Cabala, 538
Cabillonum (Chalon-sur-Saône), 474
Cádiz, see Gades
Cadmea, 483
Caecilius (in Octavius, by Minucius Felix), 611
Caecilius Statius, comic dramatist (?-168 B.C..), 101
Caelian hill, 12*, 340, 361
Caelius, Marcus Caius Rufus, orator (fl. 1st century B.C..), 135, 155, 184, 188-189
Caenis, mistress of Vespasian (ist century), 288
Caepiones, Roman family, 76
Caere (Cervetri), 7, 8, 10, 11, 121
Caesar, Caius Julius, Roman general, statesman, and historian (100-44 B.C..), 3, 23, 27, 31, 34, 48, 66, 70, 73, 102, 116, 118, 119, 123, 128, 129, 133, 134, 136, 139, 140, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 155, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 165, 166, 167-202, 204, 205, 208, 211, 212, 213, 219, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 231, 235, 242, 256, 260, 270, 271, 283, 291, 293, 296, 303, 312, 319, 323, 324, 326, 329, 330, 335, 340, 341, 346, 349, 350, 354, 356, 360, 361, 364, 365, 372, 383, 385, 386, 391, 392, 400, 412, 414, 419, 431, 448, 456, 457, 462, 465, 466, 469, 471-476, 482, 487, 500, 508, 514, 516, 523, 528, 557*, 562, 638, 641, 654
Caesarea (Kaisaria), 508, 534, 535, 544, 577, 586, 615, 662
Caesarea (Cherchel), 466
Caesarean birth, 167
Caesarea Philippi, or Paneas (Banias), 545, 569
Caesarion, Egyptian prince, son of Cleopatra 47-30 B.C..), 188, 189, 195, 206, 208
Caesarodunum (Tours), 474
Caesars, the, 175, 362, 460, 593
Caesonia, fourth wife of Caligula (?-41 A.D.), 266, 268
Caiaphas, Jewish high priest (fl. 18-36), 571
Cairo, 350
Caius Caesar, grandson of Augustus (?-4 A.D.), 230-231, 473
Calagurris (Calahorra), 313
Caledonia, see Scotland calendar, Roman, 66-67, 75, 193;
Julian, 193;
Druidic, 472
Calidus, Quintus, politician (fl. 1st century B.C..), 129
Caligula (Caius Caesar Germanicus), Roman emperor (12-41), 264-268, 269, 270, 273, 279, 293, 300, 301, 304, 344, 345, 365*, 378, 380, 384, 388, 390, 434, 456, 466, 482, 500, 501, 543
Callimachus, Greek grammarian and poet (320-?—240-? B.C..), 155, 158, 636
Callistus, Roman Pope (reigned 217-222), 617-618
Callistus, secretary of Claudius (fl. 1st century), 270
Calpurnia, last wife of Caesar (1st century B.C..), 172, 189, 195, 197, 198
Calpurnia, third wife of Pliny the Younger (1st-2nd centuries), 440
Calvin, John, French Protestant reformer at Geneva (1509-1564), 592
Calvus, Licinius, poet (fl. 1st century B.C..), 146, 161, 174
cameos, 346
Camillus, Marcus Furius, general and patrician leader (?-365 B.C..), 24, 36, 68, 120
Campagna di Roma, 320, 631, 666
Campania, 11, 18, 37, 62, 74, 77, 171, 213, 231, 265, 303, 326, 328, 339, 346, 455-456, 608
Campus Martius, see Field of Mars Camulodunum (Colchester), 476, 477
Canaan, 567
canals, 77, 410, 464, 499, 500, 631
Canary Islands, 308
Candia, 247
Cannae (battle of, 216 B.C..), 34, 50-51, 70, 71, 86, 93, 164
Cannus, musician (fl. 1st century), 381
canonization, 226
canon law, 406, 619
Canopus (Abukir on site of), 500
Cantii, 476
Canuleius, Caius, tribune (fl. 445 B.C..), 24
Canusium (Canosa), 51
Capernaum, 563
