labarum, 654
Labeo, Antistius, jurist (?-42 B.C. .), 203, 391-392
Labienius, Quintus, general (?-39 B.C..), 205
Labienus, Titus, politician and soldier (?-45 B.C..), 182, 186, 189, 205
Lactantius Firmianus, Lucius Caelius, father of the Latin church, in Africa (260?-325?), 578, 643, 651, 654, 662
Lady of Elche, The, 469
Laelius Sapiens, Caius (ca. 186-? B.C..), 96-97, 101, 102, 107, 114
Laenas, Caius Popilius, consul and ambassador (fl. 172-168 B.C..), 107
Laetus, Praetorian prefect (fl. reign of Commodus), 448
Lais (Greek Anthology), 510
Lake Garda, see Garda, Lago di
Lake Regillus, Battle of (496 B.C..), …
Lalage, 247
Lambaesis (Lambèse), 466
Lamia, Lucius Aelius, consul and patron (fl. 1st century B.C.. and 1st century A.D.), 233
Lampridius, Aelius, Latin historian (fl. early 4th century), 624, 634
land distribution, in Greece, 86;
in Rome, 47, 87, 113-117, 119, 120, 121, 126, 128, 136, 171, 174, 184, 192-193, 213, 218, 287, 319, 336, 407, 465, 627, 631*
landownership, 57, 76-77, 90, 111-118, 192, 213, 219, 319-320, 333, 336, 483, 631, 644, 657
landscape, see painting
language, Etruscan, 5, 17;
Celtic, 36;
Carthaginian, 41;
Latin, 17, 38, 72-73
Lanuvium (Civita Lavinia), 35, 371, 423
Laocoon, 345
Laodicea (Latakia), 512, 513, 516
lararium, 343
Lares, 7, 58, 69, 226
lares compitales, 81
Larissa, 186
Larius, Lacus, see
Lake Como Lasa (or Mean), Etruscan goddess, 7
Last Supper, 555
La Tène iron culture, 471, 472
Lateran Museum, 350
latifundia, 77, 104, 105, 107, 111-114, 118, 130, 190, 297, 319, 336, 411, 464, 465, 473, 498, 631, 668
Latin, 72-74, 97, 98, 101, 102, 103-104, 156, 158-162, 164, 166, 167, 177, 233, 258, 259, 295, 304, 312, 313, 319, 365, 393, 410, 415, 441, 442, 443, 455, 469, 474, 476, 477, 507, 514, 517, 572, 612, 619, 630, 661, 671
Latina, Via, 77
Latin Language, On the (Varro), 159
Latin League, 35, 37, 38
Latins, 5, 11, 21, 35, 36, 39, 241
Latinus, 240-241
Latium, 11, 12, 14, 18, 21, 35, 37, 43, 51, 61, 200, 240-241, 344, 437, 453, 666
laurel, 83, 191
Laurentum, 344, 440
Laureolus, robber, crucified (1st century), 385
Lavinia, 12, 241
Law, see Torah
law, under the Republic, 22-33, 57, 67, 70, 71, 72, 73, 79, 83, 89, 99, 104-105, 113-118, 126, 133, 138, 139-140, 144, 171-173, 174, 176, 179, 182, 189, 191-194, 198;
Cicero on, 165-166;
under the Principate, 213-217, 219, 221-225, 230-231, 250, 261, 262, 264, 269, 270-271, 293, 312, 323, 324, 331-332, 335, 338, 340, 341, 364, 369, 391-406, 416, 418, 420, 424, 427-428, 443, 448, 465, 473, 474, 477, 481, 488, 510, 619, 646;
under the monarchy, 633-634, 642-652, 656-657, 661;
of Rome, 670
law, practice of, 141, 160, 316, 317, 466, (Ovid’s) 254, (Seneca’s) 301, 401-403, (Juvenal’s) 437, (Pliny’s) 439-441, (Apuleius’) 467-468, (Lucian’s) 495, (Tertullian’s) 612, (L. Septimius Severus’) 621
Law of the Nations, see ius gentium
Laws (Cicero), see Legibus, De
lays, 73
Lebanon (Libanus), 329
Lebanon (anc. Libanus) Mountains, 511
lectures, 135, 443, 465, 483-485, 488-490, 495, 505, 511, 514, 521-522, 635
legates, 216
legend, in Livy, 251, 256, 308
Legibus, De (Cicero), 141, 163*
