Vishvas's notes

Capital Roman numerals, except at the beginning of a note, will usually indicate volumes, followed by page numbers; small Roman numerals will usually indicate “books” (main divisions) of a classical text, followed by chapter or verse numbers, and sometimes additionally by section or paragraph numbers.

CHAPTER I

Pliny, Natural History, xxxvii, 77.
Virgil, Georgics, ii, 149.
Ibid., ii, 198.
Strabo, Geography, v, 4. 8.
Polybius, History, i, 2. 15.
In Taine, Modern Regime, 17.
Aristotle, Physics, 1329b.
Thucydides, Peloponnesian War, vi, 18. 2.
Homo, Primitive Italy, 32; Toutain, Economic Life of the Ancient World, 207.
Dennis, Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria, 1, 36.
Herodotus, Histories, v, 94; Strabo, v, 1. 2; Tacitus, Annals, iv, 55; Appian, Roman History, viii, 9. 66; etc. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, i, 30, regarded the Etruscans as indigenous to Italy; so did Mommsen, History of Rome, I, 155. Dennis, I, 17, Frank, Economic History of Rome, 16, Randall-Maclver, Etruscans, 23, and Rostovtzeff, History of the Ancient World, II, 180, accept the tradition.
Dennis, I, 39.
Paul-Louis, Ancient Rome at Work, 66; Toutain, 211.
Dennis, I, 329.
Athenaeus, Deipnosophists, xii, 3.
Garrison, History of Medicine, 119.
Castiglione, History of Medicine, 192.
Aristotle in Athenaeus, i, 19; Dennis, I, 321.
Ibid., 21.
Cambridge Ancient History, IV, 415.
Frazer, Sir J., Magic Art, II, 287.
Scholiast on Juvenal, vi, 565.
Frazer, 1. c.
CAH, IV, 420-1; Mommsen, I, 232-3; Dennis, II, 168.
Enc. Brit., VIII, 787.
Anderson and Spiers, Architecture of Greece and Rome, 121; Strong, E., Art in Ancient Rome, 21; CAH, VII, 386.
Pliny, xxxv, 6.
Rodenwaldt, G., Die Kunst der Antike: Hellas, 509.
Ovid, Fasti, iii, 15.
Livy, History of Rome, i, 9-13.
Frazer, II, 289.
Livy, i, 19.
Tacitus, Annals, iii, 26.
Cicero, De re publica, ii, 14.
Livy, i, 22.
Ibid., 27.
Dio Cassius, History of Rome, fragment vii.
Strabo, v, 2. 2.
Livy, i, 35.
Pais, E., Ancient Legends of Roman History, 38.
Cicero, Republica, ii, 21.
Livy, i, 46.
Pais, 137-8.
Dio, iii, 7, and frag. x, 2.
Livy, i. 56-7.
Syme, R., The Roman Revolution, 85n.
Cicero, Republica, i, 39; Coulanges, F., The Ancient City, 384.
Tacitus, Histories, iii, 72.
Mommsen, I, 414.
Dennis, I, 26.
Duff, J. W., Literary History of Rome, 6; CAH, IV, 407.
Livy, i, 8; Strabo, v, 2. 2; Dennis, II, 166.
CAH, VII, 384.
Livy, i, 8.
CAH, VIII, 387; Hammerton, J., Universal History of the World, II, 1158.
Strabo, v, 2. 2.

CHAPTER II

Livy, i, 8.
Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights, vi, 13.
Livy, ii, 56; CAH, VII, 456.
Aulus Gellius, xx, 1. 45-51; Dio, frag. xvi, 4.
Livy, ii, 23-30; Dio, iv, 7 and frag, xvi, 6; Dionysius, vi, 45; Plutarch, “Coriolanus.”
Livy, iv, 13; Dio, vi, 7.
Livy, iii, 52.
Dio, v, 7.
Ibid.
Livy, i, 43.
Frank, Economic History, 20; Smith, W., Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, s. v. exercitus.
Mommsen, III, 60.
Plutarch, “Pyrrhus.”
Coulanges, 244.
Dio, iv, 7.
Twelve Tables, iv, 1-3, in Monroe, P., Source Book, 337.
Twelve Tables, iii, 1-6.
Ibid., viii, 3.
Ibid., 21-26.
Cicero, Pro Roscio Amerino, 25-6.
Polybius, iii, 6.
Livy, vii, 24.
Vitruvius, De Architectura, ii, 12.
Polybius, vi, 37.
Frontinus, Stratagems and Aqueducts, iv, 1.
Frank, Economic History, 338; Id., Economic Survey of Ancient Rome, V, 160; Fowler, W. W., Social Life at Rome, 32; Edwards, H. J., Appendix A to Caesar, Gallic War.
Dio, vi, 95.
Livy, ii, 34; Dionysius, vii, 50; Dio, v, 7 and frag. xvii, 2; Appian, Roman History, ii, 5; Plutarch, “Coriolanus.”
Polybius, ii, 15-20.
Livy, v, 42.
Dio, vii, 7.
Coulanges, 494.
Plutarch, “Sayings of Great Commanders,” in Moralia, 184C.

CHAPTER III

Mommsen, II, 138.
Smith, R. B., Carthage, 29.
Appian, viii, 95.
Polybius, vi, 56.
Plutarch, De re publica ger., iii, 6.
Frazer, Adonis, Attis, Osiris, I, 114.
Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, xx, 14.
St. Augustine, Letters, xvii, 2.
Appian, viii, 127.
Aristotle, Politics, 1272b.
Ibid., 1273a.
Polybius, iii, 22.
Strabo, xvii, 1. 19.
Polybius, i, 20-1.
Cicero, De Officiis, iii, 26; In Pisonem, 43.
Gellius, vii, 4.
Polybius, i. 80.
Smith, R. B., Carthage, 151.
Polybius, i, 87. Flaubert has told the story with perfect art in Salammbo.
Mommsen, ii, 223.
Dio, frag. Iii, 2.
Livy, xxi, 4.
Mommsen, II, 243.
Livy, xxi, 22.
Plutarch, Moralia, 195D.
Livy, xxii, 57.
Polybius, ii, 75, 118.
Livy, xxii, 50.
Livy, xxviii, 12.
Diodorus, xxvii, 9; Appian, vii, 59.
Ibid., viii, 134.
Livy, xxxix, 51.

CHAPTER IV

Twelve Tables, iv, 1.
St. Augustine, City of God, vi, 9.
Horace, Satires, i, 8, 35; Müller-Lyer, F., Evolution of Modern Marriage, 55; Castiglione, 195; Howard, C., Sex Worship, 65, 79; Enc. Brit., 11th ed., XVII, 467; XXI, 345.
Pliny, xxviii, 19.
Livy, xxiii, 31.
Virgil, Georgics, ii, 419; Horace, Odes, i, 1.25.
Frazer, Magic Art, II, 190; the derivation is questioned by Fowler, W. W., Roman Festivals of the Republic, 99.
Virgil, Aeneid, vii, 761; Ovid, Fasti, vi, 753; Metamorphoses, xv, 497; Strabo, v, 3.12; Pliny, xxx, 12-13; Frazer, Magic Art, I, 11.
Boissier, G., La réligion romaine, I, 27.
Livy, v, 21-2; vi, 29; Coulanges, 199.
Ovid, Metam., xv, 626.
Livy, viii, 15; Lanciani, R., Ancient Rome, 143.
Fowler, W. W., Religious Experience of the Roman People, 337.
Mommsen, III, 11.
Cicero, Pro Archia, 4; Fowler, op. cit., 30. The derivation is not certain; Cicero gives another in De natura deorum, ii, 28.
Reinach, S., Apollo, 109.
Livy, vii, 5.
Pliny, xxviii, 10.
Harrison, J., Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion, 35.
Plautus, Curculio, 33-8.
Ovid, Fasti, iii, 523.
Howard, 66.
Athenaeus, xiv, 44.
Westermarck, E., Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, I, 430; Cicero, Pro Caelio, 20.
Brittain, A., Roman Women, 135-6.
Coulanges, 63.
Plutarch, “Numa and Lycurgus.”
Gellius, x, 23.
Abbott, F., Common People of Ancient Rome, 87.
Catullus, Poems, xxv.
Pliny, xxxiii, 16.
Fowler, W. W., Social Life at Rome, 50-1, 270.
Polybius, xxxi, 26.
Ibid., vi, 56.
Cf. Appian, vi, passim.
Polybius, vi, 58.
Plutarch, Quaestiones Romanae, 59.
Livy, iii, 38.
Heine, H., Memoirs, I, 12.
Thompson, Sir E., Greek and Latin Paleography, 5.
Schlegel, A. W., Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature, 202.
Livy, vii, 2; Bieber, N., History of the Greek and Roman Theater, 307.
In Duff, J., Literary History of Rome, 130.
Castiglione, 196.
Lanciani, R., Ancient Rome, 53.
Glover, T. R., Conflict of Religions in the Early Roman Empire, 13; Fried-lander, L., Roman Life and Manners under the Early Empire, III, 141.
Twelve Tables, x, 9.
Pliny, xxix, 6.
Frank, Economic Survey, I, 12; CAH, VII, 417; for the contrary cf. Mommsen, History, I, 193, 238.
Pliny, xviii, 3.
Virgil, Georgics, i, 299.
Guhl, E., and Koner, W., Life of the Greeks and Romans, 503.
Cato, de agri cultura, viii; Varro, Rerum rusticarum libri tres, pref.
Cicero, Letters, vii, 1.
Pliny, xxxiii, 13.
CAH, VIII, 345.
Mommsen, History, III, 75.
CAH, X, 395; Frank, Economic History of Rome, 340. For other comparative prices cf. ibid., 66.
Twelve Tables, viii, 18; Tacitus, Annals, vi, 16.
Livy, vii, 19-21, 42.
Paul-Louis, 118.
Frank, Economic History, 119; for a contrary view cf. Ward, C. O., The Ancient Lowly, 208-9.
Livy, viii, 12; Dionysius of Halicarnassus, ix, 43.
Mommsen, History, I, 248-9; Paul-Louis, 47.
77% between 200 and 150 B.C.—Frank, Economic Survey, I, 146.
Ibid., 41; CAH, VIII, 344; Paul-Louis, 102; Mommsen, History, II, 55.
Pliny, xxxvi, 24.
Enc. Brit., XIX, 466.
Rickard, T., Man and Metals, I, 280.
Twelve Tables, x, 4.
E.g. in Plautus’ Captives, 998.
Lucian, Dialogues of the Dead, xxv.