capital, 90, 323, 333, 633, 668
Capitol, 36, 52, 60, 82, 83, 169, 198, 206, 263, 280, 291, 358, 388, 419, 443
Capitol, in Washington, 421
Capitolias, 535
Capitoline, 12*, 13, 36, 61, 81, 82, 316, 340, 341, 358
Capitoline games, 291, 381
Capitoline Museum, 349, 351, 443
Cappadocia, 140, 147, 188, 357, 366, 418, 462, 490, 496, 513, 517, 520, 523, 524, 528, 578, 629, 630
Capri (anc. Capreae), 263, 265, 344, 456
Captivi (Plautus), 100
Capua, 11, 37, 51, 52, 78, 116, 137, 138, 181, 194, 322, 346, 457, 546
Caracalla (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Bassianus Caracallus), Roman emperor (188-217), 331, 375, 621-623, 632, 633, 634, 635
Caracalla, Baths of, 375, 627, 635
Caractacus, king of the Silures in Britain (fl. ist century), 271
Carales (Cagliari), 464
Career Tullianum, 404
Care of the Hair, On the (Domitian), 289
Caria, 513, 514, 518
carmen saeculare, 225, 248, 380
Carneades, Greek philosopher and orator (213-129 B.C..), 95-96, 489, 497
Carnutes, 471*
Carpathian Mountains, 431
Carrara, 10, 357, 454
Carrhae (Harran), 131, 178, 529, 623
Carrinas Secundus, rhetorician (fl. 1st century A.D.), 267
Carteia (Algeciras), 470
Carthage, 25, 34, 38, 39-54, 57, 70, 76, 77, 80, 82, 85, 86, 87, 88, 91, 101, 105-108, 116, 117, 118, 192, 194, 240, 269, 326, 332, 418, 454, 465, 466, 467, 468, 469, 472, 482, 546, 603, 612, 613, 617, 633, 649, 650, 671
Carthage, Council of, 618
Casanova de Seingalt, Giovanni Jacopo, Italian adventurer (1725-1798), 487
Casinum, 461
Caspian Sea, 528
Cassius, Avidius, general and rebel (fl. 2nd century), 428, 431
Cassius, Spurius, consul (?-486 B.C..), 23
Cassius Longinus, Caius, general and conspirator (?-42 B.C..), 168, 186, 194, 196-204, 211, 448
Cassius Longinus Varus, Caius, governor (fl. ist century B.C..), 137
Cassivelaunus, British chief (fl. 1st century B.C..), 176
Castel Gandolfo, 11
Castor, 35, 62
Castor and Pollux, Temple of, 268, 358, 359
castration, see emasculation
catacombs, 601
Catana (Catania), 66, 464
Catechetical School, 613, 614
Catholicae Ecclesiae Unitate, De (St. Cyprian), 618
Catiline (Lucius Sergius Catilina), conspirator (108?-62 B.C..), 126, 142-144, 147, 168, 169, 170, 172, 184, 189, 202, 395
Catiline (Sallust), 160
Cato, Marcus Porcius (the Elder), general and patriot (234-149 B.C..), 4, 68, 69, 70, 73, 87, 88-90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 102-105, 106-108, 136, 160, 238, 312, 315, 370, 396, 399, 415, 454, 456, 618
Cato, Marcus Porcius, son of Cato Uticensis (?-42 B.C..), 190, 203
Cato Uticensis, Marcus Porcius (the Younger), philosopher and patriot (95-46 B.C..), 56, 75, 108, 131, 133, 134, 135-136, 144-145, 168, 171, 173, 174, 180, 181, 183, 186, 189-190, 195, 196, 203, 282, 296, 426
Catoptrica (Hero), 504
cattle raising, 104, 131, 238, 319-321, 455, 464, 478, 483, 513
Catullus, Caius Valerius, poet (87-54 B.C..), 69, 102, 135, 154, 155-158, 174, 225, 235
Catulus, Quintus Lutatius, aristocratic leader (fl. 1st century B.C..), 145, 146
Caucasus, 329, 448, 517, 528
