Ma, 147, 523
Maccabee, Judas, Jewish patriot (fl. 167 B.C.), 542
Maccabee, Simon, King of Judea (fl. 142 B.C.), 530
Maccabees, see Hasmoneans
Macedon or Macedonia, 51, 52, 85-87, 88, 90, 91, 94, 96, 136, 200, 203, 212, 216, 482, 483, 519, 583, 585, 623, 630, 633
Macedonian Wars, 85-87, 482
Macellum, 342
machinery, 323, 356
Macrina, Caelia, millionaire (2nd century), 411
Macrinus (Marcus Opellius Severus Macrinus), Roman emperor (164?-218), 529, 623-624
Madaura (Medaura), 466, 467
Madeira, 40, 308
Madonna della Febbre, La (Our Lady of the Fever), 75
Maeander (Menderez), 514
Maecenas, Caius Cilnius, statesman and patron (?-8 B.C..), 212, 215, 219, 224, 225, 234, 237, 239, 244, 246, 250, 253, 280, 454
Maelius, Spurius, politician (?-439 B.C..), 23
Maesa, Julia, sister of Julia Domna (?-222), 623-626
Maggiore, Lago (anc. Lacus Verbanus), 4, 454
Magi, 525, 526, 529, 559, 606, 608
magic, 60, 64, 75, 94, 308, 311-312, 388, 415, 419, 466-467, 485, 507, 512, 525-526, 537-538, 559, 656
Magna Mater (Great Mother), 94, 147, 381, 390, 523, 595, 672; see also Cybele
Magnesia (Manissa), battle in 190 B.C.., 55, 86, 208, 514
Magnificat, 558
Mago, Carthaginian general, brother of Hannibal (fl. end of 3rd century B.C..), 47
Mago, Carthaginian writer in agriculture, 40, 42, 464
Maia, 60, 67
maiestate, lex lulia de, 262, 264, 269, 279, 416, 591
Maimonides, Spanish Jewish rabbi and philosopher (1135-1204), 548
Mainz (anc. Magontiacum), 291, 324, 627, 633
Maison Carrée, 357, 473
Malaga (anc. Malaca), 469, 470
malaria, 193, 311, 312, 326*, 631, 666
Malchus, Tyrian dyeing firm, 331
Mallonia, critic of Tiberius, and suicide (1st century), 371
Mallus, 95
Malta, 40, 587
Mamaea, Julia, daughter of Julia Maesa and mother of Alexander Severus (?-235), 623-627
Mamertines, 43-44
Mammon, 340, 597
Manes, 59
Man, Isle of (anc. Monapia or Monarina), 476, 477
Manchester (anc. Mancumium), 477
Mani of Ctesiphon, Persian mystic (215-273), 605-606
Mania, 7
Manicheism, 606
manifest destiny, 43
Manilian Law, 140
Manilius, senator (fl. 2nd century B.C.), 103
Manilius, Caius, Roman tribune (fl. 66 B.C.), 140
Manlii, Roman clan, 21
Manlius, Lucius, conspirator (fl. 1st century B.C.), 144, 157
Manlius, Marcus, general (?-384 B.C.), 23
manners, 70-72, 90, 101, 102, 108, 134-135, 234-235, 286, 310, 316, 335
mansio, 324
mansions, 88, 92, 132, 133, 160, 162, 190, 195, 202, 213, 223, 245*, 290, 297, 326, 327, 328, 339, 340, 343-345, 351, 355, 362, 373-374, 421, 453, 456, 508, 635
Mantua, 3, 8, 11, 235, 454
Mantus, 7
manumission, see emancipation
manuscripts, 280, 662
maps, 220, 308
Marathon, battle in 490 B.C., 208, 442, 641
Marcellinus, Roman Pope (reigned 296-304), 652
Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, consul and conqueror of Syracuse (268?-208 B.C.), 50, 52, 82, 92
Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, son-in-law of Augustus (43-23 B.C.), 219, 230, 239, 357
Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, consul (?-46 B.C.), 181, 195