CHAPTER V

Livy, iv, 302.
Plutarch, “Flamininus.”
Livy, xliv, 22.
Appian, vi, 9-10; Mommsen, History, III, 220.
Livy, xxxix, 7; Mommsen, 201.
Polybius, vi, 17.
Davis, W. S., Influence of Wealth in Imperial Rome, 74, 77; Mommsen, III, 83.
Polybius, xxxi, 25; Mommsen, III, 127; Sellar, W. Y., Roman Poets of the Republic, 234.
Mommsen, III, 40.
Polybius, xxxi, 25.
Guhl, 490.
Plutarch, “Cato the Elder.”
Livy, xxxiv, 1.
Brittain, 95.
Polybius, xxx, 14.
Mommsen, III, 21, 127.
Ibid., 44, 294, 301-2.
CAH, VIII, 359.
Plutarch, “Marcellus.”
Anderson, 137.
Cicero, De divinatione, ii, 24.52.
Polybius, vi, 56.
Livy, xxxix, 8.
Cicero, De re publica, ii, 19.

24a. Horace, Epistles, ii, 1.156.

Cicero, De senectute, viii, 26.
Cf. Bk. II of the Republic.
Appian, vi, 9.53.
Ennius, Telamo, frag, in Duff, 141.
Cicero, De div., ii, 50.
Ennius, frag, in Gellius, xii, 4.
Ennius in Cicero, Disp. Tuse., ii, 1.1.
Collins, W. L., Plautus and Terence, 33-4; Matthews, B., Development of the Drama, 98.
Cicero, De re publica, iv, 10.
Collins, 45.
Plautus, Amphitryon, iii, 2, 4.
Batiffol, L., Century of the Renaissance, 164.
Suetonius, On Poets, “Terence,” ii.
Terence, Heauton Timoroumenos, prologue.
Terence, Adelphi, prologue.
Suetonius, 1. c.
Plutarch, Moralia, 198E, 199C.
Pliny, vii, 28.
Livy, xxxix, 42; Plutarch, “Cato the Elder.”
Fowler, Social Life, 191.
Pliny, viii, 11.
Plutarch, 1. c.
Ibid., Pliny, xxix, 7.
Appian, viii, 14.
Strabo, xvii, 3.15.

CHAPTER VI

Mommsen, History, III, 306.
Livy, xli, 28; xlv, 34.
Ibid., xxxix, 29.
Heitland, W., Agricola, 161; Ward, I, 121.
Dio Cassius, xxxiv, frag. ii, 23; Livy, Epitome of Book xc.
Plutarch, “Tiberius Gracchus.”
Ibid.
Appian, Civil Wars, i, 1.
Pliny, xxxiii, 14.
Appian, Civil Wars, i, 3.
Julius Philippus in Cicero, De off., ii, 21.
Appian, Civil Wars, i, 4.
Plutarch, “Marius.”
Sallust, Jugurthine War, xiii, xx-xxviii.
Plutarch, 1. c.
Ibid.
Plutarch, “Sylla.”
Sallust, xcv.
Ibid., xcvi.
Mommsen, IV, 142.
Appian, Civil Wars, i, 8.
Plutarch, 1. c.
Ibid.
Ibid.

CHAPTER VII

Plutarch, “Caesar.”
Davis, 13-14.
Cicero, Ad Atticum, iv, 15.
Plutarch, “Pompey.”
Cicero, Ad Quintum, ii, 5.
Cicero, Letters, iii, 29.
Cicero, Ad Quintum, iii, 2.
Mommsen, V, 349.
Plutarch, “Cicero.”
Cicero, I In Verrem, 13.
Frank, Economic History, 295.
Mommsen, IV, 173.
Frank, 289.
Cicero, De off., i, 8.
Plutarch, 1. c. of History, 238.
Nepos, “Atticus.”
Plutarch, “Lucullus.”
Frank, Economic Survey, I, 354.
Macrobius, Saturnalia, iii, 13.
Varro, iii, 16; Cicero, Letters, ix, 18; Mommsen, V, 387.
Cicero, Letters, vii, 26.
Pliny, xxxvi, 24.
L. c.
Historiae Augustae, “Alex. Severus,” 33; Livy, xxxix, 8f; Mommsen, V, 384; Ward, I, 406.
In Boissier, G., Cicero and His Friends, 164.
Cicero, Pro Caelio.
Plutarch, “Cato the Younger.”
Cicero, Ad Atticum, ii, 1; Plutarch, 1. c, and “Phocien.”
Appian, Roman History, vi, 16.
Plutarch, “Crassus.”
Ibid.
Plutarch, “Sertorius.”
Plutarch, “Pompey.”
Cicero, De lege Manilia, vii, 18-19.
Cicero, Pro Caelio, 16.
Cicero, Pro Sexto Roscio.
Sallust, The War of Catiline, xv.
Ibid.; Plutarch, “Cicero.”
Haskell, H., The New Deal in Old Rome, 125.
Sallust, Catiline, xx, 7-13.
Cicero, III In Catilinam, vii.
Haskell, 167.
Sallust, xxxiii, 1.
Cicero, op. cit., viii.
Ibid., i.
Cicero, In Pisonem, vi-vii.

CHAPTER VIII

Lucretius, De rerum natura, iii, 1053f; tr. W. D. Rouse.
Ibid., iv, 1045-71.
Mommsen, IV, 207.
Fowler, Religious Experience of the Roman People, 391.
Lucretius, i, 1-40.
Ibid., i, 101.
V, 1202.
I, 73.
II, 646.
II, 1090.
VI, 35.
I, 430.
II, 312.
IV, 834.
V, 419.
V, 837.
II, 8.
V, 1116.
II, 29.
IV, 1052.
V, 925f.
II, 79.
II, 1148.
II, 576.
Shotwell, Introduction, 221.

25a. Appian, ii, 2.

Lucretius, v, 564.
VI, 1093.
In Eusebius, Chronicles in Hadzsits, G., Lucretius and His Influence, 5.
Sellar, Poets of the Republic, 277.
Voltaire, Lettres de Memmius à Ciceron, in Hadzsits, 327.
Apuleius, Apology, in Sellar, 411.
Catullus, Poems, li.
Id., ii.
V.
XI
LXXXV.
LXX.
CI.
XXXI.
XXXVIII.
XCVIII.
Varro, pref.
Ibid., ii, 10.
St. Augustine, City of God, iv, 27.
Ibid., vii, 5.
Sallust, Jug. War, lxxxv.

46a. Gellius, xvii, 18.1.

46b. Pliny, xiv, 17.

In Weise, O., Language and Character of the Roman People, 86.
Nepos, “Atticus,” xvi.
Cf. the letter to Trebatius, in Cicero, vii, 10.
Cf. the letter to Lentulus in Cicero, i, 7 with the speech Pro Balbo, 27.
Ad Atticum, vii, 1.
Letters, xv, 4, to Cato.
Boissier, Cicero, 84; Frank, Economic Survey, I, 395.
Ad Atticum, i, 18.
Ibid., i, 7.
Pro Archia, vii.
De div., i, 2.1; ii, 2.4-5.
De off., ii, 17.
De natura deorum, i, 2, 8.
De div., ii, 12.28.
Academica, ii, 41.
De natura deorum, i, 5.
De div., ii, 47.97.

63a. De natura deorum, iii, 16.

Ibid., ii, 37.
Ibid., i, I; De legibus, ii, 7; De off., ii, 72.148.
De legibus, i, 7.
De re publica, i, 2.
Ibid., i, 44.
III, 22.
De legibus, i, 15.
De amicitia, xii, 40.
De senectute, xi, 38.
Disp. Tusc., i.
De legibus, i, 2.

CHAPTER IX

Suetonius, Supplement, i, 3.
Suetonius, “Julius,” 49.
Ibid., 4; Plutarch, “Caesar.”
Suetonius, “Julius,” 52.
Plutarch, “Cato the Younger.”
Quintilian, Institutes, x, 1.114.
Sallust, Cataline, ii.
Appian, Civil Wars, ii, 2.
Ferrero, G., Greatness and Decline of Rome, I, 261.
Boissier, Tacitus, 215f.
Mommsen, V, 132.
Caesar, Gallic War, i, 44.
Mommsen, V, 34.
Ibid., 38.
Cicero, 1. c., 81.
Mommsen, V, 100.
Plutarch, “Pompey,” “Crassus,” “Cato the Younger.”
Homo, L., Roman Political Institutions, 184; Mommsen, V, 166.
Ibid., 385.
Appian, Civil Wars, ii, 3.
Cicero, Pro Sextio, 35; Mommsen, V, 108f, 370; Ferrero, I, 313; Boissier, Cicero, 213; Fowler, Social Life, 58.
Dio Cassius, xl, 57.
Plato, Republic, 562f.
Suetonius, “Julius,” 77.
Appian, Civil Wars, ii, 5; Ferrero, II, 187.
Suetonius, “Julius,” 32; Appian, l.c.
Syme, 89.
Cicero ad Atticum, vin, 16.
Ferrero, II, 212.
Cicero, Letters, xvi, 12, to Tiro, 49 B.C.
Cf., e.g., De bello civile, i, 43-52.
Ibid., i, 53; Appian, ii, 15.
Caesar, Bello civile, iii, 1.
Plutarch, “Caesar”; Appian, ii, 8.
Caesar, iii, 10.
Ibid., iii, 53.
Cicero, Letters, vii, 3 to Marcus Marius, 46 B.C.; ad Atticum, xi, 6.
Appian, ii, 10.
Plutarch, “Pompey.”
Plutarch, “Marcus Brutus.”
Caesar, iii, 88.
Plutarch, “Pompey.”
Appian, ii, 13.
Mahaffy, J., Silver Age of the Greek World, 199.
CAH, X, 37; Buchan, Augustus, 117.
Suetonius, “Julius,” 52.
Ibid.
Plutarch, “Caesar.”
Dio Cassius, xlii, 49.
Appian, ii, 13.
Suetonius, “Julius,” 80.
Pliny, xxviii, 2.
Frank, Economic History, 351.
Plutarch, “Caesar.”
Cicero Pro Marcello, 6-10.
Cf. ad Familiares, viii, 14, 22-5; ix, 11.
In Cicero, ad Atticum, xiv, 1.
Dio Cassius, ii, 44.
Plutarch, “Brutus.”
Appian, ii, 16.
Plutarch, I.c.
From a doubtful letter of Brutus in Boissier, Cicero and His Friends, 334.
Cicero, ad Atticum, v, 21; vi, 1-9.
Appian, ii, 16.
Suetonius, “Julius,” 79.
Ibid., 81-87; Plutarch, “Caesar”; Appian, ii, 16-21.
Suetonius, 82.
Appian, l.c.