Caudine Forks (battle of, 321 B.C..), 37
Caunus, 518
Celer, architect (fl. 1st century), 345
Celer, Asinius, epicure (fl. 1st century), 376
celibacy, 132, 134, 222-224, 237, 250, 363, 524, 526, 537, 566, 598;
clerical, 660*
Cellini, Benvenuto, Italian artist (1500-1571), 9, 349
Celsus, general of Trajan (?-118), 414
Celsus, Antichristian philosopher (fl. 2nd century), 559, 596, 606-607, 615, 616, 647
Celsus, Aurelius Cornelius, writer on science (fl. 1st century), 295, 308, 313
Celtiberians, 87
Celtic languages, 73, 477
Celts, 36, 49, 118-120, 126, 174-177, 235, 468, 471, 472, 475, 477
cena, 70
Cenabum (Orleans), 177, 474
Cena Trimalchionis, 297-298
censors, 24, 28, 29, 191, 214-215, 270, 272, 286, 290
censorship, 74, 99, 229, 300
census, 193, 214, 333, 463, 558
central heating, 343, 344, 477, 671
Centum Cellae (Civita Vecchia), 410, 461
ceramics, Etruscan, 9;
Carthaginian, 42;
Roman, 77, 322-323, 336, 346-347, 454, 473, 474, 477, 498
Cerberus, 389
Ceres, 59, 62, 84, 164, 381
Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de, Spanish novelist (1547-1616), 637
Cethegus, Caius Cornelius, conspirator (?-64 B.C..), 143-144
Cévennes mountains (anc. Cebenna), 176
Ceylon, 329, 406
Chaerea, Caius Cassius, tribune of Praetorian Guard (?-4i A.D.), 268
Chaeremon, Greek Stoic philosopher (fl. 1st century), 274
Chaeronea, 124, 483, 484
Chalcedon (Kadiköi), 133, 629
Chalcis, 73, 483
Chaldaic, 537
Chaldea, 64
Châlons-sur-Marne, 638, 670
Champollion, Jean François, French Egyptologist (1790-1832), 5
Chance, 349
Chariclea, 636-637
chariot races, in Etruria, 7;
in Rome, 265, 267, 274, 278-279, 377, 382-383, 447, 465
charity, 71
Charmion, Egyptian handmaiden of Cleopatra (?-3o B.C..), 208
Charmis of Marseilles, physician in Rome (fl. 1st century), 313
charms, 60, 64, 388
Charon, 387, 496-497
Charondas, Sicilian lawgiver (ca. 500 B.C..), 32
Chartres, 471*
Charybdis, 602
Chasidim, 536-537
Chastity, 349
Châtelet, Marquis du, Florent-Claude (1695-?), 135
Chatti, 291, 428, 429, 431
Chaucer, Geoffrey, English poet (1340?-1400), 258
Chephren, 350
chess, 375
Chester (anc. Deva or Devana Castra), 477
Chichester (anc. Cissaceaster), 477
Chimera, 9
China, 134, 329, 529, 669
Chinese Wall, 669
Chiusi (anc. Clusium q.v.), 9
Chloe, 247
Christ, 72, 75, 154, 160, 235, 281, 347*, 390, 449, 466, 475, 493-494, 502, 509, 510, 527, 529, 535, 537, 541*, 550-619, 626, 646-664, 667
Christianity, 63, 65, 95, 165, 307, 335, 358, 404, 405, 406, 465, 467-468, 489, 490, 493-494, 497, 510, 520, 523, 524, 527, 538, 549, 550-619, 621, 625, 626, 628, 635, 637, 646-664, 667-668, 671-672
Christians, 281, 292, 308, 365, 366, 386, 416, 423, 442, 447, 507, 529, 554-619, 626, 646-664, 665
Chrysoloras, Manuel, reviver of Greek in Italy (1355?-1415), 96
Chrysopolis (Scutari), 655
Chrysostom, Saint John, Greek father of the Church (347?-407), 494
Church, early, 557, 558, 575, 577, 588, 591-595, 596-619, 646-664, 668
Church, Roman Catholic, 475, 554, 592, 617-619, 671-672
churches, 662, 663
