संवृत-विवृतौ

संवृतः

  • मुखगतइन्द्रियाणाम् आकुञ्चनम् ।
  • The airflow is continuous but constricted.
  • संवृतो घोषवान्।
  • अभ्यङ्करकोशे ऽन्यथोक्तः ।

उदाहरणानि

प्रयोगदशायां (न तु पाणिनीयप्रक्रियादशायाम्) अकारः।

भाषान्तरेषु

An audio lecture by shrI dhananjaya is valuable here (esp the comparison accross languages towards the end, though it does not include what I call the tamiL saMvRta a).

कैरळ्याम्

The final /ŭ/ in the word nāḍŭ (written nāṭŭ – നാടു് = country) is called by grammarians as saṃvṛta ukāram in Malayalam and kuṯṯiyal (written kuṟṟiyal) ukaram in Tamil. This is a schwa that has evolved from the hrasva (short) /u/. The candrakkala, the halant symbol that looks like a crescent moon, is written over the hrasva ‘u’ ligature to show that the hrasva ‘u’ has become a saṃvṛta ukāram (ടു്). In Tamil, the kuṯṯiyal ukaram is not shown in modern writing.

In the word nāṭṭukāran (നാട്ടുകാരൻ = fellow countryman) the u within the word is pronounced as a schwa, not as a full hrasva u. But this is not shown in writing. The pronunciation of this schwa is different from the word-final saṃvṛta ukāram such as in nāḍŭ. I understand that Kodagu (the language of Kodagu area, or Coorg) has these two kinds of schwas, the word final saṃvṛta ukāram and the schwa within words. - rAmakRShNa

सङ्केतिभाषा

The sanketi language (of both kaushika and beTTadapura types), aShTagrAma iyer tamiL, br̥haccaraṇa tamiL, the many KA iyengar varieties are to a great extant mutually intelligible.

The saMvRta u (basically I’d say saMvRta a) may be seen in the below excerpt (marked by *) from shrIkAnta-mUrti’s translation of DVG’s kagga -

ರಾಮನಡಿಯಿಟ್ಟ ನೆಲು ಭೀಮನುಸುರಿನ ಖಾತು
ವ್ಯೋಮತಣ್ಣುಮು ಭಗೀರಥು ಕೊಳಂದ ಪುಳ
ಸೋಮನಾ ಪೆತ್ತ ಕಡ^ಲಂಟು* ಪಳೆತಲೆಹಳಿರ
ನಾಮ ಪುದುವ್ಹಾ^ಳಪ್ಡಿ ಮಂಕುತಿಮ್ಮ

विवृतः

  • मुखगत-अङ्गानां विवृतम् उद्घाटनम् ।

उदाहरणानि

अकारवर्जिताः सर्वे स्वराः । प्रक्रियादशायाम् अकारम् विवृतम् एव कल्पन्ते ।

ईषद्विवृतः

  • “विवृत"प्रयत्ने मुखगत-इन्द्रियाणां विवृतम् उद्घाटनं वक्ष्यति, अत्रापि तद्वत्, ईषत् किञ्चित् ।
  • The airflow is open, but slightly less compared to vowels.
  • अयं प्रयत्नः पाणिनिना न कथितः । पतञ्जलिना कथितः ।
  • गृहितानि
    • श् ष् स ह् ।