CHAPTER X

Ferrero, II, 226.
Boissier, Cicero, 192.
Appian, Civil Wars, ii, 2; Dio, xlv, 2.
Appian, iv, 11.
Ibid., 2-6; Plutarch, “Antony.”
Brutus to Cicero, ad Familiares, xi, 20.
Plutarch, “Cicero.”
Appian, iv, 4; Plutarch, “Antony.”
Philo, Quod omnis probus, 118-20; Appian, iv, 8-10.
Plutarch, “Antony”; Appian, v, 1.
Ibid.; Athenaeus, iv, 29.
CAH, X, 79.
Suetonius, 17. Rostovtzeff, Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire, 29, thinks the will a forgery; CAH, X, 97, accepts it as genuine.
Dio, li, 35.
Ibid., 6.
Ibid.
Ibid., Suetonius, 17.

CHAPTER XI

Suetonius, “Augustus,” 33.
Dio, liv, 17.
Ibid., Iv, 4.
Suetonius, 40.
Gibbon, E., Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ed. Bury, I, 65.
Suetonius, 23; Dio, lvi, 17.
Plutarch, Moralia, 207D.
Charlesworth, M., Trade Routes and Commerce of the Roman Empire, 8.
Suetonius, 41.

9a. Dio, liv, 18.

9b. Suetonius, 28.

Ibid., 42.
Augustus, Res gestae, iii, 21.
Dio, lv, 25.
Suetonius, 58.
Pliny, xiv, 5.
Cf. Himes, N., Medical History of Contraception, 85f and 188.
Dio, liv, 19.
Tacitus, Annals, xv, 19.
Ibid., iii, 25.
Horace, Odes, iii, 24.
Davis, Influence of Wealth, 304.
Gellius, x, 2.2.
Ibid.
Dio, lvi, 1.
Ovid, Ars Amatoria, 637.
Augustus, Res gestae, ii, 10.
Buchan, 286.
Suetonius, 76-83.
Ibid., 81; Dio, Iii, 30.
Suetonius, 76.
Ibid., 84.
Ibid., 90-2.
Ferrero, IV, 175.
Plutarch, Moralia, 207C.
Suetonius, 53.
Dio, lvii, 2.
Suetonius, 64.
Macrobius, Saturnalia, ii, 5, ad finem: “I never take on a passenger unless the vessel is already full.”
Seneca, Moral Essays, III, vi, 32.1.
Suetonius, 99.

CHAPTER XII

Macrobius, ii, 4.
Horace, Epistles, ii, 1.117.
Juvenal, Satires, i, 2; iii, 9.
Martial, Epigrams, i, 67, 118; Fried-lander, III, 37.

4a. Lanciani, Ancient Rome, 183.

Ovid., Tristia, i, 1.105.
Tacitus De oratorisbus, 13.
Virgil, Eclogues, i, 46.
Ibid., i, ix.
Suetonius, On Poets, “Virgil,” 9.
Virgil, Georgics, iii, 284.
Ibid., i, 145.
II, 490.
In Duff, Literary History of Rome, 455.
Georgics, iii, 46.
Aeneid, vi, 86of; Suetonius, “Virgil,” 31.
Aeneid, ii, 293.
Ibid., iv, 331-61.
VI, 126.
VI, 852.
IV, 508.
Suetonius, 23.
Ibid., 43.
Voltaire, Philosophical Dictionary, art. Epic Poetry.
Suetonius, On Poets, “Horace.”
Horace, Odes, iii, 2.
Epodes, ii, 2.41.
Satires, i, 1.

28a. Epistles, i, 16; Rostovtzeff, Social and Economic of the Roman Empire, 61.

Horace, Satires, ii, 5.
Ibid., ii, 7.105.
Ibid., 23.
I, 1.69.
Odes, ii, 10.
Satires, i, l.105.
Ibid., ii, I.1.
Odes, iii, 29.12.
Satires, ii, 6.60.
Odes, iii, 16.29.
Epodes, ii, 1.
Petronius, Satyricon, 118.
Odes, ii, 11.
I, 9.
I, 28.
I, 35.
III, 30.
Ars poetica, 139.
Ibid., 343.
Ibid., 102.
Epistles, i, 6.1.
Odes, ii, 3.
Ibid., ii, 10.
Satires, ii, 7.83.
Odes, iii, 3.
Epistles, i, 4.16; cf. i, 17.
Satires, ii, 6.93.
Epistles, ii, 2.55.
Odes, ii, 14.
Satires, i, 1.117.
Epistles, ii, 2.214.
Odes, ii, 17.
Taine, H., Essai sur Tite Live, 1.
Pliny, Natural History, dedication.
Taine, l.c., 10.
E.g., Livy, ii, 48.
E.g., cf. Livy, xlv, 12 with Polybius, xxix, 27; or Livy, xxiv, 34 with Polybius, viii, 5.
Pliny, Letters, ii, 3.
Tibullus, i, 1.
Ibid., i, 6.
I, 3, 10.
Propertius, ii, 34, 57.
Ibid., ii, 6.
I, 8.
Ovid, Tristia, iv, 10.
Ovid, Ars amatoria, 157.
Ibid., 99.
Ibid., 171.
Amores, ii, 4.
Ibid., i, I; ii, 18.
II, 1.
I, 4.
II, 5.
II, 10.
III, 7; ii, 10.
Ars amatoria, 97.
Remedia amoris, 183.
Ibid., 194.
Heroides, iv.
Tristia, ii, 103.
Ex Ponto, iv, 6.41.
Tristia, i, 1; iii, 8.
Ibid., iii, 3.15; Ex Ponto, i, 4.47.

CHAPTER XIII

In Holmes, Architect of the Roman Empire, 108.
Suetonius, “Tiberius,” 68.
Ibid., 69.
Tacitus, Annals, i, 11.
Suetonius, 23.
Dio, lvii, 18.
Ibid., 6; Suetonius, 30; Tacitus, Annals, iv, 6.
Suetonius, 27.
Tacitus, I.c.
Suetonius, 32.
Ferrero, G., Women of the Caesars, 136.
Tacitus, ii, 50.
Ibid., iv, 57.
Dio, lvii, 11.
Ferrero, Women, 140.
Tacitus, iv, 57; Suetonius, 42-4.
CAH, X, 638.
Tacitus, iv, 58.
Suetonius, 60.
Tacitus, iv, 70.
Ibid., vi, 50.
Mommsen, T., Provinces of the Roman Empire, II, 187.
Josephus, Antiquities, xix, 1.15.
Suetonius, “Gaius,” 50-1.
Ibid.
Dio, lix, 5.
Suetonius, “Gaius,” 29, 32.
Dio, lix, 26.
Suetonius, 24.
Ibid.
Seneca Ad Helviam, x, 4.
Suetonius, 40.
Ibid., 38.
Ibid., 30.
Dio, lix, 3.
Suetonius, 27.
For a defense of Caligula cf. Balsdon, The Emperor Gaius, 33 etc.
Dio, lix, 28.
Balsdon, 161.
Ibid., 168.
Dio, lix, 29.
Suetonius, “Claudius,” 29.
Dio, lx, 10.
Suetonius, 21.
Seneca, Apocolocyntosis, 3.
Tacitus, xii, 53.
Suetonius, 28.
Brittain, 244.
Suetonius, 37; Dio, lx, 14.
Suetonius, 50.
Dio, lx, 18.
Tacitus, xi, 12.
Ibid., 25.
Dio, lxi, 31.
Ferrero, Women, 226.
Buchan, 247.
Tacitus, xi, 25.
Pliny, Nat. Hist., ix, 117.
Tacitus, xiii, 43.
Dio, lxi, 34.
Ibid., 2.
Suetonius, “Nero,” 52.
Dio, lxi, 3.
Tacitus, xiii, 4.
Henderson, B., Life and Principate of the Emperor Nero, 75.
Tacitus, xv, 48.
Suetonius, 56.
Ibid., 27.
Tacitus, xvi, 18.
Dio, lxii, 15; lxi, 7; Suetonius, 26.
Dio, lxii, 14; Tacitus, xiv, 5, adds that some writers question the story.
Tacitus, xiv, 10.
Ibid., xiii, 3.
Suetonius, 20.
Ibid., 41; Dio, lxiii, 26.
Suetonius, 52.
Ibid., 11.
Tacitus, xiv, 60.
CAH, X, 722.
Tacitus, xv, 44.
Ibid., xvi, 6; Suetonius, 25.
Dio, lxii, 27; Suetonius, 27.
Tacitus, xvi, 18.
Suetonius, 22.
Ibid.
Dio, lxiii, 23.
Suetonius, 43.
Ibid., 57.
Suetonius, “Galba,” 23.
Tacitus, Histories, i, 49.
Suetonius, “Otho,” 5.
Tacitus, Hist., iii, 67.
Suetonius, “Vitellius,” 17.
Suetonius, “Vespasian,” 13.
Ibid., 16.
Dio, lxv, 14.
Suetonius, 18.
Ibid., 21.
Tacitus, Hist., ii, 2.
Suetonius, 23-4.
Suetonius, “Titus,” 8.
Suetonius, “Domitian,” 18.
Dio, lxvi, 26.
Suetonius, 22; Dio, lxvii, 6.
Frank, Economic Survey, V, 56.
Dio, lxvii, 14.
Suetonius, 10.