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, orator and man of letters (106-43 B.C..), 11, 13, 14, 32, 68, 70, 73, 82, 95, 96-97, 98, 102, 108, 115, 118, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 135, 136, 140-145, 146, 154, 160, 161-166, 167, 168, 169, 171, 172-174, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 185, 188, 189, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 108, 201, 202, 212, 216, 228, 258, 307, 308, 313, 315, 324, 325, 356, 365, 368, 378, 379, 387, 391, 393, 398, 403, 405, 415, 439, 453, 454, 456, 457, 462, 463, 464, 489, 510, 513, 514, 516, 557, 572, 587, 612, 662, 671
Cicero, Quintus Tullius, governor, brother of M. Tullius Cicero (ca. 102-43 B.C..), 143*, 173
Cilicia, 129, 139, 140, 167, 180, 196, 203, 204, 205, 378, 413, 500, 505, 513, 579, 629, 630
Cimbri, 118-120, 472
Cinara, 247
Cincian law (204 B.C..), 32, 132, 402
Cincinnatus, Lucius Quinctius, dictator (519?-439? B.C..), 31
Cineas, Greek philosopher (fl. 280 B.C..), 28, 37
Cinna, Helvius, poet (?-44 B.C..), 155
Cinna, Lucius Cornelius, dictator (?-84 B.C..), 123-125, 167, 519
circumcision, 530, 546, 548, 559, 577, 580, 582-583, 585, 586, 587, 625
circuses, see games
Circus Flaminius, 82, 340, 360
Circus Maximus, 18, 82, 280, 360-361, 382-383, 625
Ciris, 270
Cirta (Constantine), 105, 466
citizenship, Roman, 25-27, 58, 99, 100, 114, 115, 116, 118, 121, 122, 126, 182, 193-194, 216, 235, 270-271, 283, 394-395, 398, 460, 462, 473, 476, 546, 586, 591, 622-623
city-states, in Etruria, 6;
in Greece, 6, 86, 482;
in Latium, 11;
Rome, 35, 81, 212;
Tarentum, 455;
in the Roman Empire, 460-461
Civilis, Julius, Batavian rebel leader (fl. 71), 473
Civil War in Rome, 122-126, 168, 169, 177, 180-208, 211, 220, 225, 252, 283-286, 293-294, 296, 301, 514, 644
civitates, 324
clan (gens), 56, 69
clan council, in the early Republic, 57
clan name (nomen,) 56-57
Clarissa Harlowe (Richardson), 637
classicism, 249, 258, 302, 338-339, 381, 442, 635
class war, in Greece, 86, 87, 482;
in Rome, 23-24, 38, 47, 51, 77, 108, 111-208, 242, 632, 633, 656, 665, 668, 669
Claudia, first wife of Augustus (fl. 1st century B.C..), 229
Claudia or Clodia, Vestal Virgin (3rd century B.C..), 94
Claudian Aqueduct, 270, 340
Claudii, Roman clan, 21, 35, 155, 172, 205, 259, 364
Claudius I (Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus), Roman emperor (10 B.C..-A.D. 54), 216, 267, 268-275, 293, 295, 301, 302, 312, 322, 326, 336, 350, 365*, 371, 383, 384, 390, 397, 402, 410, 419, 434, 456, 466, 473, 476, 501, 543, 554
Claudius II (Marcus Aurelius Claudius Gothi-cus), Roman emperor (214-270), 630, 638
Claudius, Caius, naval commander (fl. 3rd century), 44
Claudius Caecus, Appius, politician and writer (fl. 312 B.C..), 29, 32, 37, 77-78, 81
Claudius Regillensis Sabinus, Appius, lawmaker (fl. 450 B.C..), 23-24, 29, 72
Cleander, Praetorian prefect (?-190), 447-448
Cleanthes, Greek Stoic philosopher (300?-220? B.C..), 584*
Cleisthenes, Athenian statesman (fl. 510 B.C..), 15
Clemency, On (Seneca), 302
Clemens, Flavius, relative of Domitian (?-05), 292