Marcellus, Varius, father of Elagabalus (fl. 2nd century), 623
Marcellus, For (Cicero), 195
Marceotis, Lake, 525
Marcia, wife of Cato, the Younger and Hortensius (fl. 1st century B.C.), 136
Marcia, daughter of Cremutius Cordus (1st century), 301
Marcia, Christian mistress of Commodus (2nd century), 447-448
Marcian Aqueduct, 220, 340
Marcion, Gnostic of Sinope (fl. 2nd century), 604-605, 616
Marcomanni, 346, 429, 431, 432, 606, 627, 629
Marcomannic Wars, 428-432, 443, 505
Marcus, Gallic Gnostic (fl. 2nd century), 604
Mariaba, 508
Mariamne, wife of Herod the Great (fl. end of 1st century B.C.), 534
Marinus of Alexandria, famous surgeon (fl. 1st and 2nd centuries), 505
Maritime Alps, 474
Marius, Caius, general and consul (157-86 B.C.), 3, 26, 27, 116, 118-120, 122-126, 128, 144, 146, 160, 167, 169, 391, 453
Marius, Caius, consul, son of preceding (109?-82 B.C.), 125
Mark, St., evangelist (fl. 1st century), 553, 555-574, 576
Mark, The Gospel of St., 555-574, 576
markets, 78, 342
Marquardt, Joachim, German antiquarian (1812-1882), 364
marriage, in Etruria, 7;
under the Republic, 57, 67, 68-69, 132, 134, 204;
under the Principate, 222-224, 262, 266, 301, 363-364, 369-371, 396, 397, 438, 441, 443, 599, 605;
under the monarchy, 656, 666;
ancient concept of, 240, 369-370;
St. Paul and the Church on, 590, 598, 600, 647
Mars, 12, 59, 61, 63, 65, 66-67, 82, 193, 211, 346, 353, 388, 479; Ultor (the Avenger), 358
Mars (planet), 309
Mars Ultor, Temple of, 358, 383
Marseilles (anc. Massalia), 43, 49, 119, 180, 184, 231, 313, 326, 470, 474, 504, 654
Marsians, 270
Marsyas, 298
Martial (Marcus Valerius Martialis), Latin epigrammatist (40?-102?), 158, 234, 289, 290, 291, 295, 296, 312, 315-318, 319, 341, 342, 366, 369, 370, 371, 381, 385, 389, 398, 403, 408, 437, 441
Mary, mother of Christ, 527, 558-559, 560, 572
Mary, aunt of Christ, 572-573
Mary Magdalene, cured by Christ (1st century), 563, 572-573, 577
Masada, 544
Masinissa, King of Numidia (238-148 B.C.), 53, 105-106, 107, 118, 166, 464
Mass, Catholic, 578-579, 595, 599, 602, 603
Massalia, see Marseilles
Materia Medica (Dioscorides), 505
Mater Matuta, Temple of
materialism, in Lucretius, 146-154;
in Seneca, 304
mathematics, 414, 488, 503-504, 507
Mathematiké Syntaxis (Ptolemy), 502-503
Matho,.Libyan rebel leader (fl. 241-237 B.C.), 46
Matius, citizen and friend of Caesar (fl. 1st century B.C.), 191, 195
Matthas, Dutch biblical scholar, 554
Matthew, St., evangelist and apostle, 553, 555-574
Matthew, The Gospel of St., 555-574, 613
Mauretania (Morocco), 268, 413, 417, 466
Mauretania Caesariensis, 466
Mauretania Tingitana, 466
Mauri, see Moors
Mausoleum of Hadrian (Castel Sant’ Angelo), 4, 422
Maxentius (Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius), Roman emperor (reigned 306-312), 653-654, 656, 661
Maximian (Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxi-mianus Herculius), Roman emperor (240?-310), 635, 640, 644, 651, 653-654, 663
Maximilla, Montanist heretic (2nd century), 605