CHAPTER XIV

Lucan, Pharsalia, ii, 67.
Ibid., i, 128.
Petronius, Epigrams, frag. 22 in Robertson, J. M., Short History of Freethought, I, 211.
Petronius, Satyricon, 11.
Ibid., 48.
35, 40, 47.
Seneca in Boissier, G., La réligion romaine, II, 204.
Tacitus, Annals, xiv, 59; xvi, 34.
Lucian, Icaromenippus, 4.
Seneca, Epistulae Morales, xii; Moral Essays, III, vii, 11.1.
Monroe, Source Book, 401.
Quintilian, Institutes, x, 1.125.
Dio, lxii, 2.
Friedländer, III, 238.
Tacitus, Annals, xiii, 42.
Seneca, De vita beata, xvii-xviii.
Davis, Influence of Wealth, 154.
Seneca, Epist. xv.
De vita beata, xviii.
De clementia, i, 3.
Epist., vii.
Tacitus, Annals, xiii, 2.
Boissier, Tacitus, 11.
Seneca, Epist., lxxvi.
Seneca, Epist., lxxv.
Ibid., vii.
XXVI.
De providentia, ii, 6.
Epist., xli.
De providentia, v, 8.
Epist., xxxi.
Ibid., cii; ad Marciam, xxiv, 3.
In Henderson, Nero, 309.
Epist., lxxii and iii.
Ibid., lxxii.
XXXIII.
De brevitate vitae, xiv.
Epist., lxix.
Ibid., ii.
VII; XXV.
XXIII.
LXX.
De ira, v, 15.
Epist., lviii.
Ibid., lxi.
De ira, ii, 34.
Epist., i, lxi.
Tertullian, De anima, xx.
In Acton, Lord, History of Freedom, 25.
Epist., xxxi.
Gummere, R. M., Seneca the Philosopher, 131.
Seneca, Medea, 364.
Quaestiones naturales, vii, 30-33.
Ibid., vii, 25, 30.
Pliny, xxxvi, 15.
Ibid., ii, 5.
Plutarch, “Sertorius.”
Pliny’s Letters, iii, 5.
Pliny, Nat. Hist., iii, 6.
Ibid., ii, 5.
II, 30.
II, 33.
II, 6, 64.
II, 90-92.
II, 63.
XXXIV, 39.
XXXVII, 27.
XIX, 4.
XVIII, 76.
XXV, 110.
XXXVIII, 52.
XXVIII, 80.
VII, 5.
XXVIII, 16.
VII, 3.
XXV, 13.
Castiglione, 214.
Pliny, ii, 5, 117.
XXXIII, 13.
II, 5.
VII, 56.
XXVIII, 7.
VIII, 67.
VII, 13.
XVIII, 78f.
ll, 57.
Jones, W. H. S., Malaria and Greek History, 61.
Pliny’s Letters, i, 12.
Castiglione, 237.
Tacitus, Hist., iv, 81; Suetonius, “Vespasian,” 7.
Dill, Sir S., Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius, 92.
Pliny, Nat. Hist., xxix, 8.
Lucian, “To an Illiterate Book-Fancier,” 29.
Pliny, xxvi, 7-8; Castiglione, 200; Garrison, History of Medicine, 106.
Castiglione, 233, 240.
Ibid., 226.
Soranus in Friedländer, I, 171.
Castiglione, 237; Garrison, 118.
Bailey, C, Legacy of Rome, 291; Williams, H. S., History of Science, I, 274.
Pliny, xxix, 5.
Ibid., 8.
Garrison, 119.
Pliny, xxxv, 94.
Ibid., xxix, 5.
Friedländer, I, 180-1.
Castiglione, 234; Friedländer, I, 178; Duff, J., Literary History of Rome in the Silver Age, 121; Pliny, xxviii, 2.
Frank, Economic Survey, I, 381.
Bailey, 284.
Quintilian, vi, pref.
I, 12.17.
I, 10.36.
X, 3.9,19.
X, 4.1.
II, 12.7.
II, 5.21.
Juvenal, vii, 82.
Martial, xi, 43, 104.
II, 53.
IV, 49.
I, 16,
X, 4.
IV, 4.
IX, 37.
I, 32; III, 65.
I, 32.
E.g., ix, 27.
XI, 16.
III, 69.
Pliny’s Letters, iii, 21.

CHAPTER XV

Columella, De re rustica, i, 3.12.
In Davis, Influence of Wealth, 144.
Pliny, Nat. Hist., xviii, 4; Heitland, 224; Frank, Economic Survey, V, 175.
Columella, iii, 3.
Strabo, v, 4.3.
Frank, V, 158.
Pliny, xv, 68-83.
Columella, iii, 8.
Rostovtzeff, Roman Empire, 182-3.
Suetonius, “Domitian,” 7.
Cato, De agri cultura, 144.
Pliny, xix, 2.
Paul-Louis, 274-6.
Tacitus, Agricola, 12.
Pliny, ii, 108-9.

15a. Ammianus Marcellinus, xxiii, 4.15.

Encyclopaedia Britannica, V, 868.
Paul-Louis, 287.
Frank, V, 229.
Rostovtzeff, Roman Empire, 252.
Haskell, H. J., New Deal in Old Rome, 24-6.
Scott, S. P., Civil Law, Fragments of Ulpian in Justinian, Digest, iii, 2.4.
Friedländer, I, 289-91.
Gibbon, Everyman Lib. ed., I, 50; Bailey, C, Legacy of Rome, 158.
Seneca Ad Helviam, vi.
Plutarch, Moralia, “On Exile,” 604A.
Halliday, W. R., Pagan Background of Early Christianity, 88.
Juvenal, xiv, 287.
Athenaeus, ii, 239.
Josephus, Life, p. 511.
Mommsen, Provinces, II, 278.
Friedländer, I, 286.
Pliny, xix, 1, 4.
Ibid., ii, 57.
Cf. the crane pictured on the tomb of the Haterii in the Lateran Museum, Rome, in Wickhoff, E., Roman Art, p. 50; cf. also Gest, 60, and Bailey, 462.
Reid, Municipalities, 28.
Gest, 110-131.
Pliny, xxxvi, 24.
Bailey, 290.
Frontinus, Stratagems, iii, 1.
Frontinus, Aqueducts, ii, 75.
Ibid., i, 16.
In Friedländer, I, 13.
Carter, T. F., Invention of Printing, 86; Gibbon, Everyman ed., I, 55.
Tarn, W. W., Hellenistic Civilization, 206.
CAH, X, 417.
Strabo, xvii, 1.3.
Pliny, vi, 26, computes Rome’s annual payment to India at 550,000,000 sesterces; but this is probably an exaggeration, for elsewhere (xii, 41) he estimates the yearly loss of Rome to India, China, and Arabia at 100,000,000 sesterces each.
Halliday, 97.
Tacitus, Annals, vi, 16-17; Suetonius, “Tiberius,” 48; Davis, Influence of Wealth, 1. Renan, in Lectures on the Influence of Rome on Christianity, 25, and The Apostles, 170, compares Tiberius’ relief measures to the Crédit Foncier of France in 1852; and Haskell compares the situation with the “easy money” period in the United States, 1923-9, the crisis of 1929, and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (The New Deal in Old Rome, 183, 188).
Ovid, Fasti, i, 191.
In Toynbee, A., Study of History, I, 41n.
Davis, 242.
Beard, M., History of the Business Man, 47.
Athenaeus, vi, 104.
Seneca De dementia, i, 24.

56a. Sandys, Sir J., Companion to Latin Studies, 354.

Pliny, vii, 40.
Friedländer, II, 221.
Boissier, La réligion romaine, II, 330.

59a. Seneca De ira, iii, 3.

Juvenal, vi, 474.
Ovid, Ars amatoria, 235; Amores, i, 14.
In Holmes, Architect of the Roman Empire, 132.
Dill, 116.
Statius, Silvae, ii, 6.
Seneca, Epist., xlvii, 13.
Dill, 117.
Rostovtzeff, Roman Empire, 105; Reid, 323, 521.
Toutain, 304.
Frank, Economic History, 280.
Frank, Economic Survey, V, 235.
Petronius, 44.
Rostovtzeff, 172; Declareuil, J., Rome the Law-Giver, 269.
Pliny, xiii, 23.

CHAPTER XVI

Seneca in Friedländer, II, 321.
Livy, xxiv, 9; Pliny’s Letters, viii, 17; Tacitus, Annals, i, 70.
Strabo, v, 3.8.
Juvenal, iii, 235-244.
Ibid., v, 268.
Martial, cxvii, 7.
Friedländer, I, 5.
Pliny, xxxv, 45.
Friedländer, II, 317, 330.
Mau, A., Pompeii, 231; Rostovtzeff, Roman Empire, 135; Gest, 96.
Suetonius, “Nero,” 39.
In Boissier, Rome and Pompeii, 119.
Pliny, Nat. Hist., xxxiii, 45.
Boissier, Tacitus, 223.

18a. N. Y. Times, Apr. 27, 1943.

Mau, 414.
Pliny, xxxv, 66; Strabo, xvi, 25.
Winckelmann, J., History of Ancient Art, II, 312.
Reid, 278.
Cf. Strong, Art in Ancient Rome, II, fig. 341.
Valerius Maximus, Factorum et dictorum, viii, 14.
Pliny, xxxv, 37.
Cf. Maiuri, A., Les fresques de Pompeii, Table XXXIII.
Cf. Rostovtzeff, Mystic Italy, passim.

27a. Pliny, xxxv, 40.

Duff, Literary History of Rome, 632.
Vitruvius, ii, 4.
Ibid., i, 1.
Ibid., x, 9.
Friedländer, II, 191.

32a. Seneca, Epistles, lxxxviii.

32b. Kirstein, L., The Dance, 49.

32c. Lucretius, ii, 416; Ovid, Ars, i, 103.

Pliny, xxxvi, 24.