Clement I, or Clemens Romanus, Roman Pope (30?-100?), 588, 617
Clement of Alexandria (Titus Flavius Clemens) Christian father and writer (150?-220?), 558, 610-611, 613, 614, 616
Clementia, De (Seneca), 275
Cleopatra VII, Queen of Egypt (69-30 B.C..), 70, 168, 187-190, 195, 204-208, 228, 237, 247, 329, 344, 347, 512, 531, 630
clepsydra (water clock), 66, 308, 356
clientes, 22
climate, 455, 476
Clitias, Greek potter, 9
Clivus Victoriae, 341
Cloaca Maxima, 81
Clodia, wife of Caius Caecilius Metellus Celef (fl. 1st century B.C..), 135, 155-157, 172, 235
Clodius Pulcher, Publius, politician (?-52 B.C..), 132, 135, 171-174, 180, 202, 219
Clorinda, 637
clothing, in Etruria, 6, 18;
in Carthage, 40, 41;
in Rome, 18, 70, 76, 89, 108, 132, 134, 215, 223, 321-322, 328-329, 372-373, 624;
in Spain, 468;
in Gaul, 471;
in Egypt, 499;
in Parthia, Clusium (Chiusi), 17, 36
Clyde, 476;
Firth of, 476
Clytie, 351
Cnidus, 513
Code (Justinian), 394, 406
Codex Gregorianus, 634
Coele-Syria, 204
coinage, Etruscan, 6, 17;
Carthaginian, 40;
Roman, 17, 78-79, 87, 192-193, 195, 275, 291, 329, 330-331, 346, 358, 372, 627, 632, 639, 641, 656;
British, before Caesar, 476;
Pontic, 517
coitus interruptus, see birth control
Colchis, 413
Collatinus, Lucius Tarquinius, friend of Sextus Tarquín (fl. 6th century B.C..), 16
collegia, of priests, 63, 225;
of workers, 80, 128, 173, 192, 335, 371, 427, 627, 644;
of physicians, 312
Colline Gate, battle of (82 B.C..), 125
Cologne (anc. Oppidum Ubiorum; later Colonia Agrippinensis), 175*, 176, 324, 408, 479-480
coloni, see tenant farmers colonization, Etruscan, 11;
Latin, 12, 38;
Greek, 35;
Roman, 24, 38, 47, 116-117, 120, 192, 194, 218, 410, 419, 457, 465
Colonna, Piazza, 443
Colosseum, 287, 289, 345, 351, 356, 361, 383-387, 455, 627
Colossians, The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the, 587*, 588
Colossus of Rhodes, 514
Columbus, Christopher, Genoese discoverer of America (1446?-1506), 308, 325, 329, 503
Columella, Lucius Junius Moderatus, writer on agriculture (fl. 1st century), 319, 320, 473
column, 355-361, 411-413, 420, 427*, 443, 453, 465, 466, 474, 499, 500, 508, 509, 511, 512, 515, 516, 533, 661-662
Columna Lactaria, 364*
Comana Pontica, 517
comedy, 73-74, 93, 95, 98, 99-102, 232, 269, 378
Comedy of Errors, 100
comites, 479
comitia centuriata, see Centurial Assembly
comitia curiata, see Curial Assembly
comitia populi tribuna, see Tribal Assembly
Commagene, 322, 495, 513
Commentaries (Caesar), 146, 169, 178
Commentarii (Sulla), 126
commerce, see trade Commodus (Lucius Aurelius Commodus), Roman emperor (161-192), 214, 221, 323, 330, 390, 396, 430, 432, 446-448, 505, 620, 622, 632, 649
communication, 271, 323-324
communion, 525, 598, 599-600, 613
communism, in Saturnia Regna, 61; 526, 537-538, 565, 576, 597, 604*, 605, 646
Como (anc. Comum), 322, 368, 411, 439, 440, 454
Como, Lake (Lacus Larius), 4, 344, 454
Compitalia (Feast of the Crossroads), 59
Composite order (architecture), 338, 357
Comum, see Como
concilium principis, 215
