obelisk, 308
obscenity, in Catullus, 158;
in Horace, 246;
Caligula’s, 268;
in Petronius, 299;
in Martial, 316-318;
in mimes, 378;
in Hadrian, 415;
in Pliny the Younger, 440;
in graffiti, 458;
in Roman theater, 612, 647
obstetrics, 313, 505
Ocean, On the (Poseidonius), 514
Octavia, sister of Augustus (?-11 B.C.), 179, 205-206, 208, 230, 239, 268, 269, 274, 371
Octavia, wife of Nero (40-62), 273, 277, 279-280
Octavian, see Augustus
Octavius (Minucius Felix), 611
Octavius, Caius, see Augustus
Octavius, Cnaeus, consul (?-87 B.C.), 123-124
Octavius, Marcus, tribune (fl. 2nd century B.C.), 114
Odenathus, ruler of Palmyra (?-266), 630
Odes (Horace), 215, 246-250, 252
Odessus (Varna), 480
Odoacer, first barbarian ruler of Icaly (434?-493), 670
Odysseus, 240, 353
Odyssey, 74, 240
Oea (Tripoli), 465, 466
oecus, 343
Oedipus, 278, 623
Oenotria, 4
Cfficiis, De (Cicero), 163*, 165
old age, 83;
Cicero on, 165-166;
Seneca on, 304, 306
Old Comedy (in Athens), 99
Old Testament, 501-502, 540, 541* 555, 556, 557, 559, 578, 601, 604-605, 614
oligarchy, in Etruria, 6;
in Carthage, 54;
in Rome, 91, 119, 139-140, 190, 208, 212, 214, 460, 670;
Cicero on, 165
Olisipo (Lisbon), 470
Olympia, 124, 277, 486, 489, 521-522
Olympic games, 277, 282-283, 486
Olympieum, 418, 487
Olympus, 35, 60, 92, 242, 275, 357, 495-496
omens, 60, 73, 93, 147, 171-172, 197, 228, 251, 311, 388, 435, 442, 525, 621
ophthalmology, 313, 505
Oppian Law, 89
Oppius, Caius, tribune (fl. end of 3rd century B.C.), 89
Caius, Caius, citizen and friend of Caesar (fl. 1st century B.C.), 191
Ops, 62;
Temple of, 200
Optica (Ptolemy), 503
oracles, 64, 164, 197, 243, 251, 415, 429, 454, 459, 485, 513, 525-526, 540
Orator, 9, 10
oratory, 73, 95, 103-104, 108, 115, 132, 141, (Cicero’s) 160-162, 163*, 167, (Caesar’s) 169, 250, (Livy’s) 251-252, 265, 277, 295, 302, 304, 308, 314-315, 317, 356, 362, 367-368, 425, 433, 487, 488, (Dion Chrysostomus’) 521-522, 671
Orchomenus, 124
Orcus, 84, 147
Orestes, 278
Orestes, Pannonian general (?-476), 670
organ, 380-381
Oriental civilization, 366
Orientals, 78, 364, 366, 438
Origen (Origines Adamantius), Christian Alexandrian teacher (185?-254?), 578, 591, 606-607, 608, 610, 613-615, 616, 618, 626, 647, 658, 662
Origines (Cato the Elder), 104, 160
Ornate (Third) Style (painting), 353
Orontes, 366, 512
Orpheus, 94, 256, 385, 525, 626
Orphic doctrine, 241, 242, 525, 604
Oscans, 457
Osiris, 468, 523, 553, 588
Osrhoene (Diar Modhar), 413, 513
Osroes, King of Parthia (fl. 2nd century), 413
Ostheim, 175
Ostia, 78, 94, 193, 257, 270, 272, 283, 325, 326, 339, 389, 410, 411, 453, 456, 461
Ostia, Via, 591
Otho (Marcus Salvius Otho), Roman emperor (32-69), 277, 284-285, 390
Otricoli (anc. Oriculum), 461
outlines, 159, 305
Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso), poet (43 B.C.-A.D. 17), 61, 68, 154, 155, 224, 225, 229, 232, 234, 235, 245, 252, 253-258, 301, 332, 334, 369, 370, 373, 388-389, 404, 455
Oxus (Amu Darya), 669
Oxyrhynchus (Behnesa), 498