CHAPTER XVII

Juvenal, v, 141.
Petronius in Henderson, Nero, 326.
Seneca Ad Marciam, xix, 2.
Juvenal, vi, 367.
Friedländer, I, 238.
Cf. Pliny, xxiv, 11: “They say that if the male organ is rubbed with [oil or gum of] cedar just before coitus, it will prevent impregnation.” Cr. also Himes, 85f, 186.
Juvenal, vi, 592.
Gatteschi, G., Restauri della Roma Imperiale, 64.
Gibbon, I, 42; Friedländer, I, 17; Sandys, 355-7; Davis, 195; Paul-Louis, 15, 227.
Tacitus, Annals, xiii, 27.
Vogelstein, H., Rome, 10.
Cicero, Pro L. Flacco, 28.
Edersheim, A., Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah, I, 67.
Tacitus, Annals, ii, 85; Suetonius, “Tiberius,” 36.
Dio, lvii, 18; Schürer, History of the Jewish People, Div. II, Vol. II, 234.
Vogelstein, 17.
Ibid., 31, 33; Renan, Lectures, 50.
Tacitus, Annals, ii, 85; Ammanianus, M., xxii, 5.
Dill, 83-4.
Dio, lx, 33
Martial, vii, 30.
Juvenal, iii, 62.
In Bailey, 143.
Tacitus, xiv, 42, 60.
Juvenal, xiv, 44.
Gellius, xii, 1.
Enc. Brit., X, 10.
Horace, Satires, i, 6.75.
Pliny’s Letters, ii, 3.
Petronius, 1.
Pliny’s Letters, iv, 3.
Ovid, Ars amatoria, 98.
Juv., ix, 22.
Minucius Felix, Octavius, 67; Tertullian, Apology, 15.
Horaces, Epodes, xi.
Martial, viii, 44; xi, 70, 88, etc.; Juv., ii, vi, ix.
In Friedländer, I, 234.
Seneca the Elder, Controversiae, in Friedländer, I, 241.
Seneca, Ad Helviam, xvi, 3; Ad Marciam, xxiv, 3.
Ovid, Amores, i, 8.43; iii, 4.37.
Friedländer, I, 241.
Juv., vi, 228.
Ibid., 281.
I, 22.
Boissier, La réligion romaine, II, 197.
Juv., vi, 248.
Martial, De spectaculis, vi.
Statius, Silvae, i, 6.
Seneca, Moral Essays, i, 9.4.
Ovid, Ars amatoria, 113.
Martial, x, 35.
Ibid., i, 14.
Tacitus, Annals, xvi, 10.
Friedländer, I, 265.
Tacitus, xiv, 5.
Martial, vi, 57.
Catullus, lxxxvi.
Ovid, Ars, 158; Kohler, K., History of Costume, 118; Pfuhl, E., Masterpieces of Greek Drawing, fig. 117.
Tibullus, i, 8.
Juv., vi, 502.
Pliny, xxviii, 12.
Guhl and Konar, 498.
Martial, ix, 37.
Ovid, Ars, 160.
Pliny, ix, 63.
Ibid., xxxviii, 12.
IX, 58.
Friedländer, II, 181.
Pliny, xxxiii, 18.
Seneca, Epist., lxxxvi.
Pliny, viii, 74.
Quintilian, vi, 3.
Galen in Friedländer, II, 227. The remainder of this chapter is particularly indebted to Friedländer’s devoted accumulation of Roman mores.
Juv., vii, 178.
Jones, H. S., Companion to Roman History, 116; Friedländer, I, 12.
Seneca, Epist., lxxxvi.
Ker, W. C., in Martial, I, 244n.
Gardiner, E. N., Athletics of the Ancient World, 230.
Pliny, xxviii, 51.
Journal of the American Medical Association, Aug. 1, 1942, 1089.
Ovid, Ars, 165; Tristia, ii, 477-80.
Pliny, viii, 51, 77.
Ibid., ix, 30, 31.
Ibid., 39.
VIII, 82.
VIII, 77.
Seneca Ad Helviam, x, 9.
Ibid., 3.
Sandys, 502.
Mantzius, K., History of Theatrical Art, I, 217.
Suetonius, “Vespasian,” 19.
Mantzius, I, 218.
Boissier, La réligion romaine, II, 215.
Cicero Fro Murena, 6.
Lang, P. N., Music in Western Civilization, 35.
Ammianus, xiv, 6.
Martial, v, 78.
Ammianus, xiv, 6.
Seneca, Epist., lxxxviii.
Philostratus, Life of Apollonius of Tyana, v, 21.
Lang, 33.
Virgil, Aeneid, v, 362f.
Friedländer, II, 30.
Dio, lxi, 33.
Lecky, W. E., History of European Morals, I, 280.
Friedländer, II, 72.
Pliny, viii, 70.
Friedländer, II, 5.
Boissier, Tacitus, 246.
Martial, De spectaculis, vii.
Friedländer, II, 43.
Ibid., 49.
Epictetus, Discourses, i, 29.37.
Seneca, Epist., lxx.
Friedländer, II, 61.
Juv., iii, 36.
Pliny II, Panegyricus, xxxiii.
Tacitus, Annals, xiv, 44.
Cicero, Letters, vii, 1, to Marcus Marius, 55 B.C.
Seneca, Epist., vii, xcv.
In St. Augustine, City of God, vi, 10.
Tertullian, Apology, 15.
Juv., xiii, 35.
Abbott, Common People of Ancient Rome, 88; Dill, 498.
Friedländer, III, 283.

CHAPTER XVIII

Bury, J. B., History of the Roman Empire, 527.
Justinian, Digest, i, 1, in Scott, The Civil Law.
Gaius, Institutes, i, 8.
Maine, Sir H., Ancient Law. This generalization has been questioned, but seems substantially true.

5: Justinian, Codex, vii, 16.1.

Gaius, i, 144.
Ibid., 145, 194.
Buckland, W. W., Textbook of Roman Law, 113.
Gaius, i, 114.
Friedländer, I, 236.
Suetonius, “Vespasian,” 3; Hist. Aug., “Antoninus,” 8; “Aurelius,” 29.
Castiglione, 227.
Gaius, commentary, p. 66.
Ibid., p. 64.
Gaius, i, 56.
Davis, Influence of Wealth, 211.
Tacitus, xiv, 41.
Renan, Marc Aurèle, 24.
Ulpina, in Digest, L, 17.32.
Lecky, I, 295.
Gaius, iii, 40-1.
Cicero Ad Familiares, viii, 12, 14.
Gaius, ii, 157; iii, 2.
Maine, 117.
Buckland, 64.
Gaius, iii, 189; iv, 4.
Ibid., iv, 11.
In Friedländer, I, 165.
Ammianus, xxx, 4.
Ulpian in Digest, L, 13.1.
Quintilian, xii, 1.25.
Pliny’s Letters, v, 14.
Martial, vii, 65.
Pliny’s Letters, ii, 14.
Tacitus, Annals, xi, 5.
David, 125.
Pliny’s Letters, vi, 33.
Juv., xvi, 42.
Apuleius, Golden Ass, p. 245.
Psalms, cxvi, 11; St. Paul, Epistle to the Romans, iii, 4.
In Taylor, H., Cicero, 77.
Quintilian, v, 7.26.
Ibid., vi, 1.47.
Codex Theodosius, ix, 35, in Gibbon, II, 120.
Gellius, xx, 1.13.
Sallust, Catiline, 55.
Cicero, De re publica, iii, 22; cf. De officiis, i, 23; De legibus, i, 15.
Gaius, i, 1.

CHAPTER XIX

Ker, W., in Martial, II, 54n.
Dio, lxviii, 13.
Renan, Marc Aurèle, 479.
Dio, lxviii, 15.
Mahaffy, J., Silver Age of the Greek World, 307.
In CAH, XI, 201, 855.
Pliny II, Panegyricus, 50.
Justinian, Digest, xlviii, 19.5.
Bury, Roman Empire, 437.
Brittain, 366.
Wickhoff, 113.
Dio, lxix, 1.
Hist. Aug., “Hadrian,” i, 4.
Ibid, xxvi, 1.
Ibid.
XIV, 1.
Martial, viii, 70; ix, 26.
Hist. Aug., “Hadrian,” xv, 10.
Ibid., xx, 7.
Henderson, Hadrian, 207.
Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History, iv, 9.
Dio, lxix, 6.
Fronto, M., Correspondence, A.D. 162; 11, 4.
Hist. Aug., “Hadrian,” x, 1.
Winckelmann, I, 327.
Bevan, E. R., House of Seleucus, II, 15.
Hist. Aug., viii, 3.
Simpson, F. M., History of Architectural Development, 123.
Dio, lxix, 4; cf. Henderson, 247.
Dio, lxix, 8.
Hist. Aug., xxiv, 8.
Merivale, C, History of the Romans under the Empire, VIII, 255.
Marcus Aurelius, Meditations, 16.
Hist. Aug., “Antoninus,” iv, 8.
Ibid., viii, 1.
IX, 10.
Appian, preface, 7.
Bury, 566.
Renan, The Christian Church, 159.
Renan, Marc Aurèle, 2.
Gibbon, I, 76.
Marcus, i, 17.
Ibid., 1.
I, 14.
I, 15.
I, 14.
VII, 70.
Hist. Aug., “Marcus,” xxiii, 4.
Friedländer, III, 191.
Watson, P., Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, 297.
Castiglione, 244.
Galen, in Friedländer, I, 28.
Dio, lxii, 14.
Ammianus, xxv, 4.
Williams, H., I, 280.
Renan, Marc, 469.
Marcus, i, 17.
Bury, 547.
Hist. Aug., “Marcus,” xix, 7.
Marcus, x, 10.
Mommsen, Provinces, I, 253.

CHAPTER XX

Boissier, Tacitus, 2.
Tacitus, Agricola, 9.
Pliny’s Letters, ii, I ; vi, 16.
Agricola, end.
Germania, 25, 27.
Annals, iii, 65.
Historiae, i, 1.
Agricola, 4.
Germania, 34.
Annals, xvi, 33.
Ibid., iii, 18; vi, 22.
Germania, i, 33.
Agrícola, 46.
Annals, vi, 17.
Agrícola, 3.
Dialogue on Orators, 40.
Historiae, iii, 12, 64.
Agrícola, 18.
Historiae, i, 16.
Ibid.
Juvenal, i, 147.
X, 81.
VI, 652.
III.
XIV, 316.
X, 356.
Seneca, De beneficiis, i, 10; Epist., xcvii.
Pliny’s Letters, iii, 19.
V, 3.
I, 17.
VI, 32.
V, 16.
I, 16.
VII, 19.
VII, 20; IX, 23.
Boissier, Tacitus, 19.
Gibbon, I, 57.
Pliny’s Letters, iii, 12.
Strong, II, fig. 435.
Marcus, ii, 11.
VII, 75.
Ibid., 9; iv, 40, 27.
IV, 10.
II, 17.
III, 2.
X, 8.
IV, 23.
II, 17.
VII, 12.
XI, 1.
VIII, 10.
IV, 42,48; viii, 21.
VII, 3.
II, 1.
IX, 38; vii, 26.
VI, 48.
XI, 18.
IV, 49; viii, 61; ii, 5.
IV, 21; viii, 18; ii, 17.
IV, 14, 48; ix, 3.
Dio, lxxii, 2-3.
Hist. Aug., “Commodus,” 2, 14, 15.
Dio, lxxiii, 19.
Hist. Aug., 13.
Ibid., 2, 10, 11.
Paul-Louis, 215.

CHAPTER XXI

Pliny, Nat. Hist., iii, 6.
Dill, 239.
Fattorusso, J., Wonders of Italy, 473.
Herodotus, i, 196.
Strabo, v, 1.7.
Varro, Rerum rust., i, 2.
Pliny, iii, 6.
Strabo, v, 4.5.
Varro, Sat. Men., frag. 44, in Friedländer, I, 338.
Boissier, Cicero, 168.
Seneca, Epist. Ii.
Strabo, v, 4.3.
Reid, 3.
Dio, lxvi, 22.
Pliny’s Letters, vi, 16.
Ibid., 20.
Rostovtzeff, Mystic Italy, 52.
Mau, 491; Boissier, Rome and Pompeii, 430.
Id., La réligion romaine, II, 296.
Mau, 226, 148.
Ibid., 16.
Rostovtzeff, Roman Empire, 142; Dill, 194; Frank, Economic Survey, V, 98; Friedländer, II, 254.
CAH, XI, 587; Friedländer, II, 228.
As at Antium, Lanuvium, Tibur, Aricia.

