, distin guish gender and frequently serve as demonstrative pronouns or even as definite articles. Examples: तं बालकं पश्यति स नृपः । tam bālakam paśyati sa nspaḥ. (The (that) king sees that (the) boy.)

तस्मिन्वने वसति सः। tasmin vane vasati sah. (He lives in that forest.)

One of the most common of these pronouns is that," cited in its neuter nominative singular form as cl (tat). The paradigm is as follows:

पुंलिङ्ग (pumlinga)

द्वि० eka°

एक

dvio

बहु° bahu

वचन vacana → विभक्ति vibhakti

सः

saḥ

tau

तान

tau

tān

तम् tam तेन tena तस्मै tasmai

taiḥ तेभ्यः tebhyah

तेभ्यः

तस्मात् tasmāt

ताभ्याम् tābhyām

ताभ्याम् tābhyām तयोः tayoh तयोः tayoḥ

तस्य

tasya तस्मिन् tasmin

tebhyah तेषाम् teşām

तेष teşu

नपुंसकलिङ्ग (napumsakalinga)

एक

दि०

बह

वचन vacana

→

ekao

dvio

bahu°

विभक्ति I vibhakti

तानि

tāni तानि tāni

ताभ्याम् tābhyām

tena

तस्मै

taiḥ तेभ्यः tebhyah

ताभ्याम् tābhyām

tasmai

तेभ्यः

तस्मात् tasmāt

ताभ्याम् tābhyām

तयोः

tebhyaḥ तेषाम् teşām

तस्य tasya तस्मिन् tasmin

tayoh तयोः tayoh

तेष

teşu

स्त्रीलिङ्ग (strilinga)

एक

बह

वचन vacana →

ekao

dvi°

bahu°

विभक्ति vibhakti

să

ताम्

ताः

tām

tāḥ

तया

ताभ्याम

ताभिः tayā

tābhyām tābhih तस्यै

ताभ्याम्

ताभ्यः tasyai

tābhyām tābhyaḥ

तस्याः

ताभ्याम्

ताभ्यः tasyāḥ tābhyām tābhyah

तस्याः

तयोः

तासाम् tasyāḥ tayoḥ

tāsām तस्याम् तयोः

तासु tasyām tayoḥ

tāsu

Note that in several cases, these forms correspond closely to the equivalent forms of -31 (-a) and -371 (-ā) stem nouns. This is especially so in the singular of the तृतीया (trtiya) and षष्ठी (sasthi) विभक्ति-s (vibhakti-s) and for the पुंलिङ्ग (pumlinga), नपुंसकलिङ्ग (napumsakalinga) तृतीया बहुवचन (urtiya bahuvacana). These forms are typical of the pronominal declension, and their correspondence indicates that the -31 (-a) and 31 (-ā) declen sions, although statistically overwhelming, are, in fact, irregu

lar among the nouns in that they show, in the cases cited, the typically pronominal endings (e.g.,- (-ena), -3764 (-asya), - (-aih), etc.). The neuter aa (tat) is of particular impor tance as an abstract impersonal pronoun, used much as we use “that” or “it” in English. Examples: तत्समीचीनं भवति । tat samicīnam bhavati. (That’s okay.)

नृपो तस्य ब्राह्मणस्य पुत्रं हन्ति । nļpo tasya brāhmaṇasya putram hanti. (The king kills the brāhman’s son.)

तेन ब्राह्मणो दुःखमनुभवति । tena brāhmaṇo duḥkham anubhavati. (Because of that (liter ally, “by that’], the brāhman experiences grief.)

Memorize: It is a good idea to memorize the instrumental

(tena) and especially the ablative dela (tasmāt), which are commonly used in the sense of “therefore.” Example: रामो नगरं त्यजति । तस्माज्जना दुःखिता भवन्ति । rāmo nagaram tyajati. tasmāj janā duḥkhitā bhavanti. (Rāma leaves the city. Therefore, the people become sorrowful.)

5.6

A closely related pronominal stem Catel (etat) has, with the prefix (e), the same paradigm as Tal (tat). Thus its geht apo (prathamā eka) forms are: 44: (eşaḥ—m, see 3.58), da (etat—n), and 41 (eșā—f). For other important pronominal, stems see 19.0-2.

5.7

Adjectives of Pronominal Declension Quite aside from the partial similarity between the -31 (-a) stem nominal items (nouns and adjectives) and that of the demon strative pronoun, there is a small but fairly important group of

-31 (-a) stem adjectives whose declension is virtually identical with that of this pronoun. Five of the more common of these adjectives are:

अन्य (anya) other एक (eka) one (in 28997-several) पर (para) other, next, higher

(pūrva) previous, former (sarva) each, every, all

Examples: एकस्मिन्देश एको नृपः । ekasmin deśa eko nệpah. (In one country there is (only) one king.)

ब्राह्मणस्य सर्वे पुत्रा हताः । brāhmaṇasya sarve putrā hatāḥ. (All the sons of the brāhman are killed.)

पूर्वस्मिन्संवत्सरे वीरा वनं गच्छन्ति स्म । pūrvasmin samvatsare vīrā vanam gacchanti sma. (Last year the heroes went to the forest.)

सर्वेषां पुरुषाणां राम उत्तमः । sarvesām puruşāņām rāma uttamah. (Rāma is the best of all men.)

अन्यत्पुस्तकं तव नाहं पश्यामि । anyat pustakam tava nāham paśyāmi. (I don’t see your other book.)