Leicester (anc. Ratae Coritanorum), 477
Leiden (anc. Lugdunum Batavorum), 324
leisure, 235
Lemures, 59-60;
Feast of, 65
Lentuli, Roman family, 76
Lentulus, Gnaeus, senator (fl. 1st century), 332
Lentulus Batiates, trainer of gladiators (fl. 1st century B.C..), 137
Lentulus Crus, Lucius Cornelius, consul (?-48 B.C..), 181, 183, 185
Lentulus Sura, Publius Cornelius, conspirator (?-63 B.C..), 129, 143-144, 202
Leochares, Athenian sculptor (fl. 4th century B.C..), 349
Leonardo, see Vinci, Leonardo da
Lepidus, Marcus Aemilius, consul (?-216 B.C..), 382
Lepidus, Marcus Aemilius, triumvir (?-13 B.C..), 201, 203, 225
Leptis Magna (Lebda), 39, 105, 465
Leptis Minor, 40, 465
Lesbia, 135, 155-157
Lesbos, 253
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, German critic and dramatist (1729-1781), 100, 553
letters, Cornelia’s, 113;
Cicero’s, 162-163, 165, 195;
Marcus Aurelius’, 425, 430;
Pliny the Younger’s, 440-441;
Fronto’s, 442
Leucas (It. Santa Maura), 139
Leuce Come, 508
Leviticus, 539, 567
lex talionis, 32, 398
Liber, 62, 65-66
Libera, 65-66
Liberalia, 66
Libra, 298
libraries, in Carthage, 42;
in Athens, 418;
under Rome, 96, 131, 132, 159, 219, 234, 343, 459, 635, 662
libraries, public, 159, 193, 219, 234, 257, 291, 358, 360, 376, 411, 421, 440, 461, 466, 515, 627
Libya, 43, 46, 48, 413, 500
Licinian laws, 24, 114
Licinianus, son of Licinius and nephew of Constantine I (?-326), 663-664
Licinius (Caius Flavius Valerius Licinianus Licinius), Roman emperor (?-325), 653-655, 656, 659, 663
Licinius Calvus (Stolo), Caius, tribune and consul (fl. 376-361 B.C..), 24
Liege, 176
Life of the Roman People (Varro), 160
lighthouses, 325
Ligurians, 4, 35, 468
limes, 417, 480, 627
Limonum (Limoges), 473
Lindum (Lincoln), 477
Linus, Bishop of Rome (fl. 1st century), 617
Lisbon, see Olisipo literary criticism, 315, 513, 633, 636
Literature, Etruscan, 5;
Greek, 95-96, 104, 123, 259, 630;
under the early Republic, 5, 73-75, 97-105, 108, 113, 123;
under the Revolution, 144-146, 174, 178;
under the Principate, 215, 225, 233-258, 259, 263, 287, 291, 293, 295-319, 367-368, 408, 415, 433-446, 456, 464, 467-468, 477, 483-486, 490-497, 509-510, 539-542, 555-595, 603, 606-616, 618, 620, 621;
under the monarchy, 621, 625, 629, 635-638, 661, 662-663;
of Rome, 671
Liternum (Patria), 92, 347
Lives of Illustrious Men (Suetonius), 442
Lives of the Sophists (Philostratus), 635
Livia, third wife of Augustus (1st century B.C.. and 1st century A.D.), 205, 223, 229-232, 262, 264, 268, 286, 299, 348, 350, 354
Livia Orestilla, wife of Caligula (1st century A.D.), 266
Livias, 508
Livilla, daughter of Antonia and wife of Drusus (?-31 A.D.), 264, 268
Livius Andronicus, earliest Roman poet (fl. 240 B.C..), 74
Livy (TitusLivius), historian (59 B.C..-A.D. 17), 13, 14, 15, 21, 36*, 48, 53, 60, 72, 89, 94, 112, 225, 233, 250-252, 434, 636, 671
Lixus, 39
Locri, 35, 37, 51
Logia (sayings of Christ), 556
logic, 164, 425
Logos, 501-502, 540, 541, 556, 589, 594-595, 604, 615, 658
Loire (anc. Liger), 470
Loisy, Alfred Firmin, French Orientalist and Biblical scholar (1857-1940), 554