CHAPTER XXII

Cicero, II, In Verren, iii, 207.
Tacitus, Annals, xii, 31.
Cicero, Pro lege Manilia, 6.
Plutarch, De reip. ger., 32.
Mommsen, History, II, 205.
Livy, xxv, 29.
Reid, 288.
Toutain, 269.
Bouchier, E., Life and Letters in Roman Africa, 73.
St. Augustine, Letters, 185.
Friedländer, I, 312.
Boissier, L’Afrique romaine, 181-2; Davis, 200.
Bouchier, 33.
Juvenal, vii, 148.
Apuleius, 41; a fine example of Adlington’s delectable translation (1566).
Book XI.
Books IV-VI.
Strabo, iii, 4.16.
Ibid., 3.7.
Ibid., 4.16-18.
Buchan, 310.
Gest, 201.
Caesar, Bello Gallico, ii, 30.
Pliny, xxxviii, 5.
Appian, iv, 7.
Strabo, iv, 4.5.
Ibid.
Caesar, v, 34.
Ammianus, xv, 12.
Caesar, vi, 14; Val. Max; ii, 6; Hammerton, J., Universal History of the World, III. 1524.
Caesar, vi, 14.
Arnold, W. P., The Roman System of Provincial Administration, 142.
Pliny, xviii, 72.
Frank, Economic Survey, V, 133f.
Pliny, xxxiv, 18.
Ibid., iii, 5.
Sidonius Apollinaris, Poems, xxiii, 37.
Jullian, C. Histoire de la Gaule, V, 35n.
In Mommsen, Provinces, I, 118.
See the statement of their case in Barnes, H. E., History of Western Civilization, I, 434.
Mommsen, History, V, 100.
Caesar, V, 12.
Tacitus, Annals, xiv, 29.
Tacitus, Agricola, 21.
Haverfield, F., The Roman Occupation of Britain, 213.
Id., The Romanization of Britain, 62; Collingwood and Myres, Roman Britain, 197; Home, G., Roman London, 93.
Strabo, iv, 5.2.
CAH, XII, 289.
Time, Mar. 17, 1941.
Tacitus, Germania, 14.
Strabo, vii, 1.2.
Seneca, De ira, v, 10.
Germania, 22.
Sumner, W. G., Folkways, 380.
Ibid., 316.
Germania, 20.

CHAPTER XXIII

Dio Chrysostom, Orat., vii.
Plutarch, “Demosthenes.”
In Trench, R. C, Plutarch, 40.
Ibid., 41.
In Glover, T. R., Conflict of Religions in the Early Roman Empire, 85.
Plutarch, Quaestiones Romanai; De Isise et osiride.
Plutarch, Moralia, introd., I, 15.
Ibid., 37.
Ibid., vol. II, pp. 123, 128, 131-2, 173.
Ibid., 140B.
De tranq. an., ix, 20.
Dio Chr., Orat., xii.
Epictetus, Discourses, i, 6.26.
Lucian, “Of Pantomime,” 2.
Id., “Demonax,” 57.
Apuleius, book X.
Alciphron, Letters, vi, p. 175.
Dio. Chr., Orat., lxxii.
Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists, 223f.
Renan, Christian Church, 167.
Our sole source for Demonax is an essay uncertainly ascribed to Lucian, and possibly colored with fiction.
Lucian, “Peregrinus Proteus.”
Renan, Christian Church, 166.
Lucian, “Demonax,” 55; Epictetus, Discourses, iii, 22.
Id., frag. 1.
I, 12, 21; vi, 25.
IV, 1.
I, 24.
II, 5.
I, 2.
Encheiridion, 8.
Discourses, i, 6.
Ibid., 9.
3, 9; ii, 8.
I, 29.
III, 24; ii, 6.
I, 16.
I, 18, 19; frag. 43.
III, 10.
Frag. 42.
Encheir., 33.
Discourses, ii, 10.
III, 12.
Frags. 54, 94.
Discourses, ii, 16.
I, 9.
Ibid., introd., xxviif.
In Sextus Empiricus, Hypotyposes Pyrr., 1, 36f, and Gellius, xi, 5.6. For details cf. Owen, J., Evenings with the Sceptics, I, 323-5.
Sextus, Hyp. Pyrr., ii, 204.
III, 29; i, 135-8.
III, 210.
Adv. Dogmaticos, i, 148; Hyp. Pyrr., iii, 9-11.
Ibid., i, 7.
Ibid., i, 8, 25.
III, 235; Adv. Dogm., i, 49.
CAH, XII, 449.
Lucian, “Icaromenippus,” 25.
“Zeus Cross-Examined,” 2-18.
“Zeus Tragoedus,” 53.
Dialogues of the Dead, x.
“Hermotimus,” end.
“Charon,” 2.
“Icaromenippus,” 17.
“Charon,” 24.
“Menippus,” 21.
Inge, W., Philosophy of Plotinus, I, 82.

CHAPTER XXIV

Josephus, Against Apion, ii, p. 480.
Charlesworth, 26; Frank, Economic Survey, II, 330.
Ibid., 337.
445; Rostovtzeff, Social and Economic History of the Hellenistic World, 1288.
Josephus, Wars, ii, 16.4; Frank, V, 245.
Breccia, E., Alexandria ad Aegyptum, 41
Dio Chr., xxxii, 69.
In Frank, V, 247; Mommsen, Provinces, II, 177.
Baron, S. W., Social and Religious History of the Jews, I, 196-7.
Edersheim, I, 61.
Josephus, Against Apion, ii, p. 489.
Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History, ii, 4.
Graetz, H., History of the Jews, II, 186.
Philo, Quod Deus sit immutabilis, 12.
Philo, De mundi opificio, i, 4; Inge, I, 98.
Philo, De confusione linguarum, 28.
In Sachar, A., History of the Jews, 110.
Philo, De vita contemplativa.
Usher, A., History of Mechanical Inventions, 40.
Bailey, 314.
Sarton, G., Introduction to the History of Science, I, 274.
Ibid., 202; Heath, Sir, T., History of Greek Mathematics, II, 306.
Ammianus, xxii, 16-19.
Philostratus, in Friedländer, I, 171.
Bailey, 283.
Sarton, 283.
Himes, 86.
Garrison, 30, 110.
Sarton, 282; Castiglione, 202.
Ibid.; Himes, 90.
Haggard, H., Devils, Drugs, and Doctors, 23.
Galen, On the Natural Faculties, introd., xv.
Galen in Thorndike, L., History of Magic and Experimental Science, I, 117, 152.
Ibid., 143.
Williams, I, 278.
In Friedländer, I, 174.
Castiglione, 225.
Thorndike, I, 171.
Strabo, xvi, 4.
Doughty, C., Travels in Arabia Deserta, I, 40.
Josephus, Antiquities, xv, 9.
MacGregor, R., Greek Anthology, v,
Tr. by Goldwyn Smith in Symonds, J. A., The Greek Poets, 521.
Leslie, S., Greek Anthology, vii, 476.
Ibid., p. 17.
Ibid., ix, 489.
Greek Anthology, ix, 570.
Strabo, xv, 2.23.
Frank, IV, 158.
Rostovtzeff, Roman Empire, 135; CAH, II, 634.
Breasted, J. H., Oriental Forerunners of Byzantine Painting, pref.
CAH, XI, 638.
Ibid., 646.
In Mahaffy, Silver Age, 211.
Philostratus, Apollonius, iv, 7.
Aelius Aristides, Orat., xvii, 8, in Frank, IV, 750.
Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists, i, 25.
Ibid.
Longus, Daphnis and Chloe, ad init., in Heliodorus, Greek Romances.
Dio Cassius, lxx, 4.
Appian, Roman History, xiv, 16.
Ibid.
Pliny, xxv, 3.
Ibid., xxxiii, 14.
Appian, xii, 4.
Ibid., 7.
Ferrero, I, 83.
Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, i, 12.
Reid, 376.
Williams, I, 255.
Strabo, i, 1.22-3.
Ibid., 3.5.
Dio. Chr., xlvi, 3.
Ibid., x, 21.
In Bigg, C., Neoplatonism, 70.
Ibid., 73.
Dio. Chr., xii, 10; xiii, 28; xiv, 18; xxiii, 7.
Friedländer, III, 299.
Frazer, Adonis, Attis, and Osiris, 157.
Cumont, F., Oriental Religions in the Roman Empire, 53.
Ibid., 55.
Frazer, 306; Boissier, La réligion romaine, I, 383; Dill, 549f.
Plutarch, De Iside; Dill, 577; Halliday, W., Pagan Background of Early Christianity, 240.
Tarn, 296; Dill, 582.
Cumont, 41, 93.
Breasted, J., Ancient Times, 660; Weigall, A., The Paganism in Our Christianity, 129.
Dill, 610.
Ibid., 601, 623.
Cumont, 158.
Guignebert, C, Christianity, Past and Present, 71.
Hatch, E., Influence of Greek Ideas upon the Christian Church, 283.
Frazer, Adonis, 229; Halliday, 317.
Hatch, 147.
Philo, De vita contemplativa, 18-40.
Lucian, “Alexander the Oracle-Monger.”
Philostratus, Apollonius, i, 14.
Ibid., 19; iv, 45.
I, 33-4.
Apollonius, epistles xliii and xiv in Philostratus.
Philostratus, iv, 3.
Ibid., viii, 29-31.

CHAPTER XXV

Appian, Roman History, xii, 15.
Frank, IV, 197.

2a. In the State Museum, Berlin; reproduced in Pope, A., Persian Art, IV, 134A.

Rawlinson, G., Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy, 423.
Plutarch, “Crassus.”
Sachar, 105.
Josephus, Antiquities, xiv, 2.9; Strabo, xvi, 240.
Josephus, xiv, 11.
Id., Wars, i, 21.
Antiquities, xv, 7; xvi, 5.
Ibid., xv, 8.
Ibid., 11.
Ibid.; Wars, v, 5; Foakes-Jackson and Lake, Beginnings of Christianity, I, 5-7; Schürer, Div. I, Vol. I, 280.
Antiquities, xvi, 7.
Our sole authority for this is Josephus, Ant., xv, 8.1.
Ibid., 10.
XVII, 5.
Klausner, J., Jesus of Nazareth, 145.
Moore, G., Judaism, I, 23.
Baron, I, 131.
Ibid., 192-3.
Antiquities, iv, 10.
Against Apion, p. 456.
Finkelstein, L., Akiba, 33.
Schürer, Div. II, Vol. I, 162; Moore, I, 82; Goguel, M., Life of Jesus, 471; Graetz, II, 54-5.
Zeitlin, S., The Jews, 43; id., The Pharisees and the Gospels, 237; CAH, IX, 408.
Josephus, Wars, i, 8.14.
Philo, Quod omnis homo, 86; Hypothetica, 11.4 and 12; Josephus, Antiquities, xviii, 1.
Josephus, Wars, ii, 8.
Ibid., 9.
Graetz, II, 29; Ueberweg, F., History of Philosophy, I, 228.
Klausner, 231; Graetz, II, 145.
Josephus, Wars, ii, 8.
In Moore, I, 313.
Hastings, J., Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, s.v. Hillel.
Philo, in Eusebius, Praeparatio evangelica, viii, 7.
Babylonian Talmud, Abot, i, 42, Shab, 31a.
Abot, ii, 4.
Foakes-Jackson, 134; CAH, IX, 420.
Book of Wisdom, ii.
Ibid., v.
Isaiah, ix, 6.
Book of Wisdom, xviii, 13f.
Isaiah, liii.
Daniel, ii, 44; vii, 13f; Song of Solomon, xvii.
Sibylline Oracles, iii, 767f in Klausner, From Jesus to Paul, 159.
Isaiah, ii, 4; xi, 6; Book of Enoch, i-xxvi; Sib. Or., ii, 303f in Klausner, 150.
Book of Wisdom, iv; Enoch, cviii.
Book of Wisdom, ii-iii.
Finkelstein, 263.
Tacitus, Histories, v, 9.
Josephus, Wars, ii, 14.
Graetz, II, 239.
Josephus, l.c.
Ibid., v, if; Tacitus, v, 12.
Josephus, ii, 14.
Ibid., ii, 18.
Tacitus, v, 13.
Josephus, v, 11.
Dio Cassius, lxv, 4.
Josephus, ix, 3; Tacitus, v, 13.
Strabo in Josephus, Antiquities, xiv, 7.
Philo, Legatio ad Caium, 36.
Baron, I, 132-3; Bevan, E. R., Legacy of Israel, 29.
Josephus, Against Apion, ii, 3.
Josephus, Life of Flavius Josephus, p. 540.
Finkelstein, 141.
Baron, I, 191.
Dio Cassius, lxix, 12f; Renan, The Christian Church, 106.
Moore, Judaism, I, 93.
Finkelstein, 276.