Concord, 358;
Temple of, 24, 358
concubinage, 134, 204, 222, 272, 288, 290, 300-301, 396, 423, 516, 529, 653
confession, 525, 600
confirmation, 600
Confucius, Chinese philosopher (551-479 B.C..), 567
conquistadores, 600*
conscription, 34, 51, 87, 90, 111, 114, 118, 178, 179, 182, 222, 429, 482, 621, 631*, 647, 650, 667, 668
Conservatori, Museo de’, 443*
Conservatori, Palazzo dei, 662
consolatio, 301
Consolatio ad Helviam (Seneca), 301
Consolatio ad Polybium (Seneca), 301
Consolatione, De (Cicero), 163*
Constancy of the Sage, On the (Seneca), 302
Constantia, sister of Constantine I (2nd and 3rd centuries), 663
Constantine I the Great (Flavius Valerius Constantinus), Roman emperor (272-337), 331, 349, 375, 426, 483, 607, 639, 643, 644, 645, 653-664, 665, 666, 668
Constantine, Arch of, 443*
Constantine, Basilica of, 661-662
Constantine, Baths of, 375
Constantine, Life of (Eusebius), 663
Constantine, anc. Cirta, q.v.
Constantinople (Byzantium, Istanbul), 95, 332, 354, 406, 410, 412, 482, 483, 509*, 518, 529, 622, 633, 640, 656, 657, 661, 663, 670
Constantinople, Council of, 615
Constantius I (Flavius Valerius Constantius Chlorus), Roman emperor (reigned 305-306), 635, 640-641, 644, 651, 653, 655
constitution of Rome, 670;
under the Republic, 25-35, 51, 114, 123, 125, 126, 139, 174;
under the Principate, 212-217, 285, 292, 391
consulship, 23-25, 27, 29-31, 34, 126, 180-181, 191, 213, 216
Contra Celsum (Origen), see Against Celsus
contraception, see birth control
contracts, in the early Republic, 57
Copenhagen, 350
Copernicus, Nikolaus, Polish astronomer (1473-1543), 502, 503
Coponius, Caius, senator (fl. 1st century B.C..), 202
Corbulo, Cnaeus Domitius, general (fl. 1st century), 271, 275
Corcyra (Corfu), 383
Corduba (Cordova), 296, 425, 470
Cordus, Aulus Cremutius, historian (?-25), 301
Corfinium, 78, 122, 182, 184
Corinna, 254-255
Corinth, 87, 107, 192, 193, 194, 283, 332, 374, 383, 487, 546, 584-585, 602, 617, 630;
Isthmus of, 283, 487
Corinthian order (architecture), 338, 345, 355, 357, 420, 427*, 465, 474, 511, 533, 661
Corinthians, The First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the, 554, 580, 587*, 589, 591
Corinthians, The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the, 554, 587*
Coriolanus, Caius (or Cneius) Marcius, hero (banished 491 B.C..), 35
Corioli, 35
corn, see grain
Corneille, Pierre, French dramatist (1606-1684), 302, 412
Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi (fl. 2nd century B.C..), 113, 115, 117
Cornelia, lex, 312
Cornelia, sister of the Gracchi and wife of Scipio Aemilianus (fl. 2nd century B.C..), 113, 115
Cornelia, second wife of Caesar (?-68 B.C..), 167, 168
Cornelian Laws, 126
Cornelii, Roman clan, 21, 91, 364
Cornelius, Roman Pope (?-253), 618
Corneto (anc. Tarquinii, q.v.), 11
corporations, 78-80, 88, 340
Corsica, 38, 40, 43, 46, 52, 301, 302, 463-464
Coruncanius, Tiberius, consul (fl. 280 B.C..), 32
Corvini, Roman family, 255
Corvus, Marcus Valerius, consul and dictator (fl. 350, B.C..), 71