5.8

The paradigms of these adjectives are exactly like that of demonstrative pronouns in all three genders except that of all of them only 31 (anya) shows the ending - (-t) in the 9841 (prathama) and द्वितीया (dvitiya), एक° (eka°), of the नपुंसक° (napumsaka”).

Example: नृपः सर्वं ब्राह्मणेभ्यो ददाति स्म । तेन तस्यान्यत्किमपि न भवति । nộpaḥ sarvam brāhmaṇebhyo dadāti sma. tena tasyānyat kim api na bhavati.

(The king gave everything to the brāhmans. Therefore he has nothing else.)

EXERCISES

Translate the reading into English. Write out and learn the paradigms in all three genders for a (pūrva), and in 1985 (napumsaka") for 3 R4 (anya). Translate the following sentences. 1. Therefore, the king loves all his sons. (See 5.4) 2. In Ayodhyā, all sons of the king are handsome. 3. The angry brāhman does not hear the words of the king’s

wife. 4. All righteous kings rule for the sake of their subjects. 5. Kings do not perform sacrifices without brāhmans. (See

4.42.b.) 6. Because of those (two) sacrifices, the kingdom is peaceful. 7. King Dasaratha loved especially his eldest offspring. (Use

-sma.) 8. But, in the course of time, the two wives forget the sacrifice. 9. With those wives, the heroes dwell in Ayodhyā. 10. Rāma goes to the forest for the sake of righteous people. 11. The hero hears the words of his wife and becomes angry. 12. Joyfully the girl thinks, “I am listening to the adventures

of Rāma."

Memorize the following verse

रामो राजमणिः सदा विजयते रामं रमेशं भजे

रामेणाभिहता निशाचरचमू रामाय तस्मै नमः । रामानास्ति परायणं परतरं रामस्य दासो ऽस्म्यहं

रामे चित्तलयः सदा भवतु मे भो राम मामुद्धर ॥

Rāma, jewel among kings, is always victorious.

I worship Rāma, Ramā’s (Sītā’s) lord. By Rāma the hosts of night-stalkers are destroyed.

Homage to Rāma. There is no higher recourse than Rāma.

I am a servant of Rāma. Let the focus of my thoughts always be on Rāma.

O Rāma, save me!

READING

दशरथस्तस्य कुपितस्य ब्राह्मणस्य वचनं शृणोति । किंतु कालेन तं शापं विस्मरति । अयोध्यायां भार्याभिः सह सुखं वसति राज्यं करोति च । सुखितस्य नृपस्यैकं दुःखम् । तस्य पुत्रो नास्तीति । ततो ब्राह्मणैः सह स प्रजायै यज्ञं करोति । अथ कालेन पुत्राणां चतुष्टयमुद्भवति । रामश्च लक्ष्मणश्च भरतश्च शत्रुघ्नश्चेति पुत्राणां नामधेयानि । पार्थिवस्य पुत्राः सुन्दराः शान्ता वीराश्च । तेषु ज्येष्ठो रामो गुणैः श्रेष्ठो भवति । तस्मानृपो रामे स्निह्यति विशेषतः ॥GLOSSARY

अथ atha (ind)—now, then

अन्य anya (adj)—other (declined

pronominally; see 5.7) अयोध्या ayodhyā (f prop) Dasaratha’s

capital city 3Ę + 1 (Galà) ud + vbhū (1P) (udbhavati)

come into being, be born

चतुष्टयम् catuștayam (n) a foursome, set of

four ज्येष्ठ jyeștha (adj)eldest da: tataḥ (ind)—hence, then नामधेयम् nāmadheyam (n)-name

para (adj) distant, next (declined

pronominally, see 5.7)

era: pārthivaḥ (m)—king

एक eka (adj)—one (declined

pronominally; see 5.7)

कालः kālaḥ (m)-time कालेन kālena (ind)—in the course of time

किंतु

kimtu (ind)—but, however

(FIT) (qaf1–920 ago) Vkr (8P) (karoti) (kurvanti

prathamapuruṣa, bahu) —do, make, conduct, etc.

pūrva (adj)-previous, former

(declined pronominally; see 5.7) प्रजा prajā (f) offspring, children,

people of a kingdom or realm भरतः bharataḥ (m prop) one of Rāma’s

brothers भार्या bhāryā (f)—wife

ju: guṇaḥ (m)-excellence, quality,

virtue

45: yajñaḥ (m)-ritual offering to

the gods (a Vedic sacrifice)

राज्यम् rājyam (n)-kingly rule,

kingdom (with Vs to rule, reign)

शापः Sapah (m) curse श्रु (शृणोति) Viru (5P) (fmoti) hear, hear

about

श्रेष्ठ śreştha (adj)—best

लक्ष्मणः laksmanah (m prop) one of

Rāma’s brothers

सर्व

वचनम् vacanam (n)-speech, words विशेषतः viseșataḥ (ind) especially वि + स्म (विस्मरति) vi+ Vsmr (1P) (vismarati)

forget

sarva (adj)-each, all, every

(declined pronominally; see 5.7)

सह

वीरः

virah (m)—hero वृत् (वर्तते) Vvịt (1Ā) (vartate)—be, exist,

occur

saha (ind)—with (used after

तृतीया as marker of accompaniment) सानन्दम् sānandam (ind)—joyfully सुखित sukhita (adj)—happy स्निह (स्निह्यति)

Vsnih (4P) (snihyati)-love (with

object of love in सप्तमी)

शत्रुघ्नः Satrughnah (m prop) one of

Rāma’s brothers

शान्त Santa (adj) calm, peaceful