CHAPTER XXVI

Reinach, S., Short History of Christianity, 22; Guignebert, Jesus, 63.
Josephus, Antiquities, xviii, 3.
Scott, E., First Age of Christianity, 46; Schürer, I, 143. This conclusion applies also to the Slavonic version of Josephus; cf. Guignebert, op. cit., 148.
Klausner, Jesus, 46; Goguel, 71.
Pliny the Younger, v, 8.
Tacitus, Annals, xv, 44.
Goguel, 94; Klausner, 60.
Suetonius, “Nero,” 16.
Id., “Claudius,” 25.
Acts of the Apostles, xviii, 2. Quotations from the New Testament are in most cases from the translation of E. J. Good-speed.
In Goguel, 9, 184.
E.g., Galatians, i, 19; I Corinthians, ix, 5.
I Cor., xi, 23-6.
Ibid., xv, 3; Gal., ii, 20.
Eusebius, E.H., iii, 39.
E.g., vi, 30-45; viii, 1-13, 17-20.
Klausner, From Jesus to Paul, 260.
Schweitzer, A., Quest of the Historical Jesus, 335.
Irenaeus, Contra Haereses, ii, 1.3.
Guignebert, Jesus, 30; CAH, XI, 260.
Guignebert, 467.
Foakes-Jackson and Lake, Beginnings of Christianity, I, 268.
Enc. Brit., X, 537.
Ibid., XIV, 477.
Partially listed in Enc. Brit., XIII, 95.
Scott, First Age, 217; Enc. Brit., XIII, 98; Goguel, 150; CAH, XI, 261.
Matthew, ii, 1; Luke, i, 5.

27a. Luke, iii, 1, 23.

Josephus, Wars, ii, 8.
Tertullian, Adv. Marcionem, iv, 19.
Enc. Brit., V, 642; III, 525.
Matt, xiii, 55; Mark, vi, 2.
Guignebert, Jesus, 127; Klausner, 23.
John, vii, 15; Mark, vi, 2.
Thorndike, 471.
Enc. Brit., XIII, 26.
Guignebert, Christianity, 58.
Josephus, Antiquities, xiii, 5. On the authenticity of the passage cf. Foakes-Jackson and Lake, I, 101.
Graetz, II, 145.
Matt., iii, 11-12.
Ibid., 23.
John, iv, 2.
Josephus, Antiquities, xviii, 5.
Mark, vi, 14-29.
Matt., xiv, 1-12.
Mark, i, 14; Matt., iv, 12.
Luke, iv, 14.
Isaiah, lxi, 1-2.
Luke, iv, 19.
Luke, vi, 14.
Mark, ix, 48; Matt., xiii, 37.
Luke, xvi, 25.
Mark, xi, 12-14.
Matt., xii, 46; Luke, viii, 19.
Mark, i, 7; Matt., v, 40; Luke, vi, 29.
Guignebert, Jesus, 186.
Klausner, 69.
Luke, vii, 36-59.
Mark, x, 16.
Cf. Robertson, J. M., Christianity and Mythology.
Matt., xiii, 57.
Mark, v, 35f.
Matt., xix, 28.
Luke, x, 1-4.
Guignebert, Jesus, 52, 253; Goguel, 282, 287.
E.g., Matt., xx, 1-16.
Matt., xxiv, 30.
John, xviii, 36.
Mark, iv, 11, 30; xii, 34.
Luke, xvii, 20.
Matt., xix, 29.
Cf. Schweitzer, 212; Guignebert, 341.
Mark, xiv, 25.
Matt., x, 23.
Matt., xvi, 28.
Luke, xiii, 30.
Mark, xiii, 32.
Matt., xxiv, 6-12.
E.g., Kautsky, K., Ursprung des Christentums; Kalthoff, A., Rise of Christianity.
Mark, x, 23; Matt., vi, 25; xix, 24; Luke, xvi, 13.
Matt., xix, 15.
Acts, ii, 44-5.
Matt., xxii, 21.
Matt., xxv, 14.
Luke, xix, 26.
Matt., xx, 15.
Matt., xxiv, 46; Luke, xvii, 7-10.
Matt., xi, 12.
Mark, i, 14-15; vi, 12; Matt., x, 7.
Luke, xviii, 29; xiv, 26; Matt., viii, 21f; x, 34; xix, 12.
Leviticus, xix, 17-18, 34.
Exodus, xxiii, 4-5.
Jeremiah, iii, 30.
Isaiah, i, 6.
Ibid., i, 2.
Hosea, ii, 1.
Matt., x, 5.
Acts, x-xi.
John, iv, 22.
Matt., xv, 24f; Mark, vii, 27.
Matt., viii, 4.
Matt., xxiii, 1.
Matt., v, 17.
Luke, xvi, 17; Matt., v, 18.
Foakes-Jackson and Lake, I, 316.
Matt., v, 31-2.
Matt., v, 21-2.
Mark, ii, 25.
Luke, xvi, 16; Matt., v, 18.
Matt., xxiii, 1-34; xxi, 31.
Cf. Mark, xxii, 32-3, and Klausner, Jesus, 113.
Luke, xiii, 31-3.
Acts, i, 6.
Mark, xii, 35-7.
Matt., xix, 17.
Matt., xvi, 39.
Daniel, vii, 13.
Matt., xii, 8.
Matt., xi, 27; Luke, x, 22.
Matt., xvi, 16f.
Luke, xix, 37.
John, xii, 13.
Mark, xiv, 49; Luke, xxi, 1; xxi, 37.
John, xi, 50.
Mark, x, 45; xiv, 24.
E.g., Guignebert, Jesus, 454; Brandes, G., Did Jesus Exist?, 104.
Cf. Goguel, 497.
Mark, xiv, 26; Klausner, 326.
John, xiii, 33.
Mark, xiv, 43.
Mark, xiv, 61; Matt., xxvi, 63.
Philo, Legatio, 38.
Matt., xxvii, 11.
John, xviii, 38.
Tacitus, Annals, xv, 44.
Luke, xxiii, 26.
Cicero, V in Verrem, 64.
Mark, xv, 32.
Luke, xxiii, 39-43.
John, xix, 25; Mark, xv, 37.
Justinian, Digest, xlviii, 20.6.
Luke, xxiii, 48.
Luke, xxiv, 13-32.
Matt., xxviii, 16-17.
John, xxi, 4.
Luke, xxiv, 52.

CHAPTER XXVII

Foakes-Jackson and Lake, II, passim, and especially, 305-6; Scott, First Age, 110; CAH, XI, 257-8; Klausner, From Jesus to Paul, 215; Ramsay, W. M., The Church in the Roman Empire, 6-8; Renan, Apostles, p. v.
Shotwell, J., and Loomis, L., The See of Peter, 56-7.
I Peter, iv, 7.
I John, ii, 18.
Acts, ii, 16.
Ibid., xi, 8.
V, 20.
Mark, vi, 13.
Acts, iv, 32-6; ii, 44-5.
IV, 4.
VI, 11.
VII, 51-3.
VIII, 2-3.
XI, 19.
I Cor., ix, 5; Clement of Alexandria, Stromata, vii, 11; Eusebius, E.H., iii, 30.
I Peter, i, i-iv, 8.
Shotwell and Loomis, 64-5.
Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum, 2.
Eusebius, ii, 25.
Ibid., iii, 1.
Renan, Antichrist, 93.
Acts, xiii, 9; Coneybeare and Howson, Life, Times, and Travels of St. Paul, I, 46, 150.
Guignebert, Christianity, 75-6; Livingstone, R. W., The Legacy of Greece, 33, 54.
Acts, xxi, 3.
Renan, Jesus, 167.
II Cor., x, 9.
Ibid., xii, 7.
Gal., v, 12.
II Cor., xi, 1.
Acts, ix, 1.
IX, 3-9.
IX, 18.
XV, 1.
XV, 27-9. The account in Acts harmonizes sufficiently well, pace Renan and others, with Paul’s report in Gal. ii.
Gal. ii, 10.
Ibid., ii, iii.
Acts, xvii, 18.
XVII, 22.
XVIII, 12.
II Cor., ii, 16.
Acts, xxi, 21-4.
XXVIII, 28.
Guignebert, Christianity, 65; Goguel, 105; CAH, XI, 257; Klausner, Jesus, 63.
Coloss., iii, 15.
II Cor., iii, 6.
I Cor., xv, 33.
Titus, i, 15.
I Timothy, vi, 10. The letters to Titus and Timothy, however, are of doubtful authenticity.
I Cor., ix, 19; x, 33.
Romans, v, 12.
Frazer, Sir J., The Scapegoat, 210, 413; Weigall, 70f.
Guignebert, Christianity, 88.
I Cor., xv, 51.
Ibid., i, 24.
Coloss., i, 15-17.
Rom., ix, 11, 18; xi, 5.
Hebrews, xi, l. Probably not Paul’s.
Gal. ii, 24f.
I Cor., xiii.
Ibid., ix, 5.
VII, 8.
Rom., xiii, 14.
Ibid., i, 26.
I Cor., vi, 15.
Ibid., vii, 2of.
Rom., xiii, 1.

66a. II Tim., iv, 9, 6.