Lollia Paulina, wife of Caligula (1st century A.D.), 266, 273, 373
Lollius, governor of Britain (fl. 2nd century), 476
Lombards, 431
Lombardy, 670
London (anc. Londinium), 324, 476, 477, 523-524
Longinus, Caius Cassius, jurist (fl. 1st century), 282
Longinus, Dionysius Cassius, Greek philosopher and critic (213?-272), 630, 636
Longinus, Lucius Cassius, governor of Syria (?-42 B.C.), 531
Longobardi, see Lombards
Longus, Greek sophist and novelist (fl. 3rd century), 516, 637
lotteries, 219, 624
Louis XIV, King of France (1638-1715), 258
Lourdes, 563
Louvre, 348*
love feast, see agape
Luca (Lucca), 175
Lucan (Marcus Annaeus Lucanus), poet (39-65), 282, 295, 296, 316, 319, 408, 435, 470
Lucanians, 35, 37, 51, 519
Lucanus, Publius Terentius, senator (2nd century B.C.), 101
Lucian, Greek satirical author (120?-200?), 60, 84, 299, 304, 312, 428, 487, 489, 494-497, 513, 597, 636
Lucifer, 241, 289
Lucilius, Caius, satirist (180-103 B.C.), 73, 97, 245, 437, 509
Lucilius Junior, governor and Epicurean (fl. 1st century), 304, 306
Lucilla, daughter of Marcus Aurelius (2nd century), 426
Lucilla, sister of Marcus Aurelius (2nd century), 447
Lucina, 60, 236
Lucius (in Apuleius’ Golden Ass), 467-468
Lucius Caesar, grandson of Augustus (?-2 A.D.), 230-231, 473
Lucretia, wife of Collatinus (6th century B.C..), 16, 23
Lucretia (in Martial), 318
Lucretius Carus, Titus, poet (99?-55? B.C..), 61, 73, 95, 98, 102, 146-154, 155, 164, 225, 234-235, 238, 241, 243, 245, 258, 296, 308, 388, 637, 667, 671
Lucrinus, Lacus, 220
Lucullus, Lucius Licinius, general and patron (?-57? B.C..), 129, 130, 132, 138, 139, 140, 171, 211, 265, 272, 322, 342, 353, 373, 508, 519
Lucullus, Lucius Licinius, proconsul (fl. 2nd century B.C..), 87
ludi (games), 74, 377-378, 381-387;
ludi iu-venales, 277;
ludi saeculares, 225-226, 248, 387;
ludi scenici, 74, 377-378
Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus, 635
Ludovisi Juno, 349
Lugdunum (Lyons), 234, 269, 271, 283, 324, 332, 470, 473, 474, 504, 611, 649
Luke, St., evangelist (fl. 1st century), 553, 555-574, 575*, 583, 590
Luke, The Gospel of St., 555-574, 575*, 583, 605
Luna (Luni), 322, 357, 454
Lupanaria, see prostitution
Lupercalia, 63, 65, 195-196, 388
Luperci (Brotherhood of the Wolf), 63, 65, 388
Lusitania (Portugal), 87, 277, 311, 322, 470, 671
lustrum, 29, 63
Lutetia, see Paris
Luther, Martin, leader of German Reformation (1483-1546), 592
luxury, under the Republic, 54, 70-71, 88-89, 92, 97, 103, 128, 132, 136, 160, 185, 186, 204;
under the Principate, 211, 213, 219, 223, 224, 232, 248, 251, 256, 297, 303, 305, 308, 311, 328-330, 331, 333, 337, 342, 364, 373-377, 438, 456, 465, 474, 478, 522, 608, 666, 667
Lycaonia, 513
Lyce, 247
Lyceum, Aristotle’s, 421, 489-490
Lycia, 203, 218
Lyciscus, 369
Lycopolis, 608
Lycurgus, Spartan lawgiver (9th century B.C..), 32, 226
Lydda, 548
Lydia, 5, 6*, 9, 125, 513, 514-515, 523
Lydia (Horace), 247
Lyons, see Lugdunum
lyre, 379-381
lyric poetry, 82, 155-158, 244-250, 252-254, 278, 315-318, 379, 509-510, 637-638
Lysias, Athenian orator (450?-380? B.C..), 95
Lystra, 513, 582, 583