Maximinus (Caius Julius Verus Maximinus “Thrax”), Roman emperor (i72?-238), 627-628
Maximinus Daza, Roman emperor (reigned 308-314), 653-654
Maximus Tyrius, Greek philosopher (fl. 2nd century), 426
Maximus and Vibo, banking firm, 332
measures, 78
Mechanica (Hero), 504
Medea, 256, 353, 385
Medea (painting), 354
Medea (Ovid), 255
Medea (Seneca), 307
Media, 413
Medicamina Faciei Feminineae, De (Ovid), 255
Medici, Lorenzo de’, Florentine poet, patron, and scholar (1448-1492), 131
Medicina, De (Celsus), 313
medicine, in Etruria, 6;
under Rome, 75-76, 104, 135, 227, 308, 310, 311-313, 324, 368, 414, 465, 467, 488, 504-507, 510, 512, 514, 515, 516, 517, 661, 671
Mediolanum, see Milan
Meditations (Marcus Aurelius), 425-426, 430, 431, 442, 443-446, 449
Mediterranean, 3, 6, 18, 25, 29, 34, 38, 39, 40, 43, 54, 76, 78, 80, 81, 85, 105, 107, 112, 139, 169, 170, 177, 187, 188, 212, 218, 221, 241, 251, 266, 310, 320, 324, 325, 328, 337, 339, 355, 367, 419, 453, 462, 464, 465, 466, 468, 469, 470, 474, 484, 498, 499, 500, 508, 512, 513, 518, 523-524, 527, 535-536, 545, 547, 596, 602, 670
mediums of exchange;
in Etruria, 6, 17;
in Carthage, 40, 46;
under Rome, 17, 78-79, 184, 192, 205, 218, 287*, 330-332, 336, 448, 632, 641, 643, 668
Megalesia (Feast of the Great Goddess), 94
Megara, 239, 300, 487
Meir, Jewish rabbi (fl. 2nd century), 547
Mela, Lucius Annaeus, father of Lucan and brother of Seneca (?-65), 282
Mela, Pomponius, geographer (fl. 1st century), 308
Meleager, Greek epigrammatist (fl. 1st century B.C.), 509-510
Melkart, 42, 45, 465
Memmius, Caius, statesman (?-100 B.C.), 120
Memmius, Caius Gemellus, politician and man of letters (fl. first century B.C.), 148, 155, 157
memoirs, 123, 159, 275
Memoirs (Agrippina the Younger), 275
Memoirs (Sulla), 123
Memphis, 498
Menaechmi (Plautus), 100
Menander, Greek comic dramatist (342-291 B.C.), 99, 100, 102, 513
Menippus, Syrian Cynic philosopher (fl. 60 B.C.), 297, 509
Menippus (in Lucian), 495, 497
Mephitis, 75
mercenaries, 43, 46, 48, 53, 106, 207, 429, 517, 624, 669, 670
Mercury, 62, 63, 93, 342, 387, 473, 479, 601
Mesopotamia, 342, 349, 413, 414, 428, 528, 530, 548, 608, 622, 627, 629, 630, 641
Messala, Marcus Valerius, consul (fl. 1st century B.C.), 129
Messala, Marcus Valerius Corvinus, general and patron (fl. 1st century B.C.), 221, 233-234, 252-253
Messalina, Valeria, wife of Claudius (?-48), 272-273, 302
Messana (Messina), 44, 464
Messene, 329, 413
Messiah, 226, 243, 538, 540-542, 548, 554, 558*, 559, 560, 564-57o, 577, 581, 582, 585, 588-589, 591, 593, 595, 603, 604, 605
metallurgy, 77, 322-323, 328, 469, 479
Metamorphose on Libri XI (Apuleius), see Golden Ass
Metamorphoses (Ovid), 256, 257, 258
metaphysics, 95, 147, 154, 164, 196, 300, 304, 591, 613
Metapontum, 35, 51
Metaurus (Metauro) River (battle of, 207 B.C.), 53
Metellus, Lucius Caecilius, politician (fl. 1st century B.C.), 183
Metellus Celer, Caius Caecilius, husband of Clodia (fl. 1st century B.C.), 135
Metellus Macedonicus, Quintus Caecilius, general (fl. 1st century B.C.), 134