Philippians, iii, 20.
I Cor., vii, 29; cf. I Thessalonians, iv, 15.
II Thess., ii, 1-5.
Acts, xvii, 7.
Eusebius, E.H., iii, 1.
Cf. Revelation, xvii, 10.
Renan, Antichrist, 95; CAH, X, 726.
Duchesne, Mon. L., Early History of the Christian Church, I, 99.
Eusebius, iii, 25.
Ibid., iii, 33.
Rev., vii, 4; xiv, 1.
Ibid., vi, 2-8.
VII, 14.
XX, 15; xxi, 8.
XIX, 18.
XXI.
Proverbs, viii, 22-31.
John, i, 5.
Justin, Apology, i, 66; Tertullian, De Baptismo, 5; Halliday, 9.

CHAPTER XXVIII

Duchesne, I, 38.
Tertullian, Contra Marcionem, v, 8.
Jerome, Letters, xciii.
Clement of Alexandria, Paedagogus, iii, 11.
Paul, I Cor., xi, 3.
Lucian, Peregrinus Proteus.
Tertullian, Apologeticus, xxxix, 11-12.
Ibid., 5.
Renan, Marc Aurèle, 600.
James, v, 1; ii, 5.
Ibid., i, 10.
Renan, St. Paul, 402.
Klausner, From Jesus to Paul, 113-4.
Tertullian, De jejuniis, i, 17; Duchesne, II, 253; Renan, Christian Church, 211; Robertson, History of Freethought, I, 244.
Clement of Alex., Paedag., iii, II; Renan, Marc Aurèle, 520.
Tertullian, Apol., ix, 8.
Gibbon, I, 480.
Tertullian, De spectaculis, 1, 3.
Sumner, W. G., War and Other Essays, 54-5.
Tertullian, Apol., xlvi, 10.
Friedländer, III, 204; Tertullian, De exhort. castitatis, 13; Lea, H. C, Historical Sketch of Sacerdotal Celibacy, 41; Robertson, History of Freethought, I, 244.
Pliny the Younger, x, 97.
Galen in Hammerton, IV, 2179.
Tertullian, De spect., 23.
Perhaps anthropophagic; cf. Sumner, Folkways, 451.
Renan, St. Paul, 268.
Frazer, Sir J., Spirits of the Corn and Wild, II, 92-3; Carpenter, Edw., Pagan and Christian Creeds, 65-7.
Acts, viii, 14-17; xix, 1-6.
Catholic Encyclopedia, IV, 217-8.
Matt., xvi, 18; John, xx, 23.
Friedländer, II, 364.
Renan, Marc Aurèle, 449.
Tertullian, Apol., xxxvii, 4.
Id., Ad uxorem, i, 5; Renan, Marc, 551; Glover, Conflict of Religions, 341.
CAH, XII, 456.
Lake, K., Apostolic Fathers, I, 395.
Murray, Sir G., Five Stages of Greek Religion, 196.
Renan, Marc, 292.
Duchesne, I, 196.
Friedländer, III, 192.
CAH, XII, 459.
Origen, Contra Celsum, in Glover, 252; Carpenter, 220.
Plotinus, Enneads, xliii.
Porphyry, Life of Plotinus, 14.
MacKenna, Stephen, Essence of Plotinus, 11n.
Plotinus, Enneads, iii, 4.
Ibid., vi, 9.
V, 1.
IV, 1; Inge, Philosophy of Plotinus, II 21-4. 92.
Plotinus, v, 1; iii, 7.
Ibid., v, 11.
MacKenna, introd., xx.
In Lake, Apostolic Fathers, I, 23
Tertullian, Apol., xxx, 4.
Ibid., xvii, 6.
Id., De spect., 30.
Id., De cultu feminarum.
In Ueberweg, I, 303.
CAH, XII, 593.
Eusebius, vi, 2.
Gibbon, I, 467.
Jerome, Letters, xxxiii.
Shotwell, Introduction, 292.
Origen, De principiis, i, 15-16, in Hatch, 76.
Origen, op. cit., iv, 1, in Hatch, 76.
Duchesne, I, 255f.
Inge, Plotinus, II, 19, 102.
In Watson, Marcus Aurelius, 305.
Matt., xvi, 18.
Shotwell and Loomis, 64-5.
Ibid., 60-1, 84-6.
Lake, I, 121.
Duchesne, I, 215.
CAH, XII, 198, 600.
Cyprian’s Letters in Inge, Plotinus, I, 62.

CHAPTER XXIX

Herodian, History of Twenty Caesars, II, 83.
Dio Cassius, lxxiv, 5.
Herodian, II, 100, 103; III, 155.
Historia Augusta, “Septimius Severus,” xviii, 11.
Herodian, III, 139.
Lot, F., End of the Ancient World, 10.
Dio, lxxix, 7.
Ibid., lxxviii, 16.
Herodian, IV, 210; Dio, lxxviii, 22.
Dio, lxxix, 23.
Historia Augusta, “Elagabalus,” 19-32; Dio, lxxx, 13; Herodian, IV, 253.
Dio, lxxix, 14; Gibbon, I, 141.
Historia Augusta, “Severus Alexander” 30, 39.
Herodian, VI, 5.
Hist. Aug., “Severus Alexander,” 20.
Ibid., 29.
Ibid., 33.
Herodian, VI, 8.
In Rostovtzeff, Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire, 399.
Gibbon, I, 294.
Maine, Ancient Law, 177.
West, L., “Economic Collapse of the Roman Empire,” in Classical Journal, 1932, p. 106.
Abbott, Common People, 174.
Rostovtzeff, op. cit., 424, 442-3
Ibid., 305.
Frank, Economic History, 489.
Ferrero, Ruin of Ancient Civilization, 58; Rostovtzeff, History of the Ancient World, II, 317.
Frank, Economic Survey, IV, 220.
Rostovtzeff, Roman Empire, 419.
Collingwood and Myres, 206.
Heath, II, 448.
Plato, Laws, 819.
Ball, W. W., Short History of Mathematics, 96.
Justinian, Digest, i, 1.4.
Hist. Aug., “Severus Alexander,” 51.
Roberts, W. R., introd. to “Longinus” on the Sublime, Loeb Library.
Heliodorus, Greek Romances, 1.
Ibid., 289.
In Catullus, Tibullus, etc., p. 343.
In Burckhardt, J., Die Zeit Constantins, 54.
CAH, XII, 273; Frank, Economic Survey, III, 633.
Ferrero, Ancient Rome and Modern America, 88.
Toutain, 326.
West, 1. c, 102.
Rostovtzeff, Ancient World, II, 329.
Toutain, 326; CAH, XII, 271; Cambridge Medieval History, I, 52.
Rostovtzeff, Roman Empire, 474.
Cunningham, W. C, Western Civilization in Its Economic Aspects, I, 191-2.
Paul-Louis, 283-5.
Translation based on that of Elsa Glaser in Frank, Economic Survey, V, 312.
Ibid., The prices are calculated on the valuation of gold at $35 per oz. in the United States of 1944.
Frank, Survey, III, 612.
Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum, vii.
Ibid., vii, 3.
Charlesworth, 98.
West, 105; Ferrero, Ruin of Ancient Civilization, 106.
Cunningham, I, 188.
Frank, Survey, II, 245; IV, 241.
Reid, Municipalities, 492; Arnold, 265.
Heitland, 382.
Davis, W. S., 233.
Frank, Economic History, 404; Rostovtzeff, Roman Empire, 409.
Gibbon, I, 377.

CHAPTER XXX

Renan, Marc, 592.
Tertullian, Apol., xl, 1.
Minucius Felix, Octavius, ix, 5, in Tertullian, Apol.
Guignebert, Christianity, 164.
I Cor., vi, 1; Renan, Marc, 597.
Origen Contra Celsum, viii, 69, in Halliday, 27.
Tertullian, Apol., xv, 1-7; Duchesne, I, 34.
Friedländer, III, 186.
Tertullian, Apol., iv, 1.
Ramsay, 253; CAH, X, 503.
Duchesne, I, 82.
Bury, J., History of Freedom of Thought, 42.
Tertullian, Apol., v, 4; Eusebius, iii, 17.
Pliny the Younger, x, 96-7.
Rescript of Hadrian in Eusebius, iv, 9. For a defense of its authenticity cf. Ramsay, 320.
From an account said to have been sent to the Christian churches by the elders of the church at Smyrna, in Lake, Apostolic Fathers, II, 321.
Renan, Marc, 331.
Tertullian, Apol., xlv, 14.
Memoirs of St. Perpetua, in Davis and West, Readings in Ancient History, 287.
Rostovtzeff, Ancient World, II, 349.
Duchesne, I, 267.
Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum, x.
Eusebius, viii, if.
Gibbon, II, 57.
Eusebius, viii, 17.
Tertullian, Apol., 1, 13.
Ambrose in Enc. Brit., VI, 297.
Eusebius, Life of Constantine, i, 28.
Eusebius, E.H., viii, 2.
Id., Life of Constantine, i, 28.
Lactantius, De Mortibus, xliv, 5.
Cambridge Medieval History, I, 4.
For the detailed evidence cf. Burckhardt, 252f.
Hist. Aug., “Elagabalus,” xxxiv, 4.
Lot, 29.
Flick, A. C., Rise of the Medieval Church, 123-4.
Duruy, V., History of the Roman People, VII, 510.
Kalthoff, 172; Lot, 98.
Eusebius, Life, ii, 36.
Ibid., iii, 62f.
Duchesne, I, 290.
Eusebius, E.H., viii, 1.
Duchesne, II, 99.
Eusebius, Historical View of the Council of Nice, 6.
Ibid.
Eusebius, Life, ii, 63, 70.
Eusebius, Nice, 6.
Ibid., 15.
Cambridge Medieval History, I, 121.
Socrates, Ecclesiastical History, i, 8.
Duchesne, II, 125.
Ferrero, Ruin, 170.
Gatteschi, 24; Reinach, Apollo, 89.
Gibbon, VI, 553.
Lactantius, Divinae Institutiones, v, 19.
Eusebius, Life, i, 1.
Cambridge Medieval History, I, 15.

EPILOGUE

Reid, J. S., in Cambridge Medieval History, I, 54.
Cyprian, Ad Demetrium, 3, in Inge, Plotinus, I, 25.
Cf. West, op. cit., 103.
Frank, Survey, III, 575.
In Eusebius, E. H., vii, 21.
Rostovtzeff, Roman Empire, 424.
Frank, Survey, III; 74.
Gibbon, I, 421.
Davis, Influence of Wealth, 214.
Gibbon, I, 274.
Id., chap, xvi, etc.
Renan, Marc, 589; Ferrero, Ruin, 7, 74; White, E. L., Why Rome Fell, passim.
Montesquieu, Grandeur et décadence des Romains, 36.
Cambridge Medieval History, I, 10.
Abbott, 201.
Rostovtzeff, Roman Empire, 445.