Cos, 312, 329, 504, 514
cosmetics, 89, 187, 255, 329, 372-373, 465, 596, 599, 624, 657
Cossutia, first wife of Caesar (1st century B.C..), 167
Costoboii, 431
Cotta, Aurelius, political leader (fl. 241 B.C..), 78
Cotta, Lucius, friend of Caesar (fl. 1st century B.C..), 197
Cottian Alps, 454
Country Life, On (Varro), 159
courtesans, in Etruria, 7;
under Rome, 62, 68, 132, 138, 199, 204, 244, 254, 255, 366, 369, 636
court life, 235, 303, 640-641, 643, 655, 661, 662, 668
courts, 129, 160, 180, 216, 220, 231, 261, 270, 275, 340, 397-398, 401-403, 448
crafts, 80, 111, 243, 321-323, 333, 335, 338, 365, 373, 479, 510, 513, 528, 536, 642-644, 671
Crassus, Lucius Licinius, orator (fl. 1st century B.C..), 160
Crassus Dives, Marcus Licinius, general and triumvir (112-53 B.C..), 126, 130-131, 137-139, 168-169, 170-179, 192, 194, 217, 312, 529, 531, 623
Crates of Mallus, Stoic philosopher (fl. 2nd century B.C.), 95
cremation, 84, 232, 443, 472
Cremona, 47, 87, 236, 285, 454, 461
Crescens, colleague who forsook St. Paul (1st century), 590
Crete or Candia (anc. Creta), 17*, 55, 200, 216, 505
Crimea, 517, 519
criminals, in labor, 78, 322;
in games, 383-387;
law and, 398;
in the army, 665
Crispus, son of Constantine I (?-326), 663-664
Crispus, Caius, husband of Agrippina the Younger (fl. 1st century), 273
Critolaus, Greek philosopher (fl. 2nd century B.C..), 95-96
Croesus, King of Lydia (fl. 560 B.C..), 516 Cronus, 62-63, 588*
Crotona, (Cotrone), 35, 37, 51, 363
Crucifixion, 555, 559, 572-574
crucifixion, 112, 138, 168, 281, 385, 397, 404, 469, 543, 544, 545, 572-573, 578, 591, 606, 652
Ctesiphon, 413, 428, 528, 529, 531, 602, 605, 622
Cuba, 59
cults, see religion
culture, Italian, 3-5;
Villanovan, 5;
Etruscan, 5-11, 17-18, 36;
Celtic, 36;
Latin, 38;
Carthaginian, 40-42;
Greek, 95, 96;
German, 479;
under the Republic, 75, 177;
under the Principate, 234-235, 287, 311, 379, 419-420, 449, 455, 459, 461, 474, 478, 481, 625;
under the monarchy, 661, 666-667;
of Rome, 670-672
Cumae, 17, 35, 37, 64, 73, 113, 121, 126, 240, 346, 347, 456
cuneiform, 529
Cupid, 255, 352-353, 468
Curio, Caius Scribonius, orator and consul (?-53 B.C..), 168
Curio, Caius Scribonius, general (?-49 B.C..), 133, 168, 181, 183, 361
Curius, Marcus Dentatus, hero and consul (fl. 275 B.C..), 71
currency, see mediums of exchange
cursus honorum, 28-29, 636
cursus publicus, see post
Curtius, Marcus, legendary hero, 64
Cutilia, Lake (Pozzo di Ratignano), 288
Cybele, 94, 157, 276, 358, 513, 523, 524-525, 526, 527, 606; see also Magna Mater
Cybele, Temple of, 358
Cyclades, 519
Cydnus, 204
Cynicism, 136, 286, 292, 300, 489-490, 493, 509, 537, 657
Cynoscephalae (battle, 197 B.C..), 85
Cynthia, 253
Cyprian, St. (Thascius Caecilius Cyprianus), Latin father of the Church and Bishop of Carthage (200?-258), 603, 613, 617, 618, 650, 657, 665
Cyprus, 173, 174, 196, 204, 206, 216, 310, 322, 505, 513, 548, 582, 583, 630
Cyrenaica, 40, 328, 364
Cyrene, 200, 216, 413, 548, 559*
Cyropaideia (Xenophon), 636
Cyzicus, 418, 516;
Temple of, 418