Metellus Numidicus, Quintus Caecilius (fl. 109-99 B.C.), 119
Metellus Pius, Caecilius (?-63 B.C.), general, 137
Metellus Pius Scipio, Quintus Caecilius, general (? -46 B.C.), 186, 189, 194
meteorology, 308
Metrodora, Alexandrian woman physician (fl. 1st century), 505
Metrodorus, Greek Epicurean philosopher (? -277 B.C.), 133
Metronax, philosopher (fl. 1st century), 303
Metropolitan Museum of Art, 347, 351
Mexico, 469, 600*
Michael, Archangel, 593
Michelangelo (Buonarroti), Italian artist (1475-15 64), 4, 356, 443, 635
Middle Ages, 178, 243, 249*, 258, 307, 308, 310, 311, 312, 313, 503, 507, 592, 633, 644, 661, 672
mid wives, 312
migrations, Celtic, 118; into towns, 190
Milan (anc. Mediolanum), 236, 454, 629, 635, 640, 644, 653, 654
Milan, Edict of, 654, 657, 658
Miles Glorio sus (Plautus), 100
Milesian Tales, 297, 514, 636
Miletus, 168, 312, 329, 513-514, 546
military science, 327-328
millefiori, 347
Mill, John Stuart, English philosopher (1806-1873), 609
Millenarium Aureum, 340-341
millennium, see Kingdom of Heaven
Milo, Pyrrhus’ general, 38
Milo Papinianus, Titus Annius, politician (?-48 B.C.), 169, 173, 180, 184, 188, 189
Milton, John, English poet (1608-1674), 243, 671
mimes, 378, 389, 430
Minas de Rio Tinto, 469
Mincio (anc. Mincius), 235
Minerva, 61, 81, 83, 311, 358; Pallas Minerva, 61; see also Pallas Athene
Minerva, Temple of, 74
Minervina, first wife of Constantine I (fl. 4th century), 663
mining, Etruscan, 6;
Carthaginian (in Spain), 40, 47, 469;
Roman (in Spain), 54, 346, 469;
Roman, 77, 80, 131, 218, 310, 320, 322, 330, 336, 448, 455, 477, 483, 513, 632, 665
Minos, 284
Minotaur, 354
Minturnae, 113, 322
Minucius, Quintus, proconsul (fl. 2nd century B.C.), 87
Minucius Felix, Latin Christian writer (fl. 2nd century), 611, 612
Minucius Rufus, Marcus, dictator (fl. 216 B.C.), 50
miracles, 60, 75, 93, 435, 442, 466, 512, 525-526, 553, 556, 557, 559, 562-563, 576, 580, 585, 607
Miranda (anc. Continum Lusitanorum), 427*
Misenum (Miseno), 132, 265, 325, 326, 457
Mithraism, see Zoroastrianism
Mithras, 280, 390, 524, 529, 540, 553, 598, 600*, 606, 639, 654; see also Zoroastrianism
Mithridates I, King of Pontus (fl. ca. 302, B.C.), 517
Mithridates VI the Great, King of Pontus (132?-63 B.C.), 122-125, 132, 140, 188, 347, 482, 507, 517-519, 528
Mithridatic Wars, 122-125, 132, 140, 188, 516-519
Mnester, dancer (fl. 1st century), 272
Moab, 530
Modalists, 605
Modena, see Mutina
Modernism, 554
Moesia, 218, 291, 480, 653, 670
Moguntiacum (Mayence), 480
Moliere (Jean Baptiste Poquelin), French dramatist (1622-1673), 100
Mommsen, (Christian Matthias) Theodor, German historian (1817-1903), 48, 88, 175, 178, 265, 432, 475
Monarchians, 605
monarchy, in Etruria, 6;
in Rome, 13-16, 34, 139, 190, 193-197, 198, 208, 670;
Cicero on, 165;
the Principate, 209-549;
the later monarchy, 621-670
monasticism, 595, 657, 668
Mondragone, Villa, 454*
money-changers, 533, 570
moneylending, 79, 88, 103, 129-130, 131, 140, 169-170, 192, 196, 219, 246, 302, 303, 331-332, 336, 482, 500, 539, 627, 657
Monophysites, 605
monopolies, 80, 642
monotheism, 365-366, 390, 502, 507, 578, 582, 612, 639, 656
Monothelites, 605
Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de, French philosopher and essayist (1533-1592), 304, 307, 440, 466, 484
Montanism, 613
Montanus, Phrygian heretic (fl. ca. 156), 605
months of the Roman year, 66-67; Quinctilis renamed Julius, 193
Montignac, 470-471
Moors, (anc. Mauri), 387, 417, 431
Moralia (Plutarch), 483, 485-486
morals, in Etruria, 7;
in Carthage, 41; in
Capua, 52;
in Germany, 479;
in Corinth, 487;
under the Republic, 54, 57, 58, 67-69, 71, 72, 84, 89, 90, 92, 95, 97, 102, 104, 108, 112, 132-133, 134, 146, 155, 159, 160, 164, 205, 211;
under the Principate and monarchy, 221-225, 232, 235, 239, 247-248, 251, 253-257, 260, 274, 276, 286, 293, 296-299, 300-301, 305, 307, 308, 315, 316, 363-366, 368, 369-371, 373, 443, 456, 500, 522, 593, 598-599, 602, 626-627, 628, 646, 656, 665-667;
Caesar’s, 167-169;
Clodius’, 172-173;
Antony’s, 199-200, 204-206;
Julia’s, 230-232;
Horace on, 247-250;
Livy on, 251;
Tiberius’, 263;
Caligula’s, 266-267;
Claudius’, Messalina’s, and Agrippina’s, 272-273;
Nero’s, 276-277, 279;
Galba’s, 284;
Vespasian’s, 288;
Titus’, 288, 289;
Domitian’s, 290;
Juvenal on, 438-439;
Marcus Aurelius’, 444-446;
Commodus’, 446;
Herod’s, 532;
Christ’s moral ideas, 566-567;
Elagabalus’, 624-625;
Alexander Severus’, 625-627
Morgantia, 121
Mortibus Persecutorum, De (Lactantius), 662
mosaic, 343, 345, 442, 459, 477, 601, 635
Mosaic Code, 537, 538, 542, 567, 585
Moses, 536, 567, 574, 576, 582, 586
Moslems, 507
Mosul, 529
mother, the, in the Republic, 58, 59
Mt. Alban, 11
Mt. Moriah, 533
Mount of Olives, 570
Mucianus, Licinius, general and historian (fl. 1st century), 310
Mulvian Bridge, 654, 662
Mummius Achaicus, Lucius, general (fl. 2nd century B.C.), 87, 297
Munda, battle in 45 B.C., 190, 470
murals, see painting
Muratori, Ludovico Antonio, Italian archaeologist (1672-1750), 616
Murena, Lucius Licinius, propraetor in Asia (fl. 83-81 B.C.), 519
murrhine glass, 347, 374
Musa, Antonius, physician (fl. end of 1st century B.C.), 227, 313
Musa Paidiké (Strabo of Sardis), 509*
Muses, 150, 247, 510, 609
Museum (Alexandria), 500
music, in Etruria, 7, 11, 18;
under Rome, 18, 69, 74, 82, 83, 90, 99, 133, 135, 159, 204, 226, 277-279, 282-283, 291, 302, 314, 335, 354-355, 367, 376, 377, 379-381, 384, 414, 421, 430, 440, 456, 487, 500, 511, 512, 523, 532, 599, 624, 625, 635;
Christian, 601-602
Musica, De (Varro), 379
Mutina, (Modena, q.v.), 11, 78, 87, 201, 322, 455
Mycale, 514
Myos Hormos, 499
Myrlea, 520
Myron, Greek sculptor (fl. ca. 450 B.C.), 338, 358
Myrtale, 247
Mysia, 513, 605
mysteries, see Eleusinian mysteries, Orphic doctrine, Pythagoreanism
Mysteries, Temple of the, 431
mysticism, 468, 501-502, 514, 522, 524-525, 537, 547, 549, 553, 582, 589, 594-595, 604-611, 614-615, 633, 667; see also pantheism
mythology, 75, 84, 94, 165, 241, 248, 251, 256, 316, 317, 353, 367, 522-525, 604
Mytilene